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Vol. 94 Nos. 34 March/April 1982 ISSN 0013-8916 


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THE. 
ENTOMOLOGIST’S 
RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. 
with the assistance of 


A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. P. J. CHANDLER, B.SC., F.R.E.S. 
NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. 
S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. J. HEATH, F.R.E.S., F.L.S. 

J. D. BRADLEY, PH.D., F.R.E.S. E. S. BRADFORD 


Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. 
P. A. SOKOLOFF, M.SC., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S. (Registrar) 


ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 94 
£9.50 for overseas subscribers. 
£8.50 for all U.K. subscribers. 
Hon. Treasurer: 


P. J. RENSHAW, 8 Penshurst Green, Hayesford Park, Bromley, Kent, 
BR2 9DG 


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PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY 


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Entomologist’s 
Record 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


EDITED BY 
J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. 


iti 


CONTENTS 1982 


Adscita. Colour Changes in the Genus 
M. Hadley, 201 

Adonis? What Ails A. C. Morton, 67 

Agonopteryx astrantiae Heinemann in 
Hampshire J. R. Langmaid, 182 

Agonopteryx astrantiae (Heinemann) in 
North Wales. H. NV. Michaelis, 37 

Agrion virgo (Linn.) (Odonata; Agrioni- 
dae) in Central London. A Sighting 
of A. P. Foster, 246 

Alophora S. S. hemiptera (Fab.) (Dipt.: 
Tachinidae) in V. C. 69. N. L. 
Birkett , 133 

Anarta myrtilli L. Beautiful Yellow 
Underwing (Lep.: Noctuidae) and 
an Adult Boreus hyemalis (Neuropt.: 
Boreiidae) on Winter Snow in the 
Scottish Highlands A. D. Liston, 
USVI 


Anthocharis cardamines L. (Orange-Tip) 
in Dumfriesshire. Apparent Excess 
in Numbers of Female R. H. Miller, 
162 

Anthocharis. The Pupation of D. G. 
Sevastopulo,17 

Aphantopus hyperantus L. in Scotland. 
Flight Time of P. K. Kinnear, 
236 

Apion cerdo Gerst, (Col.) in S.E. 
England. The Recent Spread of 
A. A. Allen, 158 

Aporia crataegi L. in Scotland. Further 
Notes on an introduced ‘“‘Colony” 
of the Black Veined White R. 
Elliott, 245 

Argynnis adippe D. & S. in S. Cumbria. 
The High Brown Fritillary M. J. Y. 
Foley , 238 

Argyresthia trifasciata Staudinger 1871 
(Lep.: Yponomeutidae) in Britain 
A. M. Emmet, 180 

Arhopalus rusticus L. (Col.: Ceramby- 
cidae). A Second Monmouthshire 
Record of G. A. N. Horton, 24 

Autographa bractea D.& S.: Gold Spangle 
in Kent J. Platts, 200 

Barcaldine, Argyll in 1980 and 1981. 
Some of the Less Common Species 
of Lepidoptera Taken at J. C. A. 
Craik, 243 

Barypeithes sulcifrons (Bohman) (Col.: 
Curculionidae) from West Cumbria 
R. W. J. Read, 184 

Bisigna procerella D. & S. (Lep.: Oeco- 
phoridae) in Britain. The Re- 
occurrence of J. M. Chalmers- 
Hunt, 204 

Bomolocha fontis Thunb. The Beautiful 
Snout R. G. Warren, 44 

Book Talk Five J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 
Ai 


Brachyopa scutellaris (Desvoidy) (Dipt.: 
Syrphidae) A Feeding Habit of 
N. L. Birkett, 206 

British Butterflies in 1981. A Review of 
C. J. Luckens, 125 

British Macrolepidoptera for 1981. A 
Review of the Indigenous P. 
Sokoloff, 185 

British Moth? What is a Truly C. J. 
Rutherford, 195 

Bucculatrix cidarella Zeller (Lep.: 
Lyonetidae) on Myrica gale. H. N. 
Michaelis , 102 

Bucculatrix cidarella Zeller on Myrica 
gale in England A. M. Emmet, 
238 

Bucculatrix thoracella Thunb. Con- 
firmed for Vice County 11 &. H. 
Wild, 206 

Butterfly Poster. An Italian P. Hawker, 
237 

Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hbn. (Lep.: 
Tortricidae): Larval Foodplants 
including Damage to Skimmia 
Japonica Thunb.* B. K. West, 38 

Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hbn. (Lep.: 
Tortricidae) Successfully Reared on 
Artificial Diet, with a Note on its 
Diapause Requirements B. O. C. 
Gardiner , 122 

Callophrys rubi L. and Pyrgus malvae 
L. in Worcestershire J. E. Green, 
163 

Camptogramma bilineata L. Another 
Foodplant of the Yellow Shell 
R. P. Knill-Jones, 77 

Camptogramma bilineata . Yellow Shell, 
feeding on Cruciferae. Larvae of 
D. F. Owen, 52 

Canary Islands 1981. Two Weeks in the 
H. G. Allcard, A, Valletta, 111 

Canna in 1982. Lepidoptera at J. A. 
Campbell, 174 

Carpophilus marginellus Motsch. (Col.: 
Nitidulinae) out-of-doors in Suffolk 
D. R. Nash, 228 

Carpophilus sexpustulatus (Fabr.) (Col.: 
Nitidulidae) in Surrey, with a Note 
on its Habits in Britain D. Prance, 
59 

Carterocephalus palaemon Pallas in 
England 1976. The Chequered 
Skipper R. Archer-Lock, 123 

Catocala fraxini L. and Other Lepi- 
dopera at Highcliffe in 1982. The 
Clifden Nonpareil ££. H. Wild, 
204 

Catocala fraxini L. in 1981. The Blue 
Underwing A. Harmer, 40 

Celerio livornica Esper. The Striped 
Hawkmoth R. G. Chatelain 204 


Charaxes gallagheri van Son 1961 
(Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae), Its 
Habitats and Early Stages. A 
Consolidated History of the Dis- 
covery of J. C. O. Chitty, 147 

Chrysolina polita (Linnaeus) (Col.: Chry- 
somelidae). On the Hostplant of 

. W. J. Read, 199 

Clonopsis gallica (Charpentier) on the 
Quiberon Peninsular, Brittany. Ob- 
servations on the Phasmid E. C. 
M. Haes, 39 

Coccinellidae. Fluctuations in Abun- 
dance of D. F. Owen, 225 

Coleophora binderella Kollar A New 
Foodplant NV. F. Heal, 129 

Coleophora hemerobiella (Scopoli). Two 
Year Life Cycle of A. M. Emmet, 

39 


Coleophora machinella Bradley: its 
Rediscovery in England, and 
Description J. R. Langmaid, 109 

Coleophora paripenneila Zeller — A 
New Foodplant JN. F. Heal, 59 

Coleophora potentillae Elisha (Lep.: 
Coleophoridae) — Some Obser- 
vations J. R. Langmaid, 66 

Coleophora salicorniae Wocke identi- 
fied as Salicornia fragilis P. W. 
Ball and Tutin. Foodplant of 
N. F. Heal, 103 

Coleophora trigeminella Fuchs and C. 
coracipennella Hbn. in South York- 
shire. H. E. Beaumont, 108 

Colias croceus (Geoffroy) in June 
1982. The Clouded Yellow T. 
Newnham, 162 

Conistra rubiginea Db? & S. (Lep.: Noc- 
tuidae). The Dotted Chestnut E. C. 
L. Simson, 45 

Convolvulus Hawkmoth and Clouded 
Yellow in South Devon 4H. L. 
O’Heffernan, 237 

Cornwall, with Observations on Other 
Notable Macrolepidoptera in the 
County. A New.County Record for 
M. Hadley, 65 

Corrections. D. G. Sevastopulo, 69 

Curculio Spp. (Col.). Notes on Some 
British A. A. Allen, 78 

Cynthia virginiensis (Drury). Artificial 
Transportation of a Nymphalid, 
R. S. Wilkinson, 38 

D’Abrera’s Butterflies of the Afro- 
Tropical Region. FE. W. Classey, 
15 


Danaus chrysippus L. in Tunisia. J. F. 
Burton, 208 

Danaus plexippus L. in the Algarve, 
Portugal 1981 C. J. Rutherford, 
76 


Danaus plexippus L.: The Monarch in 
Wales and Cumberland in 1981 
D. W. Kydd, 37 

Death’s Head Hawkmoth and Con- 
volvulus Hawkmoth in Kent in 
1981. The R. F. Buddle, 110 

Defoliation in Northern Great Wood, 
Hertfordshire. R. Lovell-Pank, 162 

Dermaptera from the Gunong Mulu 
National Park, Borneo. A Correc- 
tion and an Addition A. Brindle, 
101 

Descoloria blomeri Curtis at Weston- 
super-Mare, Blomer’s Rivulet C. S. 
H. Blathwayt, 154 

Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs, 1899: 
A Pyralid Moth New to Britain 
J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, M. W. F. 
Tweedie, | 

Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs. in June 
1982. M. W. F. Tweedie, 220 

Diptera (Calyptratae) of the Sandwell 
Valley, West Bromwich. The M. G. 
Bloxham, 60 

Diptera from Windsor Forest. Further 
Notable A. A. Allen, 229 

Dodona sp. (Lepidoptera: Nemeobiidae) 
in Hong Kong. Some assistance 
with Regard to W. J. Tennent, 9 

Dorytomus salicinus (Gyllenhal) (Col.: 
Curculionidae) from Cumbria. A 
Further Record of R. W. J. Read, 
36 

Dytiscus (Col.: Dytiscidae). A February 
E. C. Pelham-Clinton, 123 

Eastern Switzerland 1980, with a note 
on Erebia pluto de Prunn. Butter- 
flies in C. J. Luckens, 173 

Editorial. 155 

Eggs Laid by a Decapitated Moth B. A. 
Kneller, 221 

Endromis versicolora (L.) at Rannoch. 
The Kentish Glory, EF. C. Pelham- 
Clinton, 215 

Entomological Pictures. A. H. Haworth’s 
R. S. Wilkinson, 224 

Epermenia  aequidentellus Hofmann; 
daucellus Peyerimhoff (Lep.: Eper- 
meniidae) in Kent J. M. Chalmers- 
Hunt, 202 

Epierus comptus (Erichson) (Col.: His- 
teridae) New to Britain D. R. Nash, 
165 

Erannis defoliaria Clerck:Mottled Um- 
ber. An Early Appearance of J. N. 
Greatorex-Davies, 218 

Erynnis tages L. ab. radiata Brown, A 
Correction R. D. G. Barrington, 
103 

Erynnis tages L. ab. radiata Brown in 
Dorset. The Dingy Skipper: R. G. 
D. Barrington, 69 


The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 


iz ~S SPECTAL “INDEX 


COMPILED BY M. R. BROWN (LEPIDOPTERA) 
AND A. A. ALLEN (OTHER ORDERS) 


For British Lepidoptera this Index follows the nomenclature of A Check List of 
British Insects, Part 2 by Kloet & Hincks (1972), brought up-to-date to correspond with 
the Label List of British Butterflies & Moths by Bradley & Fletcher (1979). Where a 
contributor has used a synonym, a cross reference is given. Any newly described taxa 
(species, genera, etc.) are distinguished by bold (Times) type, and taxa new to British 
or newly recognised as British by an asterisk. Moreover, with Orders other than Lepi- 
doptera, (1) A bracketed asterisk denotes the reinstatement of a species long omitted 
from the British list, or the confirmation of one previously doubtful; (2) A formerly 
subspecific taxon raised to specific rank is treated as an addition to the fauna, but a 
correction of identity is not; and, finally (3) The “equals” sign indicates anew synonym, 
i.e. published for the first time; italics without this sign, recent synonymy that may be 
unfamiliar to many. 


Vol. 94, 1982 


PAGE PAGE 
LEPIDOPTERA gnome Silo oo 5506 A 65, 243 
anthyllidella, Aproaerema...... 3} 
A antiopa, Nymphalis . 81, 86,136, 
138, 241 
abietella, Dionycthia esse eres 2 Antuta|bel, OMAR 5 so gen d oe 25-27, 108 
absinthiata, Eupithecia ....... 185 apollo! Parnassius, 2)... 82) Say 18 
acetosae, Johanssonia ..... OS2ig9 aprilellaaMetznernaws sss eae oat 97 
acteon, Thymelicus ... 112,125, apiilinasDichoniay eee.) ieee 124 
128, 240 ancuellan@lethneutest) eyo) sae ae 98 
adippe, Argynnis . . 89,126,238, 240 argentula,Coleophora ..... 98, 219 
aduStasblephalltas asi enenemenee 108 arcioluss@elastnitval 2.14 ee Sy 
advenellasBurhodopel. sees 130 anions Maculinedl =) sinners one 57 
aegeria, Pararge 40, 125,138, 174, armigera, Helicoverpa. . 48,82, 87, 239 
209, 210, 214, 238 AKMmOnCanUS» Py TeUSmeaeiel es ene pene 20 
aequidentellus, Epermenia .... . 202 antaXenxessyAni Cia) a auaaeeenny en: 127, 182 
aenueulae NOlas a = aes 47,99, 203 ascllahletenogencameense ia nant 95 
aethiops, Erebia ... 20,75,107, 214 aSinalis-sMecynaly | 9.4). nen cae 130 
agathin as xestial. see nese. Loe) eee 243 astrantiae, Agonopterix .. 37,98, 182 
ALEStSH ATIC > Sim) sts sce Lee et 127 atalanta, Vanessa . 48,79, 82,124, 
aglaja, Argynnis . . . 126,173,174, IDS S874 D0Se2 ieee 40 
238, 240 athalia, Mellicta. ..... Sls WSS 378) 
albimacwlata.yAtiaurisis ) ese a. 163 atoOmaniasmacunedee see eine 108 
albiodactylus, Pselnphorus ..... 114 Alia, HIRSUOCRVCIR) 6 5 5 o 5b oo.6 bo 98 
albipuncta, Mythimna ...... 82, 87 almatae © diezialvas ee eee 130, 243 
albipunctata,Cyclophora ...... 185 Emel, le wlk Ne OONES 6565500006 130 
AlXO WENO STW AAS 5 Bab A Go ooo 99 atroposAcherontias |... 4 Sila) 
albula, Meganola ........ 32), 2S AOA (CME 2 4p bo Go 0 60.8 147 
ADMIRAL EBVO 56 565060 one 243 augur Graphiphoral ss). 130, 243 
alpunnellas Leletodes: ... .2 5. oe 98 AUrAntianas APIO pISae sis aes et 108 
ACES, (CHEMO 6 55 5 c I365u37 aApiella. sumeimelley - 554066 n oo c 3 
AIGELASMESVELGS:, Ra. a ae loeet se 137 aurinia, Eurodryas . 75,126,135, 
alchemillata, Perizoma..... 107, 130 203, 240 
alchimuiellai@aloptilias 22. 2. 3 Hei AUGUMMATIA ENnOMOSH) «aya ees ere 18 
almivAGronictal ys 4s 4 ae ee 6s ISS Albion, Iyoranhizy 5 6 5 o go 8 o 107 
alpiume Moma 27.) nea oe OO, 25 
alsines, Hoplodrina....... 130, 243 
alstroemeriana, Agonopterix ..... 3 B 
emMlataaPyitaUsta, \ . sesame ence o 114 
anachonetas @losterau ss. ayoeie ee 186 aj areXeSitagenn star. eee eee. 108, 234 
anatipennella, Coleophora. ..... 242 balcamicasColasin os: ot. so. 18 
anplicella, Parormix, . 3 25 S692. 3s) bankiana, Deltote .. 81,87,186,200 
aneustana. Ee upOecelial seen se. ee ibe batonwehilOesmeses ie. se 135, 138 


annulatella, Rhigognostis ...... 130 behasAnthocharis) 2 5. . 134.135. 137 


ii 


PAGE 
bellargus, Lysandra 6769, 127, 

205, 224 
benanderi, Coleophora. .... (13k0), WS 
bennetimAcdistise. . se). = a cle: 204 
berbera,Amphipytal si. «26 ous 185 
berberata, Pareulype ....... 58, 185 
betulaesdheclaye asus es sures pee 135 WZ 
DetulanasBistonie sens) ae V3.5 Ws) 
Hicuspis, burCula . S40. cuss gies 96 
bidentata, Odontopera........ 107 
bilineata, Camptogramma . 52,77, 186 
binderellanGoleaphorals ss. -) enn 129 
bIpunctalismbSarale se eee ar oes 114 
bipunctosa, Agonopterix 98,102, 103 
birenwhapestiameem meen eee 108 
DiniviataexanthonhOew sian ane ae 73 
blandasHoplodrinay sete = 243 
blandella, Caryocolum........ sii 
blomensDiscoloxiaiesn4 ie eneee 154 
boeticus, Lampides . WIAA, II} 
bombycinaslPOliap amen: 243 
bractea, Autographa . . . 108,200, 

203, 243 


brassiede Pieris 72, 115, 123, 128, 
igs137et99, 210 


brumata, Operophtera ..... 107, 162 
lI WEE Gb Glo 65 5.0 o ofme 218 
bucephalasPhaleral- peeves) - 108, 198 
C 

CAcSlataw Ente phtiay seem meee 107, 243 
caesiella, Swammerdamia ...... 130 
cailina, Aleucanitis ....... WSs, Bhs} 
calbum, Polygonia....... 125, 240 
caliginosa, Acosmetia ..... Siteh, Iss) 
callidicesPontiae)- pasa sae) te 174 
camdeboo, Pseudonympha ..... 41 
CambiicassVienUSiaa sei eneia cei: 243 
camilla, Ladoga . . . 125, 200, 203, 

216, 240 
canaria, Papilio = Gonepteryx rhammi. 75 
captunculaPhotedes = aes ae 182 
caradjalOeczoconiayge ns) se neeaeie 97 


cardamines, Anthocharis .17, 128, 
134, 135.1375 16242025, 209 
cardui, Cynthia 38, 48, 49-52, 82, 
83, 1255 162, 174, 203, NG] 
carmelita,Odontosia .45,155,194, 243 


CHINIRITES. MOSHE 66 o Gun a a ob 65, 108 
ans. WON 255 50 5 00 1355138 
CentracomAtethimian sys.) ceo 243 
cerasivorella, Coleophora ...... 108 
CespitisesnOletalarsueie een uauomenr 65 
cevianicaavialeriaues | suey sires cues 17) 
cheiranthi, Pieris . .112,114,115, 199 
Gm, AMIS Goo boo bo 6 6 108, 243 
ChittiviaC@haraxes! . nce ee 148 
chioerata,Chioraclystis =. . 5.4). 99 
SGhiondicesbonvidier-m aims epee 18 
ehlorosata,, Petrophota .. i... ... 107 
choragella, Morophaga........ 98 


chrysippus, Danaus. ..... 135 5208 


PAGE 
ChinySitis- | Dia chiny Sides) ie enema 108 
chrysorrhoea, Euproctis ....... 242 
cidarella, Bucculatrix. . . 98, 102- 
103, 238 
cinctanan Cleotamaans aaa een nee 243 
cinctella, Syncopacma . . 98,132, 133 
cinerdesles pend saasaa nears aan nen 20 
cinerellangA Com pSiduaei- iene enenene 131 
cingovskii, Psuedochazara . .. .18, 19 
Ginbsdaey MIC] ita Calera arenas is 
Citrag os xanithiay ay we eee ee 243 
Gimmie (ChilonOGhGA ~5 5550640 6 107 
classensi, ssp. Lepidochrysops 
JANES Ibs es, coro meass cate cae , 41 
clavipalpis;(Caradtinaly Seyi sneer. 119 
cleobule, Gonepteryx . 111,112, 
1S a4 
cleopatra, Gonepteryx . 82, 86, 134 
ie, IS7201 
Clerkellamleyonetiauess cei -nen aenee 180 
Comes INOCtUawEs ai neeeneme 108 
comma, Hesperia ..... AA, WAS. 235) 
GOminer BaClemy 25 5606 77, 243 
Contusaliss Nolan eee 31,186, 243 
congressariella, Northris....... 40 
ConsimuilanaN@lepsiSieesenaeee 131 
Conspersanas @nephasiaus iene 130 


convolvuli, Agrius . 47,48, 75,81, 

87, 110, 142, 204, 237, 239 
coracipennella, Coleophora ..... 108 
COMI, IHONES’ 5556055000006 66-71 
coridon, Lysandra » LONG T OS le 


costaestrigalis, Schrankia . . .186, 243 
Gime, AMG 54 656 12a eS 
crassalis, Hypena ..... 44,186, 205 
GAGA, AOOME 5 5 5 oo oe 8 245-246 
Crataecie vin Chilita seas aeeeaen nae 243 
CREME AYOREINEE, 5 50600000 04c 94 
crinanensis, Amphipoea . . . .108, 243 
CHOCO, UOC, sno boo cao pos 95 
croceus, Colias . . .48,74,82, 83, 
LMU hs WA, Tesh WSS, 377, WG 
204, 237 
GioesellaaA diel agen aes BI}, PAS) 
cucullinasPtilodontella ese ISS 
cydippe =adippe Argynnis ..... 89 
D 
dahlii Diarsiay 205. eee eee Oy 
damon A'srodiaietus: a -senee neers iL) 
daplidice, Pontia . .112,113,168, 
1S), We 
daucellus = Epermenia aequiden- 
tellus: < -ceknw aca ea eee 202 
dealbana, Gypsonoma ........ 130 
decentellas Ee tainiay seer eee aeeeie 245 
decrepitalis \Wdcal ease eee ane 121 
defolariaEranniSie) sae neeeene N62, 218 
deiones Mellictar sae 3isj5 SG), Sts 
delattini, Hy cai eee. Pees 19 
dentania, Selenia |... use eesee een 107 
deodata, Dodona_. © Laue S) 
derivalissParacolaxe sins ear 206 


PAGE 
denivatayAmticleal. scmRn cme mene 243 
designata, Xanthorhoe........ 107 
dia@lossianay ete eae) earners MS Seuss 
didiyimata Periz Ona es seers 107, 243 
discordella, Coleophora ....... 131 
dispar, ymantriay a) sis Fs. 87 
diyisella-/Momphiay os) -sen-teueuen= cae Pil 
dubitella, Phyllonorycter ...... 190 
duplaris, Ochropacha 222.2... - 243 
E 
escons Dodoma a sce ab 5 cleans 9 
evenania HUpIUNeCia eeenenens een Si 
elineuania, Grocallis’ = 2 35.65 2: 107 
elongella, Monochroa ........ Wi 
elpenon, Deilephila ee eee 174 
Epiphron ss Enebia sesmeaeen) eal 6 
epomidion, Apamea ......... 108 
eriphiayAntichlonisis es ase qeeeen 186 
eros Lolyommatus =]. as). <1: 173, 174 
erosaria, Deuteronomos ._....... 243 
erxlebella, Roeslerstammia ..... 31 
enchants. CoOlotiSne-ss ces ous = Sleeee 17 
GUESS, IDOCIOME, 5 2¢o nec ob oe g 
euphorbiae, Acronicta ......... 243 
euphrosyne, Boloria . . . 126,209, 240 
eunyalenrebiatee. .ateseeuee ies 19, 20 
evonymella, Yponomeuta . . .241, 242 
exanthematas Gaberae sone eee 108 
exigua, Spodoptera. .... 82.87 239 
exsiccata, Tathorhynchus ... 81, 
82,87, 139 
SiMe, EWEREESIS 55 ooo os 77 
exulis. A pameas ni sins ae cltutes 243 
F 
fapatiae Dy SCia, 2 paps A cose 243 
fascelinay Dasy.chita’ Teel aeicneee 155 
faSciainiak iva ca ae eee ane 108 
fasciumCUlasy Ollila mene a nenre ne 108 
fatua, Neohipparchia > aepsieie lene 19 
eamUealrs Glens 55 6 5 oo a ei 49, 84 
festaliella, Schreckensteinia ..... 131 
feStiicaePIUSIae = 4 425) woe eer 108 
Mlicivoras PSy.choid'esieis = sales 130 
filipendulae, Zygaena ..... 131, 182 
finitimella, Parornix ........ $3-56 
hlamimieds Panoliss ee) -ye eae 150, 243 
Hammer Senitde. use aieee enna 161 
flavicinctata, Entephria ....... 243 
flavimetrella, Lampronia ...... 98 
flavofasciata, Perizoma ....... 243 
tlorelianCatopsiliaey. euens cen aihie, Wi 
fontis = Hypena crassalis ...... 44 
fOSteranay lLOzZOtaemials s)s eso) 4 38 
Nebr eniAL, ISOM NSGEY 5 5 Go a obo 185 
fraxini, Catocala . .40, 74,81, 87, 
186, 204 
fucifommis, Hemaris ..... - 95, 186 
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia ...... 108 


hulvatasGidariaes . 5 7m compelien cae 243 


ill 


PAGE 
furcatasHiyGnionlenayers - ite ener 107 
Mele, IOI Bop G oo anc oO 243 
furuncula. Mesolioia “5 sis. ee 130 
fusconebulosa, Hepialus ....... 107 
G 
galathea, Melanargia . . . 125,209, 214 
gallagheri,Charaxes ...... 147-150 
pallicanan@ydialeeares os aes 130 
Salliimilivless . > i secu eeee cate 81, 87 
gamma, Autographa . 83,108,174, 204 
gardetta, Coenonympha....... 173 
eenistaes Coleophoral saree menere NY) 
POAVOMINISOW - 6 hb oo ado nos 201 
clandonwAcniades: hn cree .s een 174 
elareosamibaraGdiarsiay gases enen 108 
clobulariaiexAGScitam se cee: 201 
enaphaliy@uculliagmese eer 95 
MOA, JANES. oo 4 5g cb oa be 108 
enoiians, Paramesia 5.5, 4s = + = 98 
goossensiata, Eupithecia....... 185 
GORUS,JEIOM 5s 5accn cog oos 174 
POLIcaOruhosiay arenes ene 108 
practise OrulOsia a0 eat eee ete 108 
GMC. BOOM S555 ob oes 66 19 
graminis, Cerapteryx...... 108, 174 
granella, Nemapogon......... 98 
PANO IEA. G ho 6 oo oe 6s 130 
grossulariata, Abraxas ..... 174, 243 
PTOtiAnAW Ee PasZOle emer ene eae 130 
qe) CME sg so 6 oo 148 
H 
halterataswobophoramse sere 218 
hastata, Rheumaptera ..... 79, 107 
haworthtie Gelacnas ss seen = 108, 243 
heegeriella, Phyllonorycter ..... 120 
hnelvolatAProcholay a eee 243 
hemerobiella, Coleophora ...... 239 
heracliana, Agonopterix ....... 37 
hippothoe, Palaeochrysophanus . . 173 
hornigi, = Coleophora violacea ... 219 
hornici) Monochtoa 55-2 se oe 77 
hortella = Phyllonorycter saportella 
humuli, Hepialus ..... 107,156, 204 
hyperantus, Aphantopus ... 125,236 
I 
icarus, Polymmatus OWS UAT: 


diay Apatuid oo. ast. -tecven vii tee 1 9 
WTEIE SIMMONS 6 556506558 D8 
impluviata, Hydriomena....... 243 
Mpa. Mycthimmnal uss weal. eiciies 108 
incentan Ont hOsia wa) eens: 45, 108 
Tn@lieny: N/T OSE) 6 kaa Nake Ae TALS ZA 
innotataseupitheciay ss.) 4.14 +... 185 
insigniatayeuplunecia <..0). 6). <.- SN. 
inSpersellaySGyihtiS ses... > 97 
intermedia, Euphydryas ....... 173 


PAGE 


interrogationis,Syngrapha ..... 243 
lominachisen Oe 124513 8.209 210 
ipsilon, Agrotis .. . . 83,84, 203, 204 
iis. Apatura .. 58,125) 1267055) 


203, 209 
ROWE SEU 5 5 bo ap aoe oo c 243 
INGE, AMCAMERINAY 3 5 Boo pe 6 181 

J 

(PCCM INGE 5 5250-4 6 eos 186 
jamesi, Lepidochrysops ..... Saal 
ubatanAlcis' cee Gene etod Sat os 243 
JU peratas Mberay- eee enen ew ct eae 243 


jurtina, Maniola. . 40,89-91, 112, 
MBS Se ede 2s 2238 


K 
iT, JAVASEY” 363 5s bho oc Wilit, Wil 
L 

lacertinana tal caramel ence 243 
lacteellasMomphag es -aeeeneenenen 116 
laetus@rombrueeiia see ee one 114 
lanceolanas Bacira | Seaansneno mee iil 
IES, MOOI 5 5 oo 95 
lariciata, Eupithecia ...... 106, 107 
larseniella, Syncopacma .. 98, 132-133 
lasseilas Coleophora ~ <9.055 6.1.6 DL 
ibvigrmintl, AN “G5 a co o6 6 6 6 e 52 
lathonia, Argynnis . USS LS Se 

168, 169,170, 224 
leduitienelithophane = cise 186 
einslonarel, IEME EN 5 bao co 0 Oc 174 
levanayAraschinial Sycmeiuescscesns =) enn 
libanopicanColiaswa sn-eeesien een: 18 
lichenarias Gleorodes Se). 2.2 243 
hcheneas SumiChtisses suena enone 40 
Me ea IE TED idl. arety ieee trie tc yet tans anes 89 
heneaeBlastabasiSaieaea seen 130 
hsulas Conistraseaewen yee 188, 189 
ligulella = Syncopacma larseniella . 132 
Nein SOMME YG ps ooo boo 242 
himibalissUresiphitaeasensie crs 112 
limosipennella, Coleophora ..... 190 
lhineatas E)VlGS seen eel Gre? 04: 
linteatasSionas swsss 4. Site}, SBE WI, ess 
linfeolashymelicus) =. a). sass: 128 
linosyridella, Coleophora ...... oi] 
Iriti@nel NS LOOSE 6G BN oho 6 oo oe 130 
liturata, Semiothisa ...106,107, 243 
livornica = Hyles lineata ....... 204 
lone vaciMiythiminases: snes seeiene ae 203 
loti = Leptidea sinapis ........ 121 
lotipZyeaena® 2". hos ee ii 
lubricipeda, Spilosoma........ 108 
hicellasaypsolophias ses. eee 98 
lucens, Amphipoea....... 108, 243 


lucernea, Standfussiana . 233-235, 243 
lucina, Hamearis Se) MAA. I 7), 

155, 200, 209, 240 
hwvetparauplexial sie ae 108 


PAGE 
luctuatas Sparganiaysr enero 96 
lunosasOmiphaloscelisyeyerenen scene 243 
lunaria = Selenia lunularia...... 238 
lunulariaySeleniay= = pene 238, 243 
lumaniS- MintiCial-seseaen ene eee 136 
luteolata, Opistograptis ....... 107 
titeumb:Spilosomas-y- serene ene 243 
lutulenta, Aporophyla........ 243 
M 
machaon, Papilio .. . . 56,57, 58, 
NWA, USGS 37, WEL 
machinella, Coleophora . . 98, 109-110 
malinellus, Yponomeuta....... 242 
malvae, Pyrgus ....:.. 128,137, 163 
Manto se rebiay. .e-e eee eee 178 
MareinatiasACTIOPIS |) ene eens 108 
marginella, Dichomeris ....... 130 
marginepunctata, Scopula...... 99 
margueritae, ssp. Poecilmitis palmus 
41, 43 
Manannes LUXiaSe- wen nee IL7/ 
Manitumnas Bucculatnix = 2 seers 102 
maritimella = Coleophora’ ma- 
chinellay..23 > hy hse eee 110 
MaritimuUs. Chilodesmercns 4 eeeseneee 205 
oneubel, WONG 5 66600500 50% 186 
megera, Lasiommata ... 138, 209-214 
megregori, Lepidochrysops ..... 34 
MelampusaEie bia eee cena aeeeeee 173 
mendicaDiaphonrasesees ne sea 221 
Mencdicad | Diansiaees ee ee 108 
menyanthidis, Acronicta ...... 243 
mercunianay Epinotia es ee cee 131 
messaniella, Phyllonorycter ..... 131 
methymna, Lepidochrysops. .... 33 
meticulosa, Phlogophora ... 84, 
108, 186, 203 
MetznenandsHUCOSINal se eeneen mee 202 
miata. Chioroclhystay seuss tee 107 
mucaccas hy dracciales- 1 el ane 108 
miniatas Miltochnistalys eens 186 
Minima Photedess senna 108 
minimana, Phalonidia ..... 98, 220 
minimella, Nemophora ....... 130 
Minis Cupidolea nen LQTS TT 
monoglypha, Apamea ..... 108, 185 
montanay ETebia) #5 2 ces 173 
montanata, Xanthorhoe ....... 107 
multistrigaria, Colostygia ...... 107 
mundanas Nudantayea: (ane ene 108 
munitata, Xanthorhoe ..... NOV 243 
mutatellasDionyjctnia ieee enters i 
owaRNb, Aweine ob 5 5 oe 65, 157-158 
N 
Nanata Ee Upiche Classen ieee nee 107 
napaca-sbOloma anna ere 173, 174 
nyo Its 55 464 c OP. Wil 7, 
174,194, 211 
nervosa, Agonopterix. =) ene eee 131 


ni, Trichoplusia . . . . 82,87, 204, 239 


PAGE 
nicias, IAniCias Pen Cree eee ae 173 
nigra, Aporophyla ....... 108, 186 
nigrescentella, peas or 5 oe SO) 
nigricans, Poecilmitis. . . . 41, 42, 43 
nigricella, Coleophora ........ 108 
MOS, ROMO 6 5 4 6 ov a oo oc 173 
Nobslisehapili Cement ce en nen 164 
noctuella, Nomophila 84,174, 244 
nodicolella, Mompha........ 21-24 
NotataySemuothisasen) seers 100, 243 
O 

Obeliscata-punetal ener sence 106, 107 
ObhuscatussGnophose - ee cae ae 243 
obsoleta, Mythimna ......... 161 
obstipata, Orthonama ... 47,48 


82, 87 239, 244 


occulta, Burois 2 2 2 )82, 87, 202% 


239, 243 
CwAlkiia, (COSMONNOS 556601 5 466 107 
ocellea, Euchromius . . 81, 86,98, 139 
oculea, Amphipoea....... 108, fan 
OemevErebidyw sce he cree 
oleraceanleaconobia) = 12 sen: 143 
olivatay Colostygianes ees. 2 acne 243 
OlivicllaREsSperiae-m-a- nets cea 98 
OinOyOMahe AVIS 4 6 Geo uo 6 oc 37) 
ophiogramma, Apamea ....... 243 
Cyowilsws, Waren 5 oo oeb ooo 174 


oreas, Lepidochrysops . . 


orichalcea, Diachrysia ... 81,82, 87 
otregiata, Lampropteryx ...... 121 
ottomanussHeodes: 5 <5 2). mre - 201 
@itvomanasiere Didier eerie 195 20 
P 

padellasYiponomeuta 2). -.-)ensier- 242 
palaemon, Carterocephalus .. 57, 

90, 123,128, 198 
palacno- Colias) 265 4c NESS 98 
pales; Bolonial tus... <5, peeeaenes ole 173 
pallens; Mythimma: 52 =) yen eee 130 
pallescentellanuinealesesenene Ieee 98 
pallidanax@ochylissay- = eran.) see 133 
palmaenGoneptenyxe ener: Hila eS AS) 
palmus, Poecilmitis..... 41,43, 44 
pamphilus, Coenonympha 40,107, 138 
pandora, Pandoriana...... IES INES 
paphia, Argynnis .. 75,126, 203, 240 
paripennella,Coleophora ...... 59 
Pavonias Saturnial-0. -) 2) seen LOE MSG 
pectinatania. Colostysia 22 22-9: 107 
peltigera, Heliothis ..... 47, 48, 

82, 87, 203, 204 
pendularia,Cyclophora ....... 95 
jolontcrornvore, (COIS . 555 a6 0556 7/83 
phlaeas, Lycaena . .112,116,137, 211 
phoebus, Parnassius ...... 17/3), XS 
phoeniceata, Eupithecia . . . 8,65, 

: 77, 186 
phragmitidis, Arenostola. ... 77, 161 


PAGE 


pilosaria, Apocheima. . . 107, 162, 244 
pimpinellata, Eupithecia....... 216 


PinastniMyVloOicus\ =e ene 119 Sts0 
piniama, Bupalusy9- sei). - 108, 150 
pirithous; Syntarucus ... .. >. 235 
Pisin @eranniCagwre sms ame are 108 
plantaginis, Parasemia ........ 108 
plectamOchraplenralymossmsmce sme 108 
plexippus, Danaus .. . 37,48, 76, 
81, 86,111, 112, 141-146 
PlUCOME Te Dia ween as 174 
podalirius, Iphiclides . . . 135, 136, 
137, 168-172 
podanaryArchips) seo) sier act 131 


polychloros, Nymphalis . . 48, 81, 
86, 136, 138, 203 

polycommata, Trichopteryx » 45; 
55. 243 


polyxena, Zerynthia . . . 134,135, 137 


Populinlao thoes ween 108 
populi, Poecilocampa ........ 107 
porphyrea, Lycophotia ....... 108 
pomectellas Plutelay ae -ewsemewsn es 130 
potatonaskhilidoniaeess ese 185 
potentillae, Coleophora ....... 66 
Prlasinanay | enayaenensesar once 99, 243 
pringlei, Lepidochrysops ... 222-224 
proboscidalis, Hypenay = 5-214). = 108 
pLocercellaaBisionas ess cn) encn: 204 
promissa Catocala ..... 94,95, 204 
PLONOCIE Te Didwwmt eee 173,174 
pronubasNoctua 2.) see 108,185 
pronubana, Cacoecimorpha 38,122, 123 
propinquella, Mompha........ 116 
pruni, Strymonidia....... P75 AUS 
pseudospretella, Hofmannophila . 5, 

5 UB 
PSUS SACTOMICTA yc coca sities seule cout 108 
pudibunda, Dasychira ........ 155 
pulchellay Witetheisa eens ee 40, 47 
pulchrina, Autographa........ 108 
pulicariae, Digitivalva ........ 1S 
pulveraniasplacodisees- ieee 243 
punctosaChoreutiss ee eee 219 
puppillaria,Cyclophora ....... 204 
pulpuralis;Zyeaena greens reyes 131 
Puta pA CTOs. = cl eteie reno catye ins cos 40 
MUTI SA Ky llameethe Bos ee es al 130 
pygated, Lithacodia, 220.0". os: 99 
pyfmacolae le ileniaeset- seer 74, 203 
ON EIAVIN, INOWEGIES G a blame ooo ae 108 
DyraliataeEWlithisies ene.) se 107 
pyramidea, Amphipyra ....... 185 
Dye Oatuiniae es eee ee foes se 136 

Q 

quadralelithosial (sce-seeee ts ee 65 
quadrifasiata, Xanthorhoe...... 99 
quadripuncta, Oegoconia ...... DY 
quercus, Lasiocampa...... Yeo, MOM 
quercus)Ouercusiale. ere Seale 


quinquellagE ctoedemia seus). 119 


vi 


PAGE 
R 
rajellas Phyllonorycter 225 4.4 -- 131 
ramburialis, Diasemiopsis ..... . 47 
neler ey MENS 5 oa o 6 PPM, NSS 37) 
ratzeburgiana, Zeiraphera Ben nes th 131 
FAVIGAsTS PACIOUISHN.| Seewreycn tee ew ena 85 
HCO, WAVE 6 5 0 6 660 6 25-27, 74 
TeculincawEly/ppal-w-ne)newesene 108, 243 
reducta, Limenitis Pooks Bye 216 
ROMNA, AVON 5560 oc oc fot 108 
epandatawAlGisis | se-we seme 100, 108 
HetUsaal pimonpyhay een eee eee 65 
thamni,Gonepteryx . 75,128,137, 172 
thomboidaria, Peribatodes ..... 187 
mhoniboideaeexestiay = 4.4m ene 243 
mbeata Mell epleniageer ienen onsen 100 
mOreanalyorniy WEES 5 456605060556 98 
MGS, ROMFTOC sac bacon ou oe SYS) 
ROOT. ION, 5555 5a 556 131 
roboris, Phyllonorycter ....... 244 
robustella, Caloptilia....,. OF es () 
rogenhoferi, Endotricha....... 114 
TubeTata, Mydromena =. = \. 2) 4 +o. 107 
tubi, Callophrys ..... NBS) W354 ISS 
MUD IY Dial Siaeececus ss i eeneate yon 108 
nub Macrothylacian 4 sas eee 107 
rubiginata, Scopula. .... 81,86, 243 
rubiginea, Conistra . . 45,46, 188, 189 
NUbMCOSASG@erasuis’ | - seeens ee cle 108 
MUUfataN@MesiaSs a6 =) ak ceeds ge 206 
MINORS, LMAO MME! 556650006 31 
MPM COnMISS hy ONiaes ose en nee 73 
MURAI, QMO 2 655 so eo bo Us 
UGSRVS., INIIRINRIESIA 5 5 56°56 cc os 19 
Ny 

sabinella,Gelechia .......... 181 

sacraria, Rhodometra ... 47,48, 
81, 86, 142, 204 
salicata, Coenotephria ..... move, 243 
salicorniae, Coleophora ....... 103 
Samiatellaystiomellay > 5 ee 98 
SannioOn Diacnsial sie eea cue 108, 243 

saportella, Phyllonorycter . . . 119, 
120, 244 
SryVOINO, INOS ooo 66065406 19 
Sarcitnrellay Endrosis) «use ee 119 
SaturaaiBplephanitaly. saeisueeen eee 76 
SalbytaltayE Wp ithe cial s.asaeueieuen elses 107 
saucia, Peridroma. . 83,203,204, 244 


schoenicolella, Glyphipterix .102, 103 
schuetzeella, Dioryctria . . . 1,97, 220 
schulziana, Olethreutes ....... 130 
schumacherana, Olindia ....... 37) 
ScutulanayEpiblemale.. a2. 47 131 
Secalis) Mesapamea 42... 4... 108 
secundaria, Peribatodes .187,190, 218 
selene, Bolotial a). ao lane 107, 126, 


174, 238, 240 
semele, Hipparchia .. . .125,174, 214 
SemuAneuSN@Vaninis: « . Spee) epee ae 7/3} 
SCHICCAlISS iV la: seen etre ee eee 108 


Senicopezany HE talniay a seneneenene 245 
senmatellas Coleophora ere. 129 
sexalata, Pterapherapteryx ..... 65 
sexnotatus, Palpifer ...... 156, 187 
SEXSUMGAtAsp NC Staal senna nga 108 
similellay Microthrix = 2522. 98, 180 
Sills, IBWOGIS goo eb os oa c 75 


. 76,85, 163, 
186, 200,207, 237 
17103. 121: 
128, 137,203, 209 


simulans, Rhyacia 


sinapis, Leptidea . . 


smaragdaria, Thetidia ..... 58, 185 
solidaginis, Lithomoia ........ 243 
Coomera, (CAMSAD 5656655500066 243 
SpantiellayAmarSiaas sere ese (gyi 
spiniella, Paraswammerdamia .... 130 
Ssplendanay Gydiale- sain ee Sil 
Silos, OMINOSE. 6 5 go000 5500 194 
statilinus, Neohipparchia ...... 19 
staudingeri, Conistra...... 188-190 
stellatarum, Macroglossum .. 49, 
84, 113, 200, 203, 239 
stephensiana, Cnephasia spa aygopehsne 130 
subbistrigella, Mompha ....... 7| 
SulbituscayScopalial teil asa eecnene 130 
subtuscata, Eupithecia eee 107 
SublustrissApamed a.) —eee eee 94 
subpropinquella, Agonopterix 37, 130 
suffumata, Lampropteryx . . .121, 
55, 243 
suspectaa hatastichitiS ass aes ssa 243 
Quiet. ADRS 65 6565 acon c 243 
sylvaticella, Coleophora .... 98, 220 
T 
taeniatum), Perizomae . 29 2 oe ae 243 
taeniolellaySyncopacnial ym. seseue 52 
(OS. IAMS ¢ 5 6 5 oo 6 6910328 
(ENINENIS, COSC ONO, 55540000 98 
tem plinDasypolialere sq selene 182, 243 
Leneranas ly pinOtiays <u. een ene 13} 
UenNatay SCOpPUldsen- nse 107, 243 
testatasulithise sence cnenene 107 
thoracellasBucculatrixaes.)-.e eens 206 
thiyellinas Orpyiales eee enn 25-27 
titanias Closstanaes een P73}, OE 
tithonus, Pyronia..... 89,125, 214 
TMANIQS IBOGIES 5 5 5 ocd obo oS 137 
HAYS, IseieIS 5686 no 4 95, 186 
tonquilellas)Paronntxoss)- nena 53-56 
trabeatellus, Agriphila ........ 114 
trempmlasyPheosiayyea nee eee ee 243 
inidens yA crontc tages ener eee 243 
trifasciata, Argyresthia. .... 180-182 
trifoliwAycacnames oie nne enna WS 
thigemina, Abrostolams.14 eieeeneene 130 
trigeminella, Coleophora ...... 108 
tniplasiasyADroSstolale: - elenerenenene 108 
triStataeEpirnthoeia. eee ene 107 
tritici WE uxoal (ey eee eee 243 
trochilella, Coleophora .109,110, 131 


tullia, Coenonymphaw {4-1 107 


tunbergella, Micropterix ... . 
turfosalis, Hypenodes 
tyndarus, Erebia 
typhae, Nonagria 
typica, Naenia 


ulicetella, Agonopterix 
uncula, Eustrotia 
unionalis, Palpita 
unipuncta, Mythimna 
unitana, Aphelia 
urticae, Aglais. . 


5 5 LOU WAS, WSS. 
IGP, WP, ZOO, PO, 2A 
urticae, Spilosoma 


varicella, Coleophora 
velocella, Aroga 
Venataa OChlOdeSms spots ie et one PAV 
versicolora, Endromis 
vetusta, Xylena 
yv-flava, Oinophila 
vibicigerella, Coleophora 
viciae, Zygaena < 
viminetella, Coleophora 
vinula, Cerura 
violacea, Coleophora... . 
viretata, Acasis 
virgaureae, Heodes 
Virginiensis, Cynthia . . 


viridana, Tortrix 
viridaria, Phytometra 
vitellina, Mythimna 
Wilitataei Onulonainaems ss sa see: 
vividis, Ceramides 
vorticella = Syncopacma cinctella 

vulcania, = Vanessa indica calliroe . 
vulpinaria, Idaea 


webbianus, Cyclyrius 
Wilsssubilsy. TUS 
D cprercnokasytt 8 


wilkella, Eulamprotes 
wyssii, Pseudotergumia 


xanthographa, Xestia 
xiphioides, Pieris 


xylostella, Plutella 


ziczac, Eligmodonta 


Vii 


PAGE 
zwartbergae, ssp. Poecilmitis 
MigtiCAnS i ane ewe 41,42, 43 
COLEOPTERA 
Adaliaibipunctata, = 5 4-925 4 sc 225-8 
decempunctatay 4.5 4-6: DE A227, 
Ampedus, see Elater 
Anthonomus bituberculatus .... 36 
Aphthona nonstriata......... 36 
/NOMVMEIRO) 4 5 go 6600905 46 158-9 
AGHO Palas GUStICUSi esc ru sien elaine 24 
Barypeithes sulcifrons ........ 184 
CalyiaMlt4-ourttatal ssa ceeeaear 225 
Carcinops|pumiON een ieee 165 
Carpophilus marginellus....... 228 
Sex pu StulatuSieeaeci-wew eee eee 59 
Ceuthorrhynchidius troglodytes .. 35 
Chilocorus renipustulatus ...... 225 
Ghrysolinaicerealise-seeees eee 58 
FAStUO Saga Sa eps in tee epeatl eas 124 
polite y tAcerstpeese'S cues: 199-200 
Cionus hortulanus, scrophulariae . . 124 
Coccinella 7-punctata .... 225,2278 
lal=punctataa fun. 4 3). aa 225 


Creophilus maxillosus f. canariensis 116 
Curculio betulae, pyrrhoceras, 


TUDIGUS)..\c. ce AeeRss eet Gone 
glandium, venosus ..... 135 7) 
Cruxeanucum, villosus| S)ssel. VW 
Dirhagus pygmaeus.......... 155 
Dorytomus melanophthalmus, 
SalicinisstacniatwSmsee ne eae 
Dyitiscussmarcinalis seqge ieee eeeeeee 1123 
Blatencinnabarinusmeu-s-t-neieaeweiete 155 
-Eplerus)1comptuSines ies 2 ae 165-7 
antillarum, italicus, pulicarius. . 167 
[DOM AMOS & 2 po boo oo Oe IS)3) 
Eubry.chius velutus......- eh ee eG 
Gnorimus)variabilisisesyese ee) een 193 
Gymnetron pascuorum ....... 35 
Hegeter (Heteger, err.) transversus . 116 
Hydroporus glabriusculus ...... 175 
Hypera dauci (fasciculata), 
plantacinist.. ge atsheetewed otek 161 
fuscocinerea (murina), postica, 
punctata... 3... jeearks ce Wasdcses 
NISTITOSthIS\ seen S55, Gil 
Lagria (Lagia, evr.) atripes...... SY 7/ 
Litodactylus leucogaster...... 160-1 
Magdalis duplicata, violacea .. . . 120-1 
MecinuSipyiaSterniemee eens ee 35 
Mondellataculeata= sears elses SS 
Otiorhynchus nodosus........ 184 
Propylea 14-punctata’ . 2-2-2... .; 225 
Saprositesumendaxs ene © fea = SD 
Strangaliaaurulentas = 2 55 ete.) 155 
dihea22-punctatas Bete Assn. 225 
Momoxdalbiciutataly ages manee eee 155 
Trachyphloeus digitalis, scabriculus, 
SPINIMANUS i 4) see ae eens 129 
Tribalinae, Tribalini, Tribalus.... 166 


ALS TTL NUS gs oucliaheaate 166, 167 


Vili 


PAGE 


DERMAPTERA 
Anisolabis (Annisolatus, err.) 
TAXA Ae ean stat eons ss. seven 116 
Chelisoches brevipennis 
(bimammatus),morio ...... 101 
INalaronnatarrei sre. Fi c,. sake ee 101 
DIPTERA 
Achalcus melanotrichus ....... Xe, 
Achanthiptera rohrelliformis . . 28, 63 
Alloeostylus diaphanus, simplex .. 28 
SUCELICUSH Pea eree een Hes, (Sys. 
Allognota agromyzina ........ 29 
Allophorocera ferruginea ...... 30 
Alophorajhemiptenral 275-5 coe i 3i3) 
Amobialsignataues = 2 42 ote 31 
Anasimiyialineatae sees 4 ee 230 
Anthomiyia imbnrida “2 2)2. 24.2 - 61 
Azelia cilipes, macquarti, zetterstedti 28 
Bellardia unxia (Onesia biseta) ... 60 
Bibio lepidus, leucopterus, marci, 
VALIP EC Sty ete evis ee heen e sc Rien tae 192 
DOMMONEES Go eau sido c Gy, 1VG73) 
Bicellaria intermedia, nigra ..... 194 
Brachicomaidevials . als 2 = sien 31 
Brachyopa bicolor, pilosa ...... 230 
INSenSiliswep sje, ste aes, < 1 eee Ne 231 
Scutellanisy ey eee eis ase 206, 230-1 
Brachypalpus laphriformis ..... 232 
GCaliprobolatspeciosas . 5 > sea 4 - 232 
Calliophiysiipaniaeeee senor ener e 29 
Calliphora subalpina, vicina... . . 60 
Cheilosia scutellaris,soror...... 230 
Chirosia albitarsis, _ flavipennis, 
PaLVicOnnishin 4 hs eA Se AL 61 
Chrysogaster macquarti ....... 230 
(CINinOOUUSIEGUI 55 4 5.400466 i’) 


Cleigastra (Cnemopogon) apicalis . 60 
Coenosia intermedia, lineatipes, 


tipminastniCOlommeweneer aise one 30 
Coniosternum tinctiventris ..... 175 
Cordilura impudica, pudica ..... 60 
Craspedochaeta pullula ....... 61 
Cnorhinayasilical ee. en eee 22 
Cynomya mortuorum ........ 60 
Dasyphoraveyanellay = 5-22. 28 
Delia criniventris, lamelliseta .... 62 
Dendrophaonia querceti. ...... 28 
Dideatasciatalaminss «cme Malo 
Digonochaeta spinipennis ...... 30 
Dioctria baumhaueri......... 62 

WNC ATIS. 9) acy Semmes Sic vlan ons 193 
Dithny caveurttularis ss) 2 2. 10 
Ditricha, see Dithryca 
DONCHOPUSies hay Aamir eee 
Diapetisephippiata =| 9.55.08 1934 
Dnvanlelaahiatnaital e-.eeenr nen eee 28 
BelemmUSCarlasSp pra list ee eee Nene 62 
Emmesomydayvillical = = {yess 4 ce. 62 
Epistrophe diaphanal a). ais. o..0e 229 


Eniopteraeriseipennis . ... 0.06 - 60 


PAGE 
Eniothrixenomacn lateness cnenene 230 
Ernestia consobrina, truncata. ... 30 
DMMESMUS OMNIS 5b 5 as ea be 230 
Eustalomyia festiva, histrio .... . 61-2 
LEMOS VARNIRN, 6 6 5 5 oo eb a oe 156 
Fannia aequilineata, hamata .... 63 


canicularis, coracina, monilis, 
postica, scalaris, vesparia 


Graphomya maculata ........ 29 
PiCtac Hak cs. fe Lae He) (9.3) 

Gymmnodiathumiliss ese eee 29 

Hebecnenid’ 2s... Se ea 62 
affinis, nigricolor, umbratica, 
VESPeLtinal ies cc et nae 


Helina atripes, duplicata, impuncta, 
laetifica, lasiophthalma, 
obscurata, pertusa, quadrum, 


SCMVENUTMS 5 aber eee ese 
Hercostomus assimilis, chalybeus, 

Chiy;SOZYPOSi-a uae omnes 
Heterostylodes pratensis. ...... 62 
[FREIAO MOU 5 565008 6 6 ost 194 
Hybomitra bimaculata f. bisignata . 192 
Hydrophoria annulata, caudata... 61 


Hydrotaea armipes, bimaculata, 
dentipes, irritans, occulta, similis 28 


Palas. nacht ::'s on cae oe eee 285) 63 
FiyJemiyals tren aa ueeee ene enon 62 
LASIOMMIA) «ws eye. cs eee ae ee 61 
Revcophoraicinereausss-ian-e ane Bile Oil 

eriSellalscpe tear c.ss. 1 ocean memes 61 
Leucopis *argenticollis, *geniculata, 

DIACCOX: 28. (a) a eae 

EOrDISCtas <5 kien Rome 71 
Leucozona glaucia, laternaria . . 229-30 
Limnophora maculosa........ 29 
Limoniaytnipunctatag) eyelet nea 60 
eispestenitaculaitaaeaeaeaeEemen nen enene 29 
Lispocephala alma, erythrocera. .. 29 
Lophosceles cinereiventris...... 28 

OUND ADIGE Pome 8 rans MAS SO, 28, 63 
Ibyphaldubiagy-sieus ous ese aoa 30 
Machimus atricapillus ........ 103) 
Macronychia ungulans........ Sil 
Macrorchisimeditatasers 12 -eieeue YY) 
Mallota cimbiciformis ........ 230 
Medetera ambigua, impigra ..... 229 
MISCO NMIEIMOS sogeccooeus 30 


Megaselia bovista, buxtoni, flava, 
flavicans, impolluta, lutea, nigra 104 


HUSCINELVISieute oe een 1514 
SIPAUCIN Ye gee en sce, cee 22 
PAAMOROGIES 5555 5ne 556 105 
Melaneyinaleuitvaltals sienen nanan 230 
Melanomyia (Morinia) ........ 62 
Mesembrina meridiana........ 28 
Metopia argyrocephala........ 31 
Miltogramma punctatum ...... Bil 
Morellia aenescens, hortorum, 
SIMplOKe omer, 2) oc. cee 28 
Musca domestica, autumnalis .... 28 
Muscina assimilis, pabulorum, 
stabulans-...<a.004 Gia ee 28 


PAGE 
My dacae = a. ss 7cna, + sys eucicle smc 63 
ancilla, electa, scutellaris, tincta, 

UL DAN Aes sen e-sk-. oa cee Pa eRe 
Myospila meditabunda........ we) 
Nanna (Amaurosoma) fasciata ... 60 
Neoitamus cyanurusy] 5 a2) 4 enue 95 
Norellisoma spinimanum ...... 60 
Nupediaantirmas = =... en 62 
Ocytataypallipesi e-em ce 30 
Ophyraleucostoma ......... 28 
Orelliaitalcataye.. eo ane) eee 10 
Orthellia viridis os eae oe = 28 
Oxthoneuramnobilisssesr eee eee 230 
Osavene joulldnsla sasceadase 192 
Rarasynphus lineolayy =) ene en 230 
Pareclemadicums- seme ee ean 62 
Parhelophilus frutetorum ...... 230 
Payikulliaimiaculatals ey eieeens ene 31 
Pegohylemyia fugax ......... 61 
Resomyalmicnitarsiss- 0c ene 62 
Pegomyza praepotens ........ 62 
Petatachinantibialises) --een ene nee 30 
Phaonia basalis,errans ........- 28 

fuscata, goberti, halterata, 


incana, pallida, palpata, perdita, 

populi, rufipalpis, serva, signata, 

trimaculata, variegata, viarum.. 29 
29 


Wittineral seen @ sees eye 63 
Phorbiassecuns. Sepia caren iene 61 
Rhormiaiterraenovac sen ssenem nen 60 
MiinpOnemelssenocneacauae 30 

VS ANA Ss ae a rete ae care oe 202 
Pinytordiscrepansmarnen-ienen cee 30-31 
Platymuyastimibniatae se) 2) eee 30 
Mijn Glleis G5accaa08 194 
Polietes albolineatus, lardarius ... 28 
Rollenianvyaniay egestas cee = 60 
Pseudonupedia intersecta ...... 62 
Pseudolimnophora triangula .... 29 
Psilocephala melaleuca........ IDs) 
Ptychoneura cylindrica ....... 31 
Rhamphomyia sulcatella ...... 194 
Rihinophora lepidaless) se) an 30-1 


Sarcophaga carnaria, crassimargo, 
dissimilis, haemorrhoa ...... 


SOMO os ecaccdosonues 60 
Senvllih Wii scons acnauo¢ 30 
Spiloponal yc a as) Ste 2 ae ee 62 

denigmatal Vana: weiss ene icnran 2S) 


Syrphus, see Epistrophe, 
Leucozona, Melangyna, 


Parasyrphus 
Mabanusib nomi Seance were nee 193 
Trichopticoides decolor ....... 28 
Mropidialscitalesss-es eeencnernenon 162 
Trypeta, see Orellia 
Verrallia beatricis, villosa ...... 229 
Wacneniaisagateds -cu-i ise et-tanc 30 


Xylota abiens, florum, lenta, 
nemorum, sylvarum, tarda, 
Kanthocnemaws | ies ceo Se 231 


ix 


PAGE 
HEMIPTERA 
ATadisidepressusi ei een me ISS) 
Ryrmhoconsrapterus silence 96 
HYMENOPTERA 
Allantus'caleeatus) 25 5.54) - M76. 178 

PRUTICATUSG cuca cs soe. 1 feu e-eacaes 178 
Amauronematus fallax, fasciatus, 

histo ti beroieenem seeks mew. 178 
Anthidium manicatum........ 114 
ANOS TMI 5 6 6G boo nb DO Ge 115 
Arachnospila wesmaeli........ 155 
Bombus terrestris canariensis .114, 115 
Cercerisiconcinna 4 os es ee 114 
Gimbexs(@. femoratus) fe ee en 221 
CrossocerusiexieuuSl ss een 155 
Dolerus aeneus’......:..-- 117, 178 

CoOthumatus niger, 7. sence 178 
Smo AISGIOP > ooo bc ocob oe 178 

pumitlay cases so acheter 177 
Eutomostethus luteiventris .... . 178 
BUA Cronatae see seen ener 178 
Lasioglossum brevicorne...... . 155 
Lygaeonematus, Lygaeophora, see 

Pristiphora 
Mesoneura, see Pachynematus 
Monophadnoides geniculata. .... 178 
Nematus bergmannt 25.:.-.. - - 178 

MCMINOOE 25600 a6 175-6, 178 
Osmiaypilicornnisseeweneweee eee ence 155 
Pachynematus (Mesoneura) 

AnCtICUS hess seh ote ee: alge, Wiles 
Paravespula germanica........ IS 
Penneuramubi seen HGS 
Phyllocolpa acutiserra, excavata 

BAe arabes Me cae ee Sees 

COACH Sry era annae ar Ett 178 
Rodaltonitantyideivem-seneeeea men on 114 
Pontania bridgmanni, collectanea, 

ubeothoMliS Gs gp o oie Gn oup-ore 178 

GMOSOES oo a de do Oooo s SLANT) 
Pristiphora (Lygaeonematus, 

IGA RIO) o a3 5050500 s N77] 

Janificag teens here os 176, 177 

* micronematica (leucostoma) 175-7 

pallidiventris, sp. nr. quercus . . 178 

Giemalinwenl ~ S95 GoGo esecee 117 
Sharliphora amphibola........ 178 
Tenthredo moniliata, velox ..... 178 
Trichiosomalucorum ..... 27 


Vespula, see Paravespula 


MECOPTERA 


Boreusiivemalisters . eee =: 158 


PAGE PAGE 
ODONATA Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa....... 6, 58 
Gryllusicampestris’-)5 4) 9) 58 
Aeshna isosceles, syacc4 boss 3: 2 58 Meconema thalassinum ....... 8 
INGHOM WINES) 6 g4e 6 oa J 80 eo c 246 Melanoplus frigidus ......... 6 
INPRO Os Ono othe xen oe ee Ore 114 Myrmeleotettix maculatus ... 7, 11 
Omocestus viridulus ....... 7 al 
Platycleistspiy) 23 cote = eee 2 een 116 
ORTHOPTERA Stenobothrus stigmaticus ...... 8 
Stethophyma grossum ........ 6 
Aiolopus strepens, thalassinus matG ae SHOEI JES EADNS = 6, . 1a 
Ariagona margaritae ......... 116 T ne ulata acs. eee iiog 
Calliptamus plebe1s)) >). ose 116 CUS UTE ISTE SINE a Go a ape 2 8 
Chorthippus albomarginatus .. 6, 12 
LICUNDSI Go Bo coo aie oe ale We NAN) 
Patallelu'ss wate cers 7, 13-14 PHASMIDA 
Decticusverucivorus; 22°. 2 2 2. 58 
Gomphocerippus rufus ..... Hil, iy Glonopsisjcallicaiys ae esiene ieee 39-40 


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Etainia decentella (Herrich-Schaffer 
1855). (Lepidoptera Nepticulidae) 
A Possible Discovery of the First 
Generation Larva of P. J. Johnson, 
245 

Euchromius ocellea (Haworth) (Lep.: 
Pyralidae) in Britain. The History 
of B. Skinner, 139 

Eucosma  metzneriana Treitschke in 
Hampshire J. R. Langmaid , 202 

Eulype hastata L.: Argent and Sable, 
Feeding at Bluebells (Endymion 
nonscriptus) B. K. West, 79 

Euphydryas aurinia Rott. and Other 
Local Butterflies in Durfold Woods, 
Surrey/Sussex Border in 1982. The 
Marsh Fritillary M. S. Harvey, 
203 

Eupithecia phoeniceata Rambur: Cypress 
Pug, in Essex. C. C. Penney, 8 

Eupithecia phoeniceata Rambur in the 
Eastbourne Area. The Rise of the 
Cyprus Pug: M. Parsons, 77 

Eupithecia pimpinellata Hbn. in War- 
wickshire. The Pimpinel Pug: R. J. 
Thomas, 216 

Euphydryas aurinea Rott. in Cumbria. 
The Marsh Fritillary: M. J. Y. 
Foley, 240 

Eurois occulta L.: Great Brocade, in 
Suffolk C. Penney, 202 

Exhibition. A Very Fine P. C. Hawker, 
74 

Flying Crooked J. S. Phillpotts, 183 

Gonepteryx rhamni L. Apparently Im- 
bibing at Hydrangea Flowers. The 
Brimstone: B. K. West, 172 

Greece: July-August 1980. Butterflies 
in Northern J. V. Dacie, M. K. V. 
Dacie, P. Grammaticos, J. Coutsis, 
18 

Hamearis lucina L.: Duke of Burgundy. 
An Unusual Aberration of R. D. 
Sutton, 200 

Hamearis lucina L. The Decline of the 
Duke of Burgundy M. R. Oates, 
240 

Heodes ottomanus Lefebvre and Cleo- 
patra: Gonepteryx CleopatraL. in 
Yugoslavia. The Grecian Copper: 
J. E. Green, L. G. Higgins, 201 

Hesperia comma L. A New Locality 
near Eastbourne. The Silver-spotted 
Skipper: M. Parsons, 235 

Hummingtird Hawk Moth in London. 
The T. Lumley, 200 

Hypera fuscocinerea Marsh. Etc. (Col.: 
Curculionidae) In §S. E. London 
A. A. Allen, 35 

Hypera rumicis (Linnaeus) (Col.: Cur- 
culionidae) Swimming Behaviour of 
R. W. J. Read, 160 


Immigration of Lepidoptera to the 
British Isles in 1980: A Supplemen- 
tary Note. The R. F. Bretherton, 
J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 47 

Immigration of Lepidoptera to the 
British Isles in 1981, including that 
of the Monarch Butterfly Danaus 
plexippus L. R. F. Bretherton, 
J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 81 

Indigenous Macrolepidoptera of Abbot’s 
Wood, East Sussex. The Decline of 
the M. Hadley, 92 

Iphiclides  podalirius (L.) in Britain. 
The Scarce Swallow-tail, R. S. 
Wilkinson, 168 

John Abbot’s Drawings and Notes for 
a Proposed Supplement to Smith 
and Abbot ‘‘The Natural History 
of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects 
ee a (1797) R. S. Wilkinson, 

5 


Kirkcudbrightshire, South West Scotland. 
Macrolepidoptera of an Upland 
Area in P. D. Hulme, 106 

Lasiommata megera (L.) (Lepidoptera: 
Satyridae). Wait or Seek? Mate 
Location Strategies in the Wall 
Brown Butterfly, R. L. H. Dennis 
209 

Lepidoptera in Ireland. D. J. Agassiz 
130 


’ 


’ 


Leptidia sinapis L. in South Devon. The 
Wood White P. J. Baker, 103 

Leucopis Meigen (Diptera: Chamae- 
mylidae) New to Britain. Three 
Species of J. F. G. McLean, 70 

Letter to the Editor. C. L. Nissen, 88 

Limenitis reducta Staudinger (Lep.: 
Nymphalidae) in Yorkshire. Sur- 
vival of R. J. D. Tilley, 216 

ue Butterflies. M. Townsend, 

40 

Lobophora halterata WHufn. Seraphim; 
(Lep.: Geometridae). Melanic Form 
of B. K. West, 218 

Logia atripes Muls & Guil. (Col.) in the 
New Forest etc. A. A. Allen, 157 

Low Numbers of Lepidoptera in 1981. 
J. H. Vine-Hall, 182 

Lycaenid Butterflies from the South 
Western Cape Province. Three New 
C. G. C. Dickson, 222 

Magdalis violacea L. (Col.: Curculionidae). 
Correction of a Record A. A. 
Allen, 120 

Margaret Fountaine: The Fate of Many 
of her Books and Some of her 
Notes. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt , 235 

Microlepidoptera: a Review of the Year 
1981. D. J. L. Agassiz, 97 

Microlepidoptera Notes for 1981. Scot- 
tish K. P. Bland, 219 


vi 


Moma alpium Osbeck at Orlestone 
Forest. The Scarce Merveille-du- 
Jour M. Enfield, 66 

Mompha lacteella Stephens: a Possible 
Distinguishing Character. R. J. 
Heckford ,116 

Mompha nodicolella Fuchs (Lep.: Mom- 
phidae). Notes on A. M. Emmet, 21 

Monochroa hornigi (Staud.) Further 
Records of D. J. L. Agassiz, 77 

Mythimna loreyi Duponchel and other 
Migrants in Cornwall, August 1982. 
The Cosmopolitan NV. Gill, 203 

Mythimna vitellina Hbn. in May. M. W. 
F. Tweedie, 150 

New Host Plant Records for Cionus 
hortulanus (Geoff .) (Col.: Curculio- 
midae) and Chrysolina fastuosa 
(Scop.) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) R. C. 
Welch, 124 

Nineteenth Century Issues of Smith and 
Abbot, The Natural History of the 
Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of 
Georgia (1797) R. S. Wilkinson, 
122 


Nola aerugula WHbn.: Scarce Black 
Arches and Autographa _ bractea 
D. & S. Gold Spangle in Sheppey 
F. H. Clouter, 203 

Nola confusalis H.-S. and Roeslerstam- 
mia erxlebella F. on Lime. Larvae 
on the Least Arches: J. L. Fenn, 
1 

Nymphalis antiopa L. at Sea J. G. 
Coutsis , 241 

Nymphalis polychloros L. in 1982. 
The Large Tortoiseshell M. S. 
Harvey, 203 

Observations on Lepidoptera in the 
Cevennes, Easter 1981. J. S. E. 
Feltwell, G. N. Burton, 134 

Odontosia carmelita Esper Eat? What 
Does R. Lovell-Pank, 194 

aaa Oddities C. F. Cowan, 
02 

Orgyia thyellina Butler, ©. recens 
Hubner and O. antiqua L. Contrast- 
ing Results in Assembling Experi- 
ments using Sir C. Clarke, S. 
Greenberg and A. H. Wright, 25 

Orthoptera in Highland Scotland. FE. C. 
M. Haes, 6 

Pachynematus arcticus (Lundqvist) (Hy- 
menoptera, Tenthredinidae). Note 
onA. D, Liston, 117 

Pagham Harbour, West Sussex. Lepi- 
doptera at D. Dey, 200 

Palpifer sexnotatus Moore (Lep.: Hepia- 
lidae) in Britain. P. J. Baker, 156 

Panolis flammea Hbn. Larval Variation 
ea Pine Beauty, M. E. Majerus, 


Papilio machaon L. (Swallowtail) Flouri- 
shing in a N. Norfolk Locality 
1981.A. A. Allen, 56 

Pararge aegeria L. (Speckled Wood) 
feeding on Damaged Apple B. K. 
West, 238 

Parornix finitimella (Zeller) and P. 
torquillelia (Zeller) (Lepidoptera, 
Gracillariidae) A. M. Emmet, 53 

Peribatodes secundaria D. & S. in Sussex. 
The Feathered Beauty: R. G. 
Chatelain, 218 

Peribatodes secundaria D. & S. The 
Larva of R. G. Chatelain, 190 

Phalera bucephala L. Feeding on Sorbus 
Species (Rosaceae) and Aspen. 
Larvae of the Buff-tip B. K. West, 
198 

Phoridae (Diptera) from Cocoons of 
Cimbicidae (Hymenoptera. Further 
Records of A. D. Liston, 221 

Phoridae (Diptera) Reared from Fungi. 
Records of R. H. L. Disney, R. E. 
Evans, 104 

Phyllonorycter dubitella (H.-S.) and 
Coleophora limosipennella (Dup. 
in South Yorkshire. H. E. Beau- 
mont, 190 

Phyllonorycter saportella (Duponchel) 
(hortella Fabricius) in East Norfolk. 
A. M. Emmet, 119 


Phyllonorycter saportella (Duponchel) in 
East Anglia. Further Notes on 
A.M. Emmet, 244 

Pieris cheiranthi Hbn. in Tenerife R. J. 
V. Elliott , 199 

Pieris napi L. at Morton Lochs, Fife, 
Scotland in 1981. The Appearance 
of a Third Brood in the Green- 
Veined White: P. K. Kinnear, 
194 

Plant Chemistry. Restricted Distribu- 
tions of Butterflies and D. F. 
Owen, 205 

“Pock-mark”’ in Entomology. The Use of 
ae Term J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 
5) 

“Pock-mark” in Entomology. The Use of 
the Term J. R. Langmaid,161 

Rae and his Records, and a Note on 
Mr. William Reid of Pitcaple. 
Mr.J. M. R. Young, 75 

Red Admiral. An Early E. H. Wild, 79 

Red Admiral on the Wing in December 
1981.8. C. S. Brown, 124 

Rhyacia simulans Hufnagel: Dotted 
Rustic in Lincolnshire. M. Town- 
send, 237 

Rhyacia simulans Hufnagel. Further 
Kentish Records of the Dotted 
Rustic NV. F. Heal, 163 


Rhyacia simulans (Hufnagel) (Lep.: 
Noctuidae). Successful Rearing of 
the Dotted Rustic: P. Convey, 207 

Saltatoria of the Bristol Area and North 
Somerset. A Survey of the J. F. 
Burton, 11 

Samuel Dale’s “1704” Catalogue of 
English Butterflies. R. S. Wilkinson, 
36 

Sawflies from Whitelaw Moss Nature 
Reserve, Southern Scotland, with a 
Species New to Britain (Hym.: 
Symphyta). Some A. D. Liston, 
WS) 


Scuttle Fly (Diptera, Phoridae) that 
Appears to be a Parasitoid of 
a Snail (Stylommatophora zoni- 
tidae) and Itself Parasitised by a 
Braconid (Hymenoptera) R. H. L. 
Disney, 151 

Selenia lunaria D. & S. in East Sussex. 
The Lunar Thorn: M. Parsons, 
238 

Senta flammea (Curtis) (The Flame 
Wainscot) at Wye, Kent M. A. 
Enfield, 161 

South African Butterflies. Four New 
C. G. C. Dickson, 32,41 

Sphinx ligustri L. (Privet Hawkmoth) 
Disappearance from N. W. Kent 
B. K. West, 242 

Stand fussiana lucernea (Linn.) (Lepido- 
ptera:Noctuidae) in Lancashire. 
The Northern Rustic E. G. Hancock, 
233 

Strange Case of Larval Depravity. A 
M. Hadley, 119 

Striped Hawkmoth in Devon in 1980. 
J.C. A. Craik, 187 

Strymonidia w-album Knoch., The White- 
Letter Hairstreak: A. Archer-Lock, 
16 

Syncopacma larseniella (Gozmany), a 
Hitherto Underrecorded Species. 
R. J. Heckford, 132 

Syntomid in Cambridge. A South 
American B. O. C. Gardiner, 75 

Syntarucus pirithous L. A New Food- 
plant for J. G. Coutsis , 235 

Tephritidae (Dipt.) on a South East 
London Common. Two Interesting 
A.A. Allen, 10 

Trachyphloeus spp. (Col.: Curculionidae). 
A Note on Two A. A. Allen, 129 

Treasurer’s Notice. P. J. Johnson, 236 

Trichoplusia ni Hbn. in Hampshire. 
The Ni Moth J. R. Langmaid, 
204 

Trichoplusia ni Hbn. in Warwickshire. 
The First Recording of D. C. G. 
Brown, 239 


Tropidia _ scita (Harris) (Diptera: 
Syrphidae) in VC. 69 N. L. Birkett, 
162 


“Types” of Maniola jurtina splendida 
White (Lep.: Satyridae). The G. 
Thomson, 89 

Udea decrepitalis H.-S. (Lep.: Pyralidae) 
in Wales P. J. Jewess, 121 

Unusual Indigenous Macrolepidoptera at 
Ninfield East Sussex in July 1982. 
Some M. Parsons, 205 

Vanessa indica (Herbst) in Warwickshire: 
New to Britain K, Turner, 217 

What’s ina Name? A. A. Allen, 4 

What’s in a Name? A.Suggestion A. J. 
Showler, 124 

Wildlife and Country Act, 1981. The 
A, E. Stubbs, 57 

Windsor Forest. Further Notable Diptera 
From A. A. Allen, 191 


Wye, Kent in 1981. Interesting Moths 
at M. V. Light at or Near M. Enfield, 
76 

Yorkshire. Additions to the Macrolepi- 
doptera of S. M. Jackson, 99 

Yponomeuta evonymella (Linnaeus) in 
Southern England. A. M. Emmet, 
241 

Zygaena loti scotica Rowland Brown on 
Mull. J. H. Vine-Hall, 131 


Current Literature: 20, 27, 40, 80, 88, 
1O0e ISS) 163eel64 19 GALS 7e 
247. 


Obituary: 
Collinson W. E. 73 
Dixon, GyH:- 156 
Gane, J. V. 74 
Goodban, B.S. 73 
Largen, R. 247 
Sutton, G. R. 179 


INES VAS Dodo Wig SST), WSO) 

Allcard, H.G.111 

Allen, A. A. 4, 10, 35,56, 78,120,129, 
I SelSee LO I229 

Archer-Lock, A. 16, 123 


Baker, P. J. 103, 156 

Birkett, N. L. 133, 162, 206 
Barrington, R. D.G. 69, 103 
Beaumont, H. E. 108, 190 

Bland, K. P. 219 

Blathwayt, C.S.H. 154 

Bloxham, M. G. 28, 60 
Bretherton, R. F.47, 81,141, 218 
Brindle, A. 101 

Brown, D.C. G. 239 


Vili 


Brown, S.C.S. 124 
Buddle, R. F. 110 
Burton, G. N. 134 
Burton, J. F. 11, 208 


Campbell, J. A. 174 

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M. 1, 47, 59, 81, 
Qe Ale 792 OD 20455 355) 

Chatelain, R. G. 190, 204, 218 

Chitty, J.C. O. 147 

Clarke, Sir C. 25 

Classey, E. W. 15 

Clouter, F. H. 203 

Convey, P. 207 

Coutsis, J.G. 18, 235, 241 

Craik, J.C. A. 187, 243 


Dacie, J. V. 18 

Dacie, M. K. V. 18 

Dennis, R. L. H. 209 

Dey, D. 200 

Dickson, C. G. C. 32, 41, 222 
Disney, R. H. L. 104,151 


Elliott, R. I. V. 199, 245 

Emmets Ase Mis 21) 53 a119 s80F 238. 
239, 241, 244 

Enfield, M. 66, 76, 161 

Evans, R. E. 104 


Feltwell, J.S.E. 134 
Renneeeesoil 

Foley, M. J. Y. 238, 240 
Foster, A. P. 246 


Gardiner, B.O.C. 75,122 
Gill, N. 203 

Goater, B. 188 
Grammaticos, P. 18 
Greatorex-Davies, J. N. 218 
Green, J. E. 163, 201 
Greenberg, S. 25 


Hadley, M. 65, 92,119, 201 
HaesnEs ©. M6.39 
Hancock, E. G. 233 
Harmer, A. 40 

Harvey, M.S. 203 

Hawker, P. C. 74, 237 

Heal, N. F. 59, 103, 129, 163 
Heckford, R. J. 116,132 
Higgins, L. G. 201 

Horton, G. A. N. 24 

Hume, P. D. 106 


Jackson, S. M. 99 
Jewess, P.J.121 
Johnson, P. J. 236, 245 


Kinnear, P. K. 194 
Kneller, B. A. 221, 236 
Knill-Jones, R. P. 77 


Kydd, D. W. 37 


Lanemaid, J. R. 66, 109; 161, 1825 
202, 204 

Wiston, ALD» il US i/liomeat 

Lovell-Pank, R. 162, 194 

Luckens, €. J. 125,173 

Lumley, T. 200 


Majerus, M. E. N. 150 
McLean, I. G. F. 70 
Michaelis, H. N. 37, 102 
Miller, R. H. 162 
Morton, A. C. 67 


Nash, D. R. 165,228 
Newnham, T. 162 
Nissen, C. L. 88 


Oates, M. R. 240 
O’Heffernan, H. L. 237 
Owen, D. F.52, 205,225 


Parsons, M. 77, 205, 235, 238 
Pelham-Clinton, E.C. 123,215 
Penney, C. C. 8, 202 

Phillpott, J.S. 183 

Platts, J. 200 

Prance. D. 59 


Read, R. W. J. 36, 160, 184, 199 
Rutherford, C. I. 76, 195 


Sevastopulo, D. G. 17, 69 
Showler, A. J. 124 
Simson, E. C. L. 45 
Skinner, B. 139 
Sokoloff, P. 88, 100,185 
Stubbs, A. E. 57 

Sutton, R. D. 200 


Tennent, W.J.9 

Thomas, R. J. 216 

Thomson, G. 89 

Tilley, R. J. D. 216 
Townsend, M. 237, 240 
Turner, K. 217 

Tweedie, M. W. F.1, 150, 220 


Valletta, A. 111 
Vine-Hall, J. H. 131, 182 


Warren, R. G. 44 

Welch, R. C. 124 

West. 9 Bi Ke 38.9 198 25 IOS lee 
238, 242 

Wild, E. H. 79, 204, 206 

Wilkinson, R. S. 36, 38, 224 

Wright, A. H., 25 


Young, M. R.75 


PLATE II 


Photo: C.G.C.D. 


FOUR NEW SOUTH AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES - 


By C.G.C. DICKSON, M.Sc.* 


(Concluded from Volume 94, page 35) 


A new race of Poecilmitis nigricans (Aurivillius). 


The first example of this exquisite little butterfly was secured 
by William Burchell at Genadendal, in the Cape Colony, in 1815 
(i.e., in one of its races); and the specimen is still preserved in the 
University Museum, Oxford. It was known to Trimen as a “‘variety”’ 
of Poecilmitis [Zeritis| thysbe (L.), but only from very few speci- 
mens. Aurivillius described it himself as a “variety” of thysbe in 
Seitz’ Macrolep. of World, 13: 430 (1924), under the present name; 
the type-locality being the Muizenberg Mountains in the Cape 
Peninsula. The writer has realised since first capturing specimens of 
nigricans on the Fransch Hoek Mountains in November, 1945, 
that the males, at least, from there too, differed from the nominate 
insect, especially with regard to the wider black band in the hind- 
wing upperside. This feature is very obvious also in males from the 
Klein and Groot Zwartbergen and examples from these localities 
have been used for the description given hereuxder. 

Poecilmitis nigricans zwartbergae subsp. nov. 

Male. 

The forewings tend to be somwhat less pointed than in nomi- 
nate P. nigricans. 

Upperside. 

In comparison with nominate nigricans the black band of 
hindwing is normally much broadened; at its greatest width, its 
inner edge being 3.5—4.5 mm. from the wing-margin (the width 
varying somewhat in different specimens and at least in one male 


*“Blencathra”, Cambridge Avenue, St. Michael’s Estate, Cape Town. 


LEGEND TO PLATE II 


Pseudonympha camdeboo spec. nov.: fig. 1. o” holotype (upperside); 
fig. 2: ¢ allotype (upperside); fig. 3:o* holotype (underside); fig. 4 9 ailotype 
(underside). 

Lepidochrysops jamesi claassensi subsp. nov.: fig. 5. c*»holotype (upper- 
side); fig.6. 2? allotype (upperside); fig. 7. o' holotype (underside); fig. 8.9 allo- 
type (underside). 

Poecilmitis nigricans zwartbergae subsp. nov.: fig. 9.07 holotype (upper- 
side); fig. 10 9 allotype (upperside); tig. 11.o* holotype (underside); fig. 12.2 
allotype (underside). 

Poecilmitis palmus margueritae subsp. nov.: fig. 13. & holotype (upper- 
side); fig. 14. ¢ allotype (upperside); fig. 15.07 holotype (underside); fig. 16. 
Q allotype (underside). 

All figures natural size. Note: The bronzy-brown coloration of the upper- 
side of L. j. claassensi is not represented correctly in figs. 5 & 6, in which the 
tone is much more reddish than in nature. All the other figures in the plate 
show the true colour satisfactorily. (Colour reproduction by Unifoto (Pty.), 
Ltd., Cape Town). 


42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


seen, not specially broadened). Veining across the submarginal 
orange-red portion of the wing more conspicuously black-scaled 
than in nominate race. 

Underside. 

Dark streak of forewing parallel with the distal-margin, usually 
so broadened as to coalesce with, or at least touch, the black spots 
in areas 2 and 4 (one exception in this respect, has been seen). 
Hindwing with deeper and more prominent brown or rufous-brown 
colouring, as a “zone”, beyond the middle of the wing, in nearly all 
specimens, than in nominate nigricans, and this darkening also apply- 
ing in general to the wing near the base; while in the least darkly 
marked examples there is, anyway, more contrast between the dark 
and light areas. 

Length of forewing: 12.75 - 15.0 mm. (13.5 mm. in holotype). 

Female. 

Forewings more rounded distally than in the female of nomi- 
nate nigricans. 

Upperside. 

Blue from bases of all wings rather deeper and duller than in the 
female of nominate nigricans, and the dark marginal border broader, 
that of the hindwings more noticeably so, in comparison with the 
latter taxon. Dark costal border of forewing also tends to be broader 
and is in some cases much more prominent. 

Underside. 

The dark streak parallel with the distal-margin of the forewings 
has not been markedly broadened in all of the females concerned, 
though broadened in a number, including the allotype. 

Length of forewing: 13.25 — 16.5 mm. (the former measure- 
ment, in allotype). 

o& Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Zwartberg Pass, 
7.X11.1973 (no collector’s name); British Museum Reg. No. Rh. 
18699. 

? Allotype, W. CAPE PROVINCE: data as for holotype 
21.11.1977 (Dr. J. B. Ball); British Museum Reg. No. Rh 18700 

Paratype in author’s collection: data as for holotype (at approx. 
5,000 ft.), 29.XI.1969,, one & (C.G.C.D.). 

Paratypes in Coll. Dr. J. B. Ball: as holotype, 21.11.1977, one 
o (Dr. J. B. Ball); 2.X1.1968, one 0 3.X.1968, three oo" (Dr. J. 
Kaplan); 7.X1I.1973, one o (no collector’s name). 

Paratypes in Coll. C. W. Wykeham: as holotype, 27.XII.1969, 
two oo (C. W. Wykeham); Seven Weeks Poort (Klein Zwartberg), 
1.X1I.1962, twod'c’, one @ (C. W. W.). 

Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum: as holotype, 9.XI.1946, 
twoddone ¢ (K. M. Pennington); 29.X.1963, three 60 29.X.1963, 
two 2¢ 4.1.1965, one ? 4.X.1965,two ¢?9 20.X.1966, one ¢ 
(R. Badham). Seven Weeks Poort (Klein Zwartbergen), 30.X.1941, 
three oc two 92 (Dr. G. van Son); 29.X1.1957, one o& ,one ¢ 
(K. M. Pennington). 

The larger examples, of both sexes, of zwartbergae, attain a 
larger size than the largest ones of P. n. nigricans. 


FOUR NEW SOUTH AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES 43 


Specimens of this group from the Fransch Hoek Mountains (and the 
adjoining Middenkrantzberg) are larger on the whole than the nominate 
race and both sexes are normally devoid of orange in the cilia, on the upper- 
side of the forewing, with white spaces only, between the black portions. 
The black hindwing bands of the males are decidedly wider in most specimens, 
than in nominate nigricans, but with the width varying noticeably in some 
individual specimens. On the underside, the dark streak parallel with the 
distal-margin of the forewing tends to be wider than in the nominate race but 
the hindwing underside is more like that of the latter race, than of zwartber- 
gae. This insect can be regarded as representing another race in itself. Male 
examples from the Hermanus Mountains seem to be more similar to nominate 
nigricans: i.e., from the few seen by the present writer. 

Grateful thanks are due to Dr. J. B. Ball for furnishing a high proportion 
of the specimens employed in the study of P. n. zwartbergae; and to Dr. L. 
Vari, of the Transvaal Museum. 


A new race of Poecilmitis palmus (Cramer). 


The striking features of this race of Poecilmitis palmus (Cramer) were 
first appreciated after a male specimen in good condition had been caught 
by Mrs. K. M. Wykeham, when accompanied by her husband the late K. M. 
Wykeham, 6 miles to the east of Knysna, in the South Western Cape Province, 
on 24th January, 1964. In March of the following year the locality was 
revisited by the writer with Mr. Wykeham and a useful series of further speci- 
mens of both sexes, in perfect condition, was secured. The main characters of 
this race are described below. 

Poecilmitis palmus margueritae subsp. nov. 

Male (upperside). 

Dark basal scaling more extensive than in the nominate race, especially 
in the hindwing, and of a noticeably darker, bluish-black, colour; the inner- 
marginal concavity also darker. Black spotting over the orange-red ground- 
colour of the wings tends to be more prominent than in the nominate race 
and the distal-margin of the forewings broader; while in the hindwing there is 
always a continuous black marginal border, which is almost consistently 
relatively prominent, extending down to at least vein 6. There is less orange in. 
the cilia of the forewing and less encroachment of this on to the actual wing- 
surface, than in the nominate race: this applying, certainly, to all specimens 
that have been seen from the type-locality itself. 

Underside. 

Continuous dark streak parallel with distal-margin of forewing broader 
and darker than is normally the case in the nominate race and the darkened 
zones (more or less reddish-brown) of the hindwing, darker and more richly 
coloured than in the nominate race. 

Some darkening of the abdomen is also apparent. 

Length of forewing: 12.75 — 14.75 mm. (the latter measurement, in 
holotype). 

Female (Upperside). ; 

All characters as in the male, but the black spotting of the wings 1s 
inclined to be even more pronounced, while the black border of the hindwing 
is also more pronounced and extensive, and contrasts in these respects quite 
markedly with that of the nominate race. 


44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


Underside. 

Characters in general much as in the male, but the dark line parallel with 
the distal-margin of the forewing has not, in the females seen, been widened 
as much as in the males. 

Length of forewing: 14.5 — 16.0 mm. (the latter measurement, in 
allotype). 

c7 Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: 6 miles E. of Knysna, 
113.111.1965 (C. G. C. Dickson); British Museum Reg. No. Rh. 18701 

2 Allotype, W. CAPE PROVINCE: data as for holotype; British Museum 
Reg. Rh. 18702 

Paratypes in author’s collection: data as for holotype, 24.1.1964, one @ 
(Mrs. K. M. Wykeham); 13.]I1.1965, two oo” , one ? (C.G.C.D.). 

Paratypes in Coll. Dr. J. B. Ball, W. CAPE PROVINCE: Keurbooms 
River Forest Reserve, nr. Nature’s Valley (30 miles E.of Knysna), 18.XII.1979, 
five o’o. [It may be mentioned that Dr. Ball has discovered other localities 
for this butterfly in the district as a whole. Some of the specimens concerned 
have been less extreme than others in the development of the dark marking]. 

Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum: data as for holotype, one o& (C.G. 

G.D;). 
The writer possesses two male specimens of P. palmus from the Witte- 
klip Mountain, 23 miles W. of Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape Province, 
captured by Mr. L. Hersalek on 10/12/67 and 15/1/68; and these examples 
bear a resemblance on the upperside to Knysna ones. Mr. V. L. Pringle has 
subsequently caught other specimens there and, as he has pointed out, the 
undersides of this population are not always specially darkened. 

The habitat near Knysna is in a slight, sloping depression, somewhat 
damp and with grass, Bracken and other plants present. One of the chief 
food-plants of P. palmus, the yellow-flowered shrub Chrysanthemoides 
monilifera T. Norl. (Compositae) occurs abundantly there. This particular 
race of this brilliantly coloured Lycaenid is named with much pleasure 
after Mrs. K. M. Wykenham — with respect to her second Christian name. 
The original specimen concerned is figured in colour in Pennington’s Butter- 
flies of Southern Africa, P\. 125, fig. 426 HI (1978). 


THE BEAUTIFUL SNOUT: BOMOLOCHA FONTIS THUNB. — I was 
interested in the reference (Ent. Rec. 93: 241) to the occurrence of 
B. fontis in Kent in places where bilberry was absent. In July 1979 
I saw several examples of this species in the Gower peninsula, South 
Wales in a wood where so far as I could see there was no bilberry. 

In Staffordshire, B. fontis was at one time common in several 
oak woods with a dense undergrowth of bilberry. From some of 
these woods it has disappeared following clear felling; although the 
bilberry remains the insect evidently needs the woodland cover, 
and it is notable that it does not occur on bilberry on open heath- 
land. More recently, however, there has been evidence that the 
species is on the increase and it has appeared in several woods from 
which it was not previously recorded. 

Both in Staffordshire and in South Wales there have been single 
occurrences in moth traps in places where there was no bilberry. — 
R. G. WARREN, Wood Rindings, 32 Whitmore Road, Trentham, 
Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 6AP. 


45 
THE DOTTED CHESTNUT: CONISTRA RUBIGINEA 
D. & S. (LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) 


By BRIG. E. C. L. SIMSON* 


On 9th April ’81 I went with a friend to try the heaths round 
Chobham (Surrey) for C. rubiginea. We arrived at the spot marked 
with a X on my friend’s map. It was just coming on dusk, but light 
enough for us to see that we were facing considerable opposition, 
because three men were engaged in extracting generators, mercury 
vapour lamps and stands, sheets, bags, nets and all the dread appara- 
tus of the expert moth-snatcher, from the boot of a car parked 
exactly on our X! 

But now it was our X no more, and we were considering going 
off to search the heaths for a spot we might call Y, when my friend 
recognised one of the three entomologists as a person he had pre- 
viously met in a Hampshire wood, when both were after Tricho- 
pteryx polycommata D. & S. Credentials thus established, we made 
a plan by which the five of us would make a large circle out on the 
heath, among the scattered birch trees. My nearest neighbour was 
about 100 yards from me and had a set-up similar to my own. It was 
a warm night and soon moths began appearing on my sheet; nothing 
very wonderful came and I suppose a couple of Scarce Prominents, 
Odontosia carmelita Esp. were the most interesting. After about an 
hour my neighbour of 100 yards away put out his light and soon I 
saw him coming towards me with all his gear. As he got level he 
put down his generator and came across to me. He looked really 
happy and the reason lay in a box, which he held under my nose. 
There sat a beautiful rubiginea, which had been beastly enough to 
select his sheet instead of mine. M. V. light makes one look a bit 
green at normal times; now I must have looked emerald bright. 
The lucky captor said that he had a bad leg and that was his lot 
for the night. So off he went hobbling, but humming, into the 
darkness towards the cars. 

I redoubled my efforts to turn, by magic, the wretched incerta, 
which visited me, into beautiful orange-hued moths with black spots. 
To no avail, and about mid-night, the air having turned cold, I 
packed up and returned to the cars. Shortly afterwards my friend 
and the remaining two turned up and I found that my friend had 
been no more successful than I, but that the others had got two 
rubiginea; one at sugar and another to light. So between five of us 
three rubiginea had been caught. I stared, wistfully, out over the 
black heath. 

And now a very pleasant thing occurred for me. The three, 
to me, strangers, came up, held out a box in which sat a rubiginea, 
and told me to take it. They said they understood that this was 
my fourth unsuccessful visit to the locality over the years and that 
they had a certain female (the one taken at sugar). They were not 
sure, but felt the one they had given me was also a female, and 
wished me to have it. It was the one taken 100 yards from my light. 


*“Pine Corner”, 4 Durnford Close, Chilbolton, Stockbridge, Hants. SO206 AP. 


a a 


46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


It was a charming gesture, and I was thrilled to accept. Thrilled as 
anyone would be who has sat on those “blasted heaths” round 
Chobham, spring after cold spring, hoping to box this elegant moth. 
So, with many expressions of gratitude, we said goodbye, and I 
drove home with my friend. I dropped him off at his house and he 
invited me in so that we could properly examine our trophy. My 
friend had taken quite a few male rubiginea in the past, but had 
never obtained a female from which to breed a series. 

Now it is not easy to determine the sex of a live rubiginea, 
especially as a male, which has just had a good gorge at sugar, sallow, 
etc, can be very fat bodied. Equally, a female which has not eaten 
for some time, can be slim bodied. To me the antennae of the sexes 
appear indistinguishable. So you must imagine the two of us peering 
through magnifying glasses at our moth and not getting very far, 
especially as a bright light made it rather skittish. So we gave it a 
whiff of chloroform and probed even more deeply into the matter. 
My friend once thought he saw an ovipositer, but I said “‘wishful 
thinking”. So, as the moth came to, I put it back in the box and set 
off home, with my friend’s pleas not to kill it, at any cost, ringing 
in my ears. It was a new species for me and in pretty good nick. 
Doubtless he felt that if it grew restless and started to damage itself, 
my self control might vanish. To prevent this he had even promised 
me a specimen rubiginea from his own short series. 

As soon as I was home I put the moth in a plastic box lined with 
tissues, and went to bed. Next morning I opened the box very care- 
fully and saw the moth asleep on the side tissue. I made up a solu- 
tion of honey and brown sugar in water, soaked up as much as a 
piece of cotton wool could hold, put it in a bottle-top as a container, 
and placed it in with the moth, which still slept. I looked in the box 
every morning and was pleased to see that the moth had not in any 
way injured itself by flying round and that it had been sucking at the 
honey, as shown by the fluid which it had passed onto the tissues. 
So the days passed and twice I caught the moth with its proboscis in 
the bottle top. If one can tame an insect, this was certainly tamed. 
It showed no fear at my opening the box; it never attempted to fly 
and on the tenth day I saw a few pure white eggs on the edge of a 
tissue. I rang my friend, who came over at once and, after careful 
search, found 14 eggs which he took home with him to hatch. I 
went on giving the moth fresh honey every other day and by the 
19th day of her captivity she had laid 62 eggs, though she did not 
lay every day. She laid no more after and, on the 21st day, she died 
peacefully, still clinging to the tissues. As far as I know she never 
flew in the box and she remained a perfect specimen, fit for any 
collection, except for being rather pale — but then she had lived for 
6 months. My friend took all the eggs for hatching, because we 
were going to feed the young larvae on apple, of which he had a 
plentifull supply in his garden. 

52 larvae hatched by 6 May and my friend brought me 26, being 
my share; from these I obtained 24 perfect imagos. Bred rubiginea 
has to be seen to be believed: beautiful indeed. I remain truly 
grateful to the three generous entomologists I met that April night. 


47 
THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE 
BRITISH ISLES IN 1980: A SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE 


By R. F. BRETHERTON ! and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT 7 


The following corrections and additions should be made to part I 
of the main report (in Ent. Rec. 93: 47-54): 


Corrections to Annexe II 

D. RAMBURIALIS: S. HANTS: this record should be dated 19.8 
and initalled (RLH). 

R. SACRARIA: SUSSEX. Worthing should be dated 29.9. 

O. OBSTIPATA: for BERKS, substitute OXON (v.c.23) 

A. CONVOLVULI: for WEXFORD, substitute W. CORK. 

U. PULCHELLA: W. SUSSEX: delete (ASE) substitute (RTR) 

N. AERUGULA: for (1), substitute (2) 

H. PELTIGERA: for BERKS, substitute OXON (v.c.23) 


Additions to Annexe I — Recorders and localities 

It should be noted that in some cases insects have been reported by 
two or more recorders. In Annexe II the initials given are those of 
the recorder from whom the record was received first; but as far as 
possible the names of all have been included in Annexe I. It has not 
been generally possible to name the authors of all the records 


which have been received through intermediaries. 


Bellorby, Mr and Mrs C., West- 
morland 

Blokland, T.J., co. Cork, Ireland 

*Burton, J. F., Bristol 

Clouter, F., Isle of Sheppey, E. 
Kent 

*Dey, D., Sussex and Kent 

*Dunn, T. C., co. Durham, in 
Vasculum 65: 61 

*Ellis, E.A., mainly Norfolk 

*Gent, C.J., Newcastle-upon-Tyne 
(Bull. am. ent. Soc. 40:84) 

*Harewood, N. W., Cleveland, 
N.E. Yorks v.c.62 (Bull. am. 
ent. Soc. 40: 126 & pers. 
comm.) 

*Haynes, R.F & Hillis, Dr. J. 
P., Ireland (/rish. Nat. J. 20: 
296-298) 


Howell, Mrs S. J., Hagley Wood, 
Sussex 
Jago, E. M. R., E. Kent 
*Kydd, D. W., Cumbria 
*McRitchie, B., Harlow, Essex 
*Page, B. W., Warwicks. (Bull. am. 
ent. Soc., 40:84) 
*Payne, K., Merseyside (Ent. Gaz. 
32:64) 
*Pons, M. A. S., S. Lancs. 
Price, L., Stroud, Glos. 
*Read, R.W. J., W. Cumbria 
*Scott, R. E., wardens’ records 
from 42 R.S.P.B. reserves in 


the United Kingdom 
Walley, P. F., Beachy Head, 
Sussex 


*Welch, R. C., Isles of Mull, Coll, 
Skye 


1 Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE 
1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent BR4 9LG 


a a A as 


48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
*Hobbs, R. N., Sussex; E. Kent *White, M. C., mainly Worksop 


Hall, N. M., Portland, Dorset; district, Notts. 
Scilly 

Howell, A. D., St Margarets Bay, 
E. Kent 


Additions to Annexe II — Scarce Immigrant Species 

DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. WESTMORLAND (v.c.69). Grange-over- 
Sands, 12.10, One seen flying in a garden (CB per DWK). 

N. POLYCHLOROS. E. KENT. St Margaret’s Bay, 28.8., male (ADH). 

R. SACRARIA. E. KENT. Dungeness, 7.8. (DCB). 

O. OBSTIPATA. MID CORK. Ballymaloe, 8.8; Ballyhooley, 24.8. 
W. CORK. Castletown, 24.8. (RFH & JFH). DORSET. Portland, 
28.9 (NMH). ORKNEY. Orphir, 27.8 (RIL). 

A. CONVOLVULI. LOUTH. Dundalk, 6.10 (RFH & JPH). MON- 
MOUTH. Usk, 3.10 (GANH). 

M. UNIPUNCTA. SCILLY IS. 17-24.9, with P. saucia, becoming 
common at sugar and ivy towards the end of the week (NMH). 

H. ARMIGERA. E. KENT. Minster-in-Sheppey, 16.8, one at light 
(FC). 

H. PELTIGERA. DORSET. Portland Bill, 6/7.6, two (NMH). N. 
GLOS. Kingscourt, Stroud, 13/14.6, one (LP). 


Of these additions the record of D. plexippus in Westmorland 
is the only one of the year, and probably the first for that vice- 
county; and the specimen of NV. polychloros caught in Kent appears 
to be the first reported there since 1977. 

Among the commoner species, most of the supplementary British 
records of V. atalanta reflect either its initial association on arrival 
with C. cardui or its unusually poor performance thereafter, though 
in Cumbria it had achieved rough equality in numbers with that 
species by September (DWK). There is also an interesting note of 
twelve seen flying south or south west at Hastings. E. Sussex, on 
September 20 (RNH). In Ireland, however, ¥. atalanta clearly 
enjoyed a very good year, with a total of 1,422 reported. Although 
arrivals in June were, as in Britain, fewer than those of C. cardui, 
it seems to have bred more successfully, being described as very 
abundant in August and September. It was also noted in very large 
numbers at Cape Clear Island, W. Cork on several dates in October 
(RFH & JPH). These may have represented south westerly move- 
ment of Irish bred butterflies, or further immigration which was not 
paralelled in Britain. 

For C. crocea we have one additional record in June, at Hagley 
Wood, Sussex (SJH) and over a dozen for the late August and 
early September immigrants, ranging from Dorset and Anglesey to 
Cumbria, which raise the British total to about 80. In Ireland, 
where the June immigration was much stronger and extended as 
far north as Ulster, where there was probably some local breeding, 
the late August invasion was mainly to the south east and agreed 


THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERATO THE B. ISLES IN 1980: 49 


in date with the arrivals in Cornwall and movement up the west 
coast of Britain. In Ireland the recorded total, also about 80, was 
the highest since 1975. For M. stellatarum there are two additional 
records, from Bristol, June 15 (JFB) and Kendal (DWK) to add 
to what was in England a fairly good year; but the Irish total of six, 
between late May and early September 30, was not distinguished. 

Several supplementary records of U. ferrugalis emphasised its 
abundance and ubiquity here, as in Ireland; but P. xylostella seems 
to have been much less common there. 


Corrections to Annexe III — Cynthia cardui 
LANCASHIRE, N. Leighton Moss 31.8: for corrected dates and 
numbers, see below. 


Additions to Annexe III 

BEDFORDSHIRE. Sandy, 7/13.6, one present; 3.8/4.9, seen on 
13 days, maximum 5 on 10.8; 8.10 (1); Sutton Fen, 5/8/4.9, 
seen on 5 days, one or two. (RES). 

BERKSHIRE (v.c.22), Kennington, 7.9, one (JFB). 

CAMBRIDGESHIRE (v.c. 29), Great Evenden, 7.6, one (EAE); 
Fowlmere, early 8, numerous; Ouse Washes, in first three weeks 
8 (RES). 

CHESHIRE. Gayton Sands, 8/13.6, July one, 14.8/4.9; Wirral, 
13.8, many worn (MASP). 

CUMBERLAND. St. Bees Head, large numbers arrived in June 
(RES); Corkickle and elsewhere 7.6 (4); Kirkland, 2.7, one on 
flowers of Hypocheris radicata, near Egremont, 9 and 10.8 (2); 
Nethertown and elsewhere 16/31.8 (14); Walbarrow Crag, 19.10, 
one (RWJR); Kendal, 1.6 (1), Solway Marshes 4.6., c.40/50 
(DWK). 

DERBYSHIRE. Buxton, 26.6, one (EAE). 

DEVON S. Aylesbeare Common, 4.6/5.7 (3), 11/31.8, with maxi- 
mum of 8. (RES). 

DORSET. St. Albans Head, 16.7 (2); Studland, 17.7 (1) (MCW). 

DURHAM. Butterknowle, 28.6, one; Sunderland, 31.7, c.20 along 
a garden hedge, 1.8, dozens on cliffs; Quebec, 12.7, one; Chester- 
le-Street, 29.7.(2), 31.7 (1), 1/3.8 (20/40); 14.8, many; 8.9 (1): 
Waldridge Fell, 17.8 (1). 

ESSEX S. Harlow, first seen 29.6, in late July and August many 
reports of singles and occasionally of two or three (BMcR). 

GLOUCESTERSHIRE S. Nagshead, 12.6., 13.6, 18.6, 12.8, all 
singles (RES). 

HAMPSHIRE S. Langstone Harbour, 13.6 (1), 23.8(2) (RES). 

KENT E. Clowes Wood and elsewhere 10/23.8 (8); Rainham, 

3/7.9 (3), Folkestone, 7.9 (1) (D.D.); Folkestone, 5/16.8 (7), 
20/25.8 (22), 24.8, common, 25.8 (12), 1/8.9, still common, 
especially on knapweed; 3.10, one (EMW). 

ISLE OF WIGHT. St. Catherine’s Point, 4.6., one off the sea 

LANCASHIRE N. Leighton Moss, June, small influx (peak 3), 
very large influx from late July, with peaks 14.8 (58), 16.8 (138), 
then falling quickly in poor weather (RES). 


50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


LANCASHIRE S. Ainsdale N. N. R., June, second week, large in- 
flux; in July larvae on isolated plants of Cirsium vulgare, but not 
on the dense patches of C. arvense; fresh adults appeared August, 
first week, and remained until mid-September; no larvae then 
seen, but a number of fresh adults in October, second week. 
(KP). 

LINCOLNSHIRE N. Tetley Marsh, large numbers (RES). 

NORFOLK W. Wells-on-Sea, 7.6.(1); Swaffham, 8.6 (1); Totting- 
stone, 7.6 (1) (EAE). 

NORFOLK E. Beeston, near Sheringham and five other places, 
10/16.6, all singly; Hoveton, 12.7, one; Hickling, 2.8, several 
(EAE). 

NORTHUMBERLAND N. Black Law, c.1,000ft, near Wooler, 
29.7, sudden appearance, groups of 3 to 5 flying south all day 
and through 30.7, 31.7, 1.8, after which thunderstorms checked 
observation, and later the butterflies had dispersed; Kyloe, 1.8, 
dozens seen (TCD) 

NORTHUMBERLAND S. Coquet Is., 24.6 (1); 29.7, large influx 
(more than 30), decreasing until a few still present in mid 8. 
(RES); West Gosforth, 1.8 (1), 2.8 (10 on buddleia) (CJG/TCD). 

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Worksop district, 6.6 (2), 8.6 (2); 30.7 (1), 
1.8 (1), 10/16.8 (43), 19.9 (2) (MCW). 

SOMERSET N. Failand, near Bristol, 11.6, one at hedgerow flowers 
(JFB). 

SUFFOLK E. Halvergate Island, 2.6 (1), 28.6 (1), July (2), August 
first week, very abundant; Minsmere, 12.7/18 (5) (RES), 16.8 
(2 fresh) (JFB); Wolves Wood, 1.8 (1), 2.8 (1); Felixstowe, 
8.6 (1) (EAE). 

SUFFOLK W. Lakenheath, 8.6 (12) (EAE). 

SUSSEX E. Fore Wood, mid-June, on two days, mid August, one 
(RES); Hastings, 20.9 (1) (RNH). 

SUSSEX W. Rogate, numerous mid September, especially 14.9 
(JACG). 

WARWICKSHIRE. Charlecote, 28.9, 4 larvae in separate tents on 
nettle — emerged 23/24.10 (BWP). 

YORKSHIRE N. E. (v.c. 62). Cleveland. Saltburn and Redcar dunes, 
3.6, later widespread inland and through industrial Teeside; mid 
7, a few worn. later in large numbers (? emerging) to mid 8, then 
vanished, late 9, a few on Sedum. Larvae from newly hatched 
to fully fed from early 7 to 2.8, with 200 on dunes in three 
days; all those collected pupated by 10.8. Early 9 / early 10, 
c.600/700 larvae found and most collected, some producing 
adults while others were still feeding, and butterflies still emerg- 
ing in captivity 11.11. No Larvae were parasitized (NWH). 

YORKSHIRE S. E. (v.c. 61), Bempton Cliffs, 7.6 first, odd singles in 
July, maximum 16.8 (10); Hornsea Mere, 24.6/21.9, maximum 
30.7: largest immigration for many years; Blacktoft Sands, first 
late 7, 1/21.8 c.10 daily (RES). 

YORKSHIRE MID. (v.c. 64). Bishopthorpe, 25.9 (MCW); Fairburn, 
3.7. (1), 31.7/3.9 in good numbers (RES). 


THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERATO THE B. ISLES IN 1980: Sil 


Ireland 
ANTRIM. Rathlin Island, 5.6 (58), 15.6 (70), regularly later; Shanes 
Castle, 8.6 (1); 24.9 (2) (RES). 
CORK. Lemara, 7.8 (1), 10.8 (1) (TJB). 
For other Irish records, total 1,751, see RFH and JPH, /rish Nat. 
Jnl., 20: 296-298 
Scotland 


ABERDEENSHIRE N. Loch of Strathbeg, 5.6/8.9, maximum 31.7 
(6). (RES). 

ANGUS. Loch of Kinnordy. 11.6, 23.6, 7.7, singles; 31.7/2.8, up 
to 4 present; recorded in 8 at 3,200ft. (RES). 

INNER HEBRIDES (v.c. 104), Skye, Glen Brittle, 14.6, Dunvegan 
Castle, on Armeria, Claigan Beach (2), Loch Bharcasaig, 17.6 
(REW). 

INVERNESS SHIRE E. Loch Garten, 12.6 (1), up to 2 on four 
days 8; Insh Marshes, 9/22.6, singles, 12/22.8, singles, 17.8 (3) 
(RES). 

MULL and COLL (v.c. 103). Salen, Mull, 9.6 (1) (RCW). 

PERTHSIRE W. Killiekrankie, influx from 6.6 on. (RES). 

RENFREWSHIRE. Loch Winnoch, from 8.6, with up to 8 regularly 
in late 6, 7, 8 (RES). 

SHETLAND. Loch of Spiggie, 22.6, 6.7, 31.7, 1.8, all singles; 2.8. 
(6), regularly until 16.8 (RES). 


Wales 

ANGLESEY. South Stack, 3.6/4.7, and again 7.8/11.10 (RES). 

BRECONSHIRE. Gorse Bank, 26.6, with maximum 20.9 (6); other 
localities 26.6 onwards, at least 77 specimens, last Maescelyn, 
Brecon, 26.10 (PS-B). 

DENBIGHSHIRE. Llanduno and Llandrillo, 3.8 (3) (MCW). 

GLAMORGAN. Ynys-hir, first 3.6, up to 6 until 3.7; 10.8 (1); 
4.9/15.10, again in numbers (RES). 

MONTGOMERYSHIRE. Lake Vyrnwy, common in latter half of 
the summer (RES). 

MONMOUTHSHIRE. Beaufort, 4.10, at 1,200ft (PS-B). 


Our appeal for more information about C. cardui in 1980 pro- 
duced a wide response: a great many records came from collective 
recorders who have passed on information from several hundred 
observers whose names are too numerous to mention here. We are 
especially indebted to Mr. R. E. Scott for collecting and submitting 
notes from the wardens of some 40 reserves of the Royal Society 
for the Protection of Birds. We have also made use of the valuable 
analysis of C. cardui records in Ireland which was provided by Mr. 
R. F. Haynes and Dr. P. Hillis and later published in the Jrish 
Naturalist’s Journal, but is not reproduced in detail here. For infor- 
mation about larvae we are very grateful for the accounts of findings 
in Cleveland by Mr. N. W. Harewood and Mr. K. Payne, which have 
also been published elsewhere. 

These additional records include some from 20 vice-counties 
not mentioned in our main report, but for the most part these 


32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


confirm the impression that the spread of C. cardui was thin and 
limited in extent far inland and away from the main coastal arrival 
points, though spread from these along the coasts was fairly wide- 
spread. The strength and timing of the main invasions of the west 
coast of England in the first week of June, and of the north east 
coast of both England and Scotland in the last days of July, are 
abundantly confirmed; but the additional records also show that 
there were relatively weak influxes to East Anglia and further north 
at the same time, slightly in advance of the mass invasion of Fife 
and Aberdeen on June 5 and 6. These were apparently not linked 
by arrivals on the south English coast between south Devon and 
east Kent, and they may have had a separate continental origin. The 
extent, the timing, and indeed the existence of a third large invasion 
to the west of England in late August or early September, which we 
previously thought likely, remains uncertain. Further accounts of 
the finding of large numbers of larvae in the open again mention 
the presence of widely differing instars at the same times and places. 
This surely implies, where the larvae and pupae survived, the emer- 
gence of adults over a long period, and it is possible that even the 
large numbers of butterflies seen in various places from mid August 
onwards resulted from this rather than from fresh immigration. 
The few examples reported from the Isle of Sheppey and now from 
Folkestone in October may well have been grandchildren of the 
original June immigrants. 

In Ireland the pattern was interestingly different. The whole 
eastern coast from Wexford to Antrim clearly shared in the swarms 
which visited western Britain in June: more than one third of the 
Irish annual total was recorded there then, but records in south 
western Ireland were very few. As might be expected, Ireland felt 
little or no effect from the eastern invasion of Britain of C. cardui 
at the end of July; the numerous records in the eastern Irish counties 
are attributed to successful local breeding from the June immi- 
grants. In October, however, Waterford scored 72, Cape Clear Island, 
Co. Cork 527, and Galway 54, thus equalling the total for June. 
This must surely represent a further major immigration from the 
south west, which was apparently not experienced at all in Britain. 


LARVAE OF CAMPTOGRAMMA BILINEATA L.: YELLOW SHELL 
FEEDING ON CRUCIFERAE. — With reference to B. K. West’s note 
(Ent. Rec., 93: 198) on Camptogramma bilineata feeding on Car- 
damine flexuosa, | can add three more species of Cruciferae as 
larval foodplants. In the winter of 1979-80 I found a larva on 
Arabis caucasica, a common rock-garden plant, introduced from 
south-east Europe, and in the spring of 1980 one was found feeding 
on Aubretia deltoidea, another rock-garden plant, introduced from 
Greece. Both records are from my garden at Leicester, where a larva 
has also been found on Origanum majorana (Labiatae). The third 
record is of a larva found feeding on wild cabbage, Brassica oleracea, 
growing on the cliff-tops at Lighthouse Down, Dover, in the spring 
of 1981. All three larvae eventually produced moths. — DENIS F. 
OWEN, 6 Scraptoft Lane, Leicester. 


THE EARLY STAGES OF PARORNIX FINITIMELLA 53 
(ZELLERVAND 2 TOROQUIELELEA (ZELLER) 


(LEPIDOPTERA:GRACILLARIIDAE) 


By A.M. EMMET* 


Parornix torquillella was placed on the British list in the same 
year as that in which it received its name in Germany (Stainton, 
1850). Later Stainton (1864) gave a full and accurate account of 
its early stages. He described it as bivoltine flying in May and August, 
but with reservations, since he had taken the adult in July and adults 
from July larvae had not emerged until the following year. Morris 
(1872), Meyrick (1928) and Ford (1949) all treated the moth as 
bivoltine, ignoring Stainton’s uncertainty. 

Parornix finitimella was named and described in the same paper 
as P. torquillella (Zeller, 1850). Although Stainton (1850; 1864) 
made reference to it, he did not include it as a British species. How- 
ever, he stated that he had reared an Ornix [Parornix| from sloe 
which was not P. torquillella (1864: 296). He tentatively deter- 
mined these moths as the Crataegus-feeding P. anglicella (Stainton), 
but added that they should possibly be referred to P. finitimella, a 
supposition we can now tell to have been correct. Neither he nor 
any other contemporary British entomologist followed up this 
hint and more than half a century was to pass before this common 
species was confirmed as occurring in this country. 

When this happened, its recognition by Pierce (1917) was only 
a chance by-product of his work on the genitalia of the Geometridae. 
In this study he was helped by the Revd. C. R. N. Burrows who was 
vicar of Mucking, an Essex hamlet on the Thames estuary. Pierce 
used to stay with Burrows and the two entomologists were struck 
by the number of interesting microlepidoptera in the area. Burrows, 
however, was only a macrolepidopterist and could not determine 
them. Accordingly, Pierce suggested that Burrows should make a 
collection and send the moths to him for identification (Pierce, 
1918). It was amongst this material that he found P. finitimella 
after dissection of the genitalia. The discovery did not arouse much 
interest because concern with the microlepidoptera had to a large 
extent lapsed in Britain. Few collectors checked their specimens 
and Meyrick (1928) was able to give only the counties of Essex 
and Durham for the occurrence of P. finitimella. No attempt was 
made to look at the early stages to see if there were any differences 
and for another fifty years no further thought was given to the sub- 
ject. 

This was the situation I inherited in 1979 when A Field Guide 
to the smaller British Lepidoptera was written. My attempt to add 
useful information was disastrous, for I got it the wrong way round. 
I had recognised that there were two mine patterns, one of which 
seemed the more common. Understandably, in view of the history 


*Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. 


54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
of the two species in Britain, I ascribed the commoner mine to P. 
torquillella. 

It was not until 1980 that I began to make a serious study of 
the early stages of these moths for Volume 2 of The Moths and 
Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. 1 wrote the draft text of 
the Gracillariinae in the winter of that year and devoted my field 
work in 1981 to checking and embellishing what I had written. 
Consequently the information which follows has been well digested. 

As the result of my research, I found that the species were 
readily distinguishable in their early stages and that these differed in 
their timing. Dr. M. R. Shaw had written to me in 1979 suggesting 
that P. torquillella was univoltine and this was confirmed by my 
observations in 1980-1981. It appears to have a long emergence 
period extending from the end of May until July. Larvae do not 
appear until mid July and continue through August and September. 
The resulting adults do not emerge until the following year (cf. 
Stainton’s observations quoted above). It would be possible for the 
earliest moths to produce a generation which completes its cycle 
in the summer months but I have no evidence that this ever happens. 

The larva of P. torquillella has two cloudy dark marks on its 
head, which are sometimes obsolete. Its body is pale yellowish green 
without contrasting pinacula, its prothoracic plate has the four 
black spots characteristic of the genus and the thoracic legs are 
concolorous with the body. 

P. finitimella, on the other hand, is definitely bivoltine. Moths 
of the first generation fly in late April and May. Larvae are then 
found in June and July which produce a second generation of adults 
in July and August. Larvae occur again in September and October 
and give rise to the overwintering pupae. 

The larva of P. finitimella is very different. It has four well- 
defined black marks on its head as well as the prothoracic plate. 
Its body is grey with conspicuous paler pinacula which are obso- 
lescent on the abdominal segments; it becomes much paler when 
full-grown, but still retains a hint of its grey colour. The thoracic 
legs are ringed black, appearing wholly black except under magnifi- 
cation. 

There are no detectable differences in the mines in the sap- 
feeding phase (the first two instars). There are, however, distinctions 
in the third instar mine, when tissue-feeding begins after the change 
in mouth-parts and a spinneret has been developed. P. finitimella 
spins the lower cuticle more extensively, causing it to contract in 
a number of creases and draw the lower edges of the mine together; 
the lower cuticle becomes greenish grey, flecked darker. The mine 
is relatively long and narrow. P. torquillella, on the other hand, 
spins the lower cuticle lightly; the mine is only slightly arched and 
the cuticle has a single central crease and is white, at any rate in 
tenanted and newly vacated mines. The mine is relatively shorter 
and broader and is transparent when held up to the light. Because of 
the lighter spinning, the mine splits open more easily, and the old 
ruptured mines which are so much in evidence on blackthorn bushes 
in autumn are generally of this species. In my experience, fresh 


EARLY STAGES OF P. FINITIMELLA AND P. TORQUILLELLA 55 


mines are easily told apart, but the marks of distinction tend to 
become blurred with the passage of time and it may then be neces- 
sary to study the characters of a number of mines before being 
sure of the species. A complication is that in southern England both 
are abundant and mixed mines will almost always be found on the 
same bush. 

With regard to distribution, P. torquillella has the wider range, 
extending to Scotland and Ireland. P. finitimella becomes scarce 
in northern England and Meyrick’s record from Co. Durham is still 
the most northerly; it has not been. reported from Scotland or 
Ireland. In the south one gets the impression that P. finitimella is 
the more plentiful, but this is probably because in autumn one sees 
two generations of its vacated mines as opposed to one of P. tor- 
quillella. When I was making records for Essex (Emmet, 1981), 
I had not mastered the differences and, as I admitted, I might have 
recorded P. finitimella as P. torquillella in some instances. I then 
recorded P. torquillella from 56 of the 57 10X10 km squares in the 
county but P. finitimella from only 9. In 1981 I have increased the 
number of squares for P. finitimella to 52 and confirmed P. tor- 
quillella in all of these. There is hardly a stand of blackthorn in the 
county in which I have not found both species, if I have had the 
chance to search at the right time of year. What is true for Essex 
probably holds for all other southern counties. 

With the knowledge I now have, I would rewrite species 281 and 
282 in the Field Guide as follows. 

281 (1102) P. finitimella (Zell.) 

0. 5-6; 8-9. On the under surface of a leaf of Prunus spinosa or 
P. domestica. 

L. 6-7; 9-10. When young, in a gallery in the lower epidermis which 
leads into a small, Phyllonorycter-type blotch in which 
the lower cuticle turns greenish grey and is strongly 
contracted by internal spinning. Later feeds under 
the downwards-folded tip or edge of a leaf, making 
successively two or three such folds. Larva grey with 
paler pinacula; head with four black spots; thoracic 
legs ringed black. 

P. 7-8;94. In an orange-yellow cocoon spun under a narrowly 
folded leaf-edge or in leaf-litter. 

I. 4-5; 7-8. Comes to light. 

282 (1103) P. torquillella (Zell.) 


0. 6-8. On the under surface of a leaf of Prunus spinosa or 
P. domestica. 
Lk. 7-9: Mine differs from that of P. finitimella in being only 


slightly contracted by internal spinning and having 
the lower cuticle white. Larva pale yellow-green with- 
out conspicuous pinacula; head with two darkish 
spots; legs yellow-green. 
Bi9-5. Similar to P. torquillella. 
5-7: Has a long emergence period. 
Possessors of the Field Guide who do not have the interleaved 
edition may prefer to make less extensive changes. I suggest that the 


56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


first priority is to alter the last word of the second line of the ”L” 
paragraph under P. finitimella from “less” to “more”, and the 
second to amend the timing of the stages of P. torquillella. 


References 


Emmet, A. M. (ed.), 1979. A field guide to the smaller British 
Lepidoptera, 271 pp. London. 

Emmet, A. M., 1981. The smaller moths of Essex, 158 pp. London. 

Ford, L. T., 1949. A guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera, 230 
pp. London. 

Meyrick, E., 1928. A revised handbook of the British Lepidoptera, 
914 pp. London. 

Morris, F. O., 1872. A natural history of British moths, 14. London. 

Pierce, F. N., 1917. Occurrence in England of Parornix finitimella 
Z., a species of Gracilariadae new to the British list. Ento- 
mologist’s mon. Mag. 53: 9-10. 

Pierce, F. N., 1918. The Lepidoptera of an Essex garden. Entomolo- 
gist’s Record. J. Var. 30: 81-86. 

Stainton, H. T., 1850. On Ornix meleagripennella and its allies; 
a group of Lepidoptera, family Tineidae. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 
(2) 1: 86-96. 

Stainton, H. T. et al., 1864. The natural history of the Tineina, 8, 
vii, 315 pp., 8 col. pls. London. 

Zeller, P. C., 1850. Verzeichniss der von Herrn Jos. Mann beobach- 
teten Toscanischen Microlepidoptera (Section 7). Stettin. ent. 
Ztg. 11:139-162. 


PAPILIO MACHAON L. (SWALLOWTAIL) FLOURISHING IN A 
N. NORFOLK LOCALITY, 1981. — The present year having been a 
poorer one for butterflies (at least in my district, S. E. London) 
than I have experienced for very long, it is some small consolation to 
be able to report that one of our threatened species, P. machaon, 
was quite common in a small area of a privately-owned fen in North 
Norfolk. On a very warm afternoon, 22 June, these splendid crea- 
tures — apparently at the height of their season, being in mint 
condition — were disporting themselves in the open flowery fen, 
often swooping and perching on various blossoms (mostly purple 
composites), their wings maintained in tremulous motion whilst 
feeding in the manner peculiar to their kind, and presenting an 
unforgettable spectacle. It was possible to have 6, if not 7, in view 
at a time, their territory seeming to be concentrated by the apparent 
restriction of the foodplant, hogs’ fennel, to one spot in that part of 
the fen which we visited. The butterflies were not shy; in fact, one 
seemed bent upon trying to enter my net as I was stalking a fly, 
and had to be ‘shooed’ away! We learnt from the landowner that, 
so far as he knew, machaon has never been ‘put down’ there, but 
had been present from early times. — A. A. ALLEN. 


THE WILDLIFE AND COUNTRYSIDE ACT, 1981 


By ALAN E. STUBBS* 


After false starts and a stormy passage through Parliament, new 
legislation affecting a wide range of countryside issues has been 
passed. 

An item of particular concern to entomologists is the list of 
protected species. At earlier steps in the evolution of the new legis- 
lation there was consultation with the Entomological Societies, and 
in particular through the Joint Committee for the Conservation of 
British Insects. However, the scope and nature of the draft legis- 
lation became greatly modified in its passage through Parliament. 
There are two major reasons for the changes in the list. Firstly, 
as an all embracing act there were no concessions to entomologists 
— thus, area listing and other conditions were swept aside to suit 
those interested in vertebrates. Secondly, it proved virtually impos- 
sible to influence events when neither of the Houses of Parliament 
has anyone with a knowledge of insects (the system depends on the 
right questions being asked). 

There are now 19 species of invertebrates on the protected list. 
Discussion here will concentrate on the Lepidoptera since this will 
be the main concern of readers. 

Large Blue (Maculinea arion). This was already protected under 
the Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act 1975. In September 1979 the 
Nature Conservancy Council issued a press notice saying that the 
butterfly was probably extinct in Great Britain. No sighting accepted 
as authentic has been received since that date, despite checking out 
various reports. 

Heath Fritillary (Mellicta athalia). With some reservations, the 
Societies had earlier accepted the inclusion of this species. It has 
been undergoing steady decline in the South-West where it is now 
down to two sites. There are real fears that it could die out in this 
area. However, in January 1982 the Dutchy of Cornwall agreed to 
the removal of young confiers from its main site and NCC hopes to 
finance a study starting this summer. In Kent, the population level 
is erratic depending on the state of the coppice areas. Whilst num- 
bers can be large in a good year, colonies could easily be collected 
out during population lows. 

Chequered Skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon) was last seen 
in England in 1975 and was intended for protection in England only. 
With the various delays in the legislation it is now questionable 
whether it will be refound. However, the Act gives national listing 
though its status in Scotland is not critical. 

Swallowtail (Papilio machaon). This was sneaked on as a com- 
plete surprise, apparently because it is pretty and MP’s have heard of 
it. NCC had 20 minutes to reply at a time when no-one with a 
knowledge of the insect was available. The advice that would have 


*Nature Conservancy Council, 19-20 Belgrave Square, London SWIX 8PY. 


58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 

been given was that this butterfly, though local, is largely holding its 
own in Norfolk and is in no imminent danger. It is not the sort of 
species which would easily be collected out (the prospect of a Yare 
barrage is a far greater threat). Some people hold the view that now 
this species is on the Act, it should stay there as a flag waver for 
gaining public interest in insect conservation. (On a similar short 
notice occasion NCC successfully advised against the Purple Em- 
peror being put on the Act.) 

There are five moths on the Act. The Essex Emerald (Thetidia 
smaragdaria F.) was added to the 1975 Act in 1979 (see Ent. Rec., 
91: 258-60) since it was down to a very small colony; there are 
rumours of a second colony but its status remains critical. The Bar- 
berry Carpet. (Pareulype berberata D. & S.) has only one small 
native site, as has the New Forest Burnet (Zygaena viciae D & S.) 
and the Reddish Buff (Acosmetia caliginosa Hbn.). The Black- 
veined moth (Siona lineata Scopoli) has few localities. 

The protected species among other invertebrates are one dragon- 
fly (Aeshna isosceles), three Orthoptera (Decticus verrucivorous, 
Gryllus campestris and Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa), one leaf beetle 
(Chrysolina cerealis), two spiders (Eresus niger and Dolomedes 
plantarius ) and three snails (Monacha cartusiana, Myxas glutinosa 
and Catinella arenaria ). 

All the above species are protected in England, Scotland and 
Wales, with provision for fines of up to £1000 per specimen taken 
or possessed illegally. It is illegal to disturb these species so netting 
a swallowtail to look at is against the law. Should anyone accidental- 
ly take a protected species, for instance a Reddish Buff moti in a 
light trap, then it should be released; if not recognised as such until 
dead and set, then it is best to inform NCC of the circumstances. 
Specimens obtained before 1982 are in the clear. It is however, 
illegal to trade or barter (or to advertise to do so) in these species or 
to receive specimens under these circumstances. It is possible to give 
away prior breeding stock or old specimens providing this is genuine- 
ly free rather than barter. 

The Nature Conservancy Council does not wish to see long lists 
of species on this sort of Act anymore than entomologists do. Apart 
from the administrative implications, there is no point invoking 
the cumbersome arm of the law against collecting unless there is a 
real concern that collecting will endanger the survival of a species. In 
future it will be NCC who has prime responsibility for the listing on 
species. Such legislation emanating from Parliament is not directed 
at tripping up the responsible entomologist, it is there as a long stop 
against people who behave selfishly and irresponsibly towards en- 
dangered species. 

Entomologists will share the view that conservation of habitats 
is the most important measure required. Here the Act has very sub- 
stantially increased the safeguard for Sites of Special Scientific 
Interest, indeed NCC is now in a position to have a substantial 
say in how sites should be managed and, specifically, how they 
should not be managed. It is now imperative that the important 
entomological sites are given proper protection and that the most 


THE WILDLIFE AND COUNTRYSIDE ACT, 1981 sys 


damaging types of management are avoided. The Invertebrate Site 
Register organised by NCC is timely in these respects and it is hoped 
that entomologists will take full opportunity to see that their 
interests are taken into account. 


THE USE OF THE TERM ‘POCK-MARK’ IN ENTOMOLOGY. — 
Coleophorid leaf-mining larvae make a small entrance hole in the 
cuticle, the case being fixed at its orifice to the edge of the hole, so 
that the larva can fully extend itself to feed on the parenchyma 
without having entirely to quit the safety of its case. The larva 
then detaches its case and moves elsewhere, leaving behind a con- 
spicuous blanched portion of leaf where it has fed and the tell-tale 
circular hole so familiar to microlepidopterists. In appearance, this 
hole resembles in miniature a pit or scar left by a pock, and so 
‘pock-mark’ is suggested as a suitable term for this characteristic 
and well-known feature among the Coleophoridae. — J. M. 
CHALMERS-HUNT. 


COLEOPHORA PARIPENNELLA ZELLER — A NEW FOODPLANT. 
— A single larval case of what appeared to be Coleophora paripennella 
was found on 9th June 1981 feeding on Cirsium arvense on a wide 
verge adjacent to the A 299 Thanet Way at Whitstable, Kent. The 
larva fed for about a week on Cirsium and the moth emerged on 
14th. July 1981, which Dr. J. D. Bradley very kindly confirmed as 
C. paripennella. Other micro-lepidopterists are believed to have 
recorded this species from Cirsium but I can find no published 
reference. — N. F. HEAL, Fosters, Detling Hill, Nr. Maidstone, Kent. 


CARPOPHILUS SEXPUSTULATUS (FABR.) (COL.: NITIDULIDAE ) 
IN SURREY WITH A NOTE ON ITS HABITS IN BRITAIN. — Amongst 
beetles revealed by removing the loose bark of a large oak log on 
17.iii.1981 in Richmond Park (TQ 1871) was a single example of 
this species. This would appear to be a new record for the vice- 
county of Surrey. 

In a report for the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology entitled 
“A Bibliograph of the occurrence of Certain Woodland Coleoptera” 
by Paul T. Harding (1978), Carpophilus sexpustulatus is referred 
to grade 3 (“indicator of Old Forest in certain circumstances”). 
This is borne out by the present finding, seeing as Richmond Park 
has existed for some considerable time. 

Occasionally found in stored products, the beetle is found in 
normal circumstances under the bark of logs — usually those of oak, 
but also beech, hornbeam, spruce, pine etc. However it seems that 
the adult will visit carrion (vide Ent. Mo. Mag. xviii. 1907, p.82). 
Most captures stem from the period January to June. The pub- 
lished records of which I am aware give rise to the following list 
of vice-counties — all in England: 8, 15, 16, 25, 31, 56, 63, 64. 

I thank Messrs A. A. Allen, P. M. Hammond and P. T. Ham- 
mond and P. T. Harding for their comments. — D. PRANCE, 23 
Brunswick Road, Kingston Hill, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey. 


60 
THE DIPTERA (CALYPTRATAE) OF THE SANDWELL 
VALLEY, WEST BROMWICH. 


By M. G. BLOXHAM* 


(Concluded from Volume 94, page 31) 
Calliphoridae 


The Calliphoridae provide interesting records, three species of 
limited distribution occuring, these being Bellardia unxia, the least 
common representative of an otherwise abundant genus, Pollenia 
varia, of which only a single specimen has been taken, and Cal- 
liphora subalpina which occurs in some numbers in most woodland 
in the valley. The latter species is not only considered an uncommon 
insect but also an unlikely capture in this area according to present 
knowledge of its distribution (Van Emden 1954). Of the other 
species, Cvnomyia mortuorum has been recorded during most sum- 
mer months on one particular site but it has never been numerous, 
Phormia terraenovae also falling into this category. The remaining 
flies of this family are usually abundant throughout the year. 


Scathophagidae 


Although certain flies of this family are very numerous, the 
number of species occurring is not great. The four flies of the genus 
Scathophaga are all common on most sites, several other diptera 
including the bluebottle Calliphora vicina and the crane fly Limonia 
tripunctata having been recorded as the prey of S. stercoraria. 
Norellisoma spinimanum is often abundant in gardens and at margins 
of streams. Of the other genera, Nanna fasciata is common in many 
damp places during spring and early summer, Juncus species often 
being very good indicators of likely sites for this fly, while Carex 
beds at the margins of the larger pools house good populations of 
Cordilura impudica and C. pudica. Cleigastra apicalis is distributed 
even more widely in similar situations, on one occasion a specimen 
being taken with the tipulid Erioptera griseipennis as prey. 


Anthomyiidae 


At present there is no R.E.S. handbook for identification of 
Anthomyiidae and anyone undertaking this task has to rely to a 
fairly large extent on continental works, as English papers deal 
with a few genera only. It is therefore probable that the family 
is still unfamiliar to many dipterists and for this reason, a certain 
amount of general information on most of the species recorded is 
included here. 

One of the features that makes the family a difficult one to 
study is that species, even in different genera, are so very similar 
in the field. This usually means that it is necessary to make ex- 


*1 St. Johns Close, Sandwell Valley, West Bromwich, W. Midlands. 


THE DIPTERA OF THE SANDWELL VALLEY, W. BROMWICH 61 


tensive captures and carry out a microscopic examination of every 
insect to ensure that species are not overlooked. An additional 
complication is encountered in that females are often difficult, 
if not impossible, to identify with certainty and in most cases 
only careful examination of the genitalia of the males enables 
the flies to be identified correctly. The species list given for the 
valley is, therefore, with two exceptions (Leucophora grisella and 
Eustalomyia festiva) based on the examination of males. 

Of the genus Chirosia, three species have been recorded: C. 
albitarsis and C. parvicornis having been taken on bracken, the 
larvae mining the leaf of that plant accoring to Collin (1955). His 
observations suggesting the probability of a flight period limited to 
May and June for parvicornis also seem to be corroborated, as the 
fly was not seen in the locality after the first week in June. The 
final species recorded, C. flavipennis, also occured in the vicinity 
of bracken, although no direct association with the plant seemed 
evident. 

Many Pegohylemyia species do not seem to be confined to a 
particular habitat, P. fugax being one of the most abundant and 
widely distributed flies in the locality. The same comments apply to 
flies of the genus Lasiomma, the two species recorded often being 
found basking on fences during spring and early summer. 

The five species of Hydrophoria have all been taken in wood- 
land, H. annulata and H. caudata having been discovered in very 
shaded situations, the others in open glades or at the margin. 

Of the very common anthomyid species, Craspedochoeta 
pullula and Anthomyia imbrida are good examples. Both are found 
in nearly every situation although C. pullula does not seem to 
favour shade as much as A. imbrida. Also encountered in numbers 
during spring and early summer are Phorbia securis and sepia, which 


may often be seen basking on fences. 

The genus Leucophora, like Sarcophagidae associated with 
Hymenoptera, is well represented and four species are recorded. 
The closely similar ZL. obtusa and L. personata are abroad fairly 
early in the year in the vicinity of bare ground such as paths and 
stone heaps, often being present in some numbers. L. cinerea and 
L. grisella occur rather later and are apparently more selective in 
their chosen sites, isoliated specimens have so far been discovered 
only in the vicinity of natural sand pits occurring as a consequence 
of the weathering of breccias. On the sites mentioned, hymenop- 
terous activity was usually evident, but no attempt was made to 
determine species present or study any possible associations between 
the wasps and flies. 

Smith (1971) gives information on the occurrence and distribu- 
tion of Eustalomyia species associated with solitary wasps nesting 
in dead wood and Chandler (1976) also comments on the occurrence 
of these flies. There seems to be agreement that the species are 
uncommon in Britain except in certain localities. Observations 
of E. festiva and E. histrio in the valley indicate a distinct preference 
for ancient woodlands, as the insects are only found in one such 


62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


area of about 20 acres, being particularly associated with ash trees, 
on which both species have been taken while basking. Wooden 
posts and rails nearby were also popular for this purpose. Although 
the flies have a long flight period in the valley, they never occur 
in numbers and it is interesting to note that while males of E. 
histrio have been taken, no male of E. festiva has yet been captured, 
an experience also recorded by Chandler (op.cit. ). 

Of the Delia species, four seem to be abundant, but D. lamel- 
liseta has been taken only once on open meadow land and the 
solitary D. criniventris specimen was netted at the border of a 
marshy pond in woodland. Of the genus Hylemya, all three species 
seem common in woodland and scrub areas throughout the valley, 
H. strenua also occurring in gardens. 

Some flies of certain calypterate genera notably Melanomya 
(Rhinophoridae), Hebecnema and Spilogona (Muscidae), are con- 
spicuous in the field by virtue of their strongly blackened wings 
and males of the anthomyid genus Heterostylodes also exhibit 
this feature. H. pratensis was taken at the margin of a wood where it 
was nearly overlooked owing to its similarity to flies of the other 
genera mentioned. 

While Paregle radicum can stake a good claim to be the most 
abundant and widely distributed Anthomyid in the locality, P. 
cinerella has been recorded only once, a specimen being discovered 
on a paddock fence post. The well know association of certain 
flies of the genus Egle with Salix species is confirmed, the three 
species all having been taken in early spring on Salix caprea catkins, 
E. muscaria having also been captures in a number of other situa- 
tions. Nupedia infirma apparently has a very long flight period and 
has been found on wooden railings during most of the summer 
months. It has been recorded as the prey of Dioctria baumhaueri 
on two occasions. In early and late summer, Pseudonupedia inter- 
secta often occurs in numbers in such places. The same cannot be 
said of Emmesomyia villica which seems not only to have a limited 
flight period, but also to be a scarce species. Two males were cap- 
tured on hawthorn on consecutive dates, but visits to the same area 
on a number of other days throughout the year failed to reveal any 
more specimens and none were found elsewhere. 

Among the larger anthomyids found in the woodlands is Pego- 
myza praepotens, which is to be seen on tree trunks and low vege- 
tation during June and July. According to Chandler (personal 
ee ) this species is probably one of the rarer flies of the 

amily. 

In concluding, it is surprising that more species of the genus 
Pegomya have not yet been found. Of the two species so far found, 
P. nigritarsis is by far the most common. 


Fanniidae 

Fanniidae discovered include species that are often extremely 
numerous in the valley. Fannia canicularis, F. scalaris, F. monilis, 
F. postica and F. coracina have been regularly found in my garden, 
the latter species having also been bred out, together with F. vesparia 


THE DIPTERA OF THE SANDWELL VALLEY, W. BROMWICH 63 


from a nest of Vespula vulgaris (L) found locally. Many of the other 
species seem to be extremely common at the margins of woodland 
whole F. hamata is often found in more shaded localities where 
it is one of the most accomplished ‘hoverers’. The rarer species 
of the genus Fannia have not so far occurred during the survey, 
the only exception being F. aequilineata, which was bred out from 
detritus found in the hollowed stump of a horse chestnut. Fonseca 
(1968) recommends breeding experiments as a method most likely 
to provide the rarer species of the seu and this record would 
appear to bear this out. 


Muscidae 


Perhaps the most notable feature of the muscid records is the 
presence of so many common species. Very few unusual ones occur 
and, save for Alloeostylus sudeticus, a predominantly northern 
fly with a single southern record (Somerset — Hinton Charterhouse), 
they do not appear to have any special distributional significance. 
Of the less frequently encountered species, Achanthiptera rohrel- 
liformis has been bred out from a nest of Vespula vulgaris, but has 
only twice been discovered in the field. Phaonia vittifera and Lop- 
hosceles mutatus, flies with a scattered distribution over the British 
Isles also occur, while Hydrotaea parva has been found on Carex 
species at the margin of a pond. Of the genus Mydaea, five species 
are found in woodland, the scarce M. ancilla being not infrequent. 
A Staffordshire record for the uncommon Graphomyia picta 
(Madeley), is given in the transactions of the North Staffordshire 
Field Club (op. cit.). The fly is not infrequent on Carex species in 
marshy areas of the valley. 


Conclusions. 


In general, is seems probable that the Sandwell Valley, West 
Bromwich, houses a rich fauna of Diptera Calyptratae and that 
the list given is by no means complete. As yet, no species belonging 
to the families Oestridae and Gasterophilidae has been found. This 
may well be a consequence of the gradual loss of farmland, for 
although horses for recreational purposes are present in some num- 
bers, the varied livestock that might have supported several species 
of these specialised flies in the past has almost disappeared. No 
records exist for Hippoboscidae or Nycteribiidae, but the simple 
traditional collecting techniques used here were hardly designed 
to make such captures and co-operation with specialists in other 
orders will probably yield specimens of these flies in due course. 
The Diptera collected possess a wide range of different life histories 
and generally confirm much of the present distribution data as 
given in the R.E.S. handbooks. Explanations as to why certain sub- 
families are so poorly represented will have to wait until the re- 
maining fauna and flora of the area have been more fully investi- 
gated when the overall picture of insect interrelationships in the 
district may be more complete. 


64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


Acknowledgements 


I should like to thank Mr. P. Chandler for his assistance during 
preparation of the manuscript and for help in identification of 
various specimens. Thanks are also due to Mr. E.C.M. D’Assis- 
Fonseca for much valuable information and advice on An- 
thomyiidae 


References 


Ackland, D. M. 1969. Notes on the Palaearctic species of Egle 
R-D (Dipt-Anthomyiidae) with Descriptions of Two New 
Species. Ent. Mon. Mag. 105, P. 185-192. 

Brindle, A. et al. The Insects of the Malham Tarn Area. Proc. Leeds 
Phil. & Lit. Soc. Vol. IX (2) p. 76-90. 

Britten, H. 1952. Diptera of Staffordshire. Part 2. Edited by J. 
Edwards. Transactions of the North Staffs Field Club p. 44-58. 

Brown, E. 1863. The Natural History of Tutbury. p.210-23. 

Chandler, P. J. 1976. Notes on some Uncommon Calypterate Flies 
(Diptera) Observed During Recent Years. Ent. Rec. 88: 14-19. 

Collin, J. E. 1920. A Contribution Towards the Knowledge of the 
Anthomyid Genera Hammomyia and Hylephila of Rondani 
(Diptera). Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1920: 305-26. 

Collin, J. E. 1955. Genera and species of Anthomyiidae allied to 
Chirosia. Proc, Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond. series B23 (5-6): 95-1Q2. 

Collin, J. E. 1958. AShort Synopsis of the British Scathophagidae 
(Diptera). Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 13 (3) 37-56. 

Day, C. D. 1948. British Tachinid Flies. Arbroath 150pp. 

Emden, F. I. van 1954. Tachinidae & Calliphoridae in Handbook 
Ident. Br. Insects 10(4a) : 133. 

Fonseca, E. C. M. D’Assis. 1956. A Review of the British Sub- 
families and Genera of the Family Muscidae (Diptera). Trans. 
Soc. Brit. Ent. 12: 113-128. 

Fonseca, E. C. M. D’Assis. 1968. Muscidae in Handbook Ident. 
Br. Insects, Vol. X 4(6): 1-119. 

Hennig, W. 1976. In LINDNER ‘Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen 
Region’. 63a — ‘Anthomyiidae’ p. 1-707. 

Kloet, G. S. & Hincks, W. D. 1976. A Check List of British Insects. 
second edition (completely revised). Part 5. Diptera and Sip- 
honaptera. Royal Ent. Soc. Lond. 139pp. 

Ringdahl, O. 1952. A Survey of the Swedish species of Hydrophoria 
and Acroptena. J. Soc. Brit. Ent. 4(4): 75-83. 

Smith, K. G. V. 1971. Eustalomyia hilaris Fallen (Dipt. Anthomyi- 
idae) Confirmed as British with Notes on other species of the 
Genus. Ent. Gaz. 22 : 55-60. 

Stubbs, A.E. et al. 1977. The British Insect Fauna in ‘Antenna’, 
(Bull. Royal Ent. Soc. Lond.). 1 (1) : 23 - 27. 

Sutton, S. 1972. Woodlice. Ginn & Company. p 58-60. 


A NEW COUNTY RECORD FOR CORNWALL, 2 


WITH OBSERVATIONS ON OTHER NOTABLE 
MACROLEPIDOPTERA IN THE COUNTY 


By M. HADLEY * 


I was fortunate enough, in the company of Mr Mark Parsons 
to spend two weeks (24 August — 5 September 1981) on vacation 
in Cornwall. We enjoyed the best of the summer of 1981 with a 
spell of fine uninterrupted weather which brought to light some 
species of note to the county. 

Ipimorpha retusa Linn., a new county record. This species was 
found by M. Parsons and J. Gregory at Breney Heath near Bodmin 
on the 26th August, a single specimen being captured. A follow up 
visit to the site on the 29th produced another five specimens though 
most were released due to damage. I would think it likely that this 
species could be found at other similar sites in the county where 
Salix carr has invaded old mine-workings. 

Tholera cespitis D. & S., stated by the Victoria County History 
to be scarce and local. T. cespitis has been recorded from only the 
following localities, Falmouth (1905), Tresco on Scilly (1925), 
Redruth district (1943-58), Perranporth (recently), Coverack (1976), 
St. Agnes (1969) and Mullion Cove (1977). Bearing in mind the 
paucity of records for this species we add the following localities: — 
Polruan (1) 28.8.81, Porkellis Moor, Wendron (several) 27.8.81 and 
Breney Heath, Bodmin (1) 29.8.81. 

Lithosia quadra Linn. There exists a general body of opinion 
that this species is now resident on the coast, the VCH recording 
quadra as ‘widely distributed but local’. E. H. Wild et al. (1973, 
Ent. Rec. 85: 275-9) records the species from Menabilly as very 
common, with a nightly average of forty individuals, the best total 
recorded being seventy-two in one night. I was not therefore sur- 
prised to record five quadra at light at Polruan, just a few miles 
from Menabilly, four on the 28 August and one taken on the 
1 September. 

Pterapherapteryx sexalata Retzius seems from its recorded 
history to be a very elusive insect in the county with only three 
localities cited by R. Heckford. The VCH states a specimen was 
taken in 1905 close to Liskeard, F. Smith records the species from 
Perranporth (1962 and 1967), and John Gregory from Par (1978). 
The species was recordéd from Breney Heath on 26.8.81 and 
29.8.81. 

Other species of note observed during the holiday were Anarta 
myrtilli Linn., recorded from Porkellis Moor, the larvae being swept 
from the top of heather on the 27 August, Eupithecia phoeniciata 
Rambur., taken twice at Polruan and suspected of breeding locally; 
specimens were taken on 26.8.81 and 2.9.81. The rather rare and 
local Stilbia anomala Haworth, and Xestia castanea Esp., were 
also recorded from Breney on 29.8.81. 


*Nature Conservancy Council, 19-20 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PY. 


66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
Acknowledgements 


I should like to thank Mrs S Turk of the University of Exeter; 
Cornish Biological Records Centre for access to considerable 
amounts of data on Cornish Lepidoptera and equal quantities of 
hospitality. 

My thanks are also due to Dr F Smith who gave me helpful 
advice, and to R Heckford who made available written notes on 
several of the species noted in this article and from which I have 
freely drawn information. 

I also take this opportunity of acknowledging the financial 
support from the Nature Conservancy Council in making these 
trips possible. 


THE SCARCE MERVEILLE-DU-JOUR: MOMA ALPIUM OSBECK AT 
ORLESTONE FOREST. — On 30 June 1981, I visited the Kent 
Trust Reserve (compartment 11) in Longrope Wood to discuss 
future management of the reserve with the Conservation Officer 
and two other members of the Trust. When we stopped in the mid- 
dle of this block of oak woodland I just happened to look at the 
trunk of the oak tree next to me, and there, just above eye-height, 
was a freshly emerged Moma alpium. After admiring it, we made a 
point of having a good look at the trunk of every oak we passed 
after that, but found no more moths. I was, however, able to find 
the original moth again that evening to take some photographs of 
it; not easy at 6 feet up a tree trunk! No alpina appeared at two mv 
lights or a couple of dozen sugar patches in the wood that night, 
not even the one we knew was there, which had dropped like a 
stone into the undergrowth when I disturbed it, in an attempt to 
get it into a better position for photographing it. I see from the 
Forestry Commission permit holders’ records that Messrs. R. F. Eley 
and R. Fairclough recorded this species at Orlestone in 1979. — M. 
ENFIELD, New Cottage, Warren Farm, Boughton Aluph, Ashford, 
Kent. 


COLEOPHORA POTENTILLAE ELISHA (LEP.: COLEOPHORIDAE) 
— SOME OBSERVATIONS. — Having collected a number of cases of 
what I had assumed to be Coleophora violacea Strom from birch 
in Havant Thicket, Hampshire, in the autumn of 1980, I was not 
a little astonished to find that the moths which emerged in May 
1981 were practically all C. potentillae, only one of them being 
violacea. In October 1981 Col. D. H. Sterling and Mr. P. H. Sterling, 
collecting in the same locality, noted that cases of potentillae were 
particularly common on Potentilla erecta, and also feeding on 
Betula and Salix atrocinerea seedlings growing among the Potentilla. 
I think this is the first record of potentillae found on a foodplant 
other than Rosacae. 

In September 1981 Messrs. E. C. Pelham-Clinton, R. J. Heck- 
ford and I were collecting near Crackington Haven in Cornwall, 
and found potentillae to be extremely abundant. The cases were 
most common on Prunus spinosa, but also found on Crataegus 
monogyna, Rubus fruticosus and Potentilla erecta. — J. R. 
LANGMAID, 38, Cumberland Court, Festing Road, Southsea, Hants. 


WHAT AILS ADONIS? oi 


A. C. MORTON* 


In common with several other species, the Adonis Blue butterfly 
Lysandra bellargus Rott. has experienced a decline in recent years. 
Ecological studies which are in progress (Dr. Jeremy Thomas, 
personal communication) may suggest reasons for this decline and, 
hopefully, allow effective conservation measures to be taken. As 
part of a wider conservation effort (Morton, in press Biological 
Conservation) L. bellargus has also featured in laboratory studies. 
In 1981, these studies suggested a fascinating aspect of the ecology 
of L. bellargus which deserves further investigation. 

Lysandra bellargus and L. coridon Poda are often cited as 
examples of insects whose distributions are limited by that of their 
larval foodplant. However, both species may be absent from sites 
where this plant, Hippocrepis comosa L., is quite abundant. More- 
over, although some sites support sizeable populations of both 
species, L. bellargus is frequently absent from sites which are suit- 
able for L. coridon. Although this may be as a result of competitive 
exclusion, there are no data with which to support this view. Perhaps 
a more likely explanation is that L. coridon has ecological require- 
ments which are more easily met than those of L. bellargus. 

Both bellargus and coridon may be reared on artificial diets 
(Morton, 1981). During 1981 a group of bellargus larvae failed on 
one particular batch of diet, although this same batch was accepted 
by coridon. It was noted that this batch contained Hippocrepis leaf 
powder, from plants collected at a site which supports only coridon. 
Could it be that the diet failed because it contained plant material 
which was toxic to bellargus? Based on this chance observation, I 
would like to suggest the following hypothesis, which will be tested 
experimentally in 1982. 

Many legumes are cyanogenic and there is direct evidence that 
cyanogenesis in Lotus corniculatus L. and Trifolium repens L. 
does have a protective function against herbivores, especially snails 
and slugs (Jones, 1962; Ellis et al., 1977a, 1977c). The chemistry 
of cyanogenesis is reasonably well understood (Conn, 1973; Seigler, 
1975) and the genetic basis of the character in the two plants men- 
tioned above has been discussed by Nass (1972) and by Jones (1977). 
Moreover, phenotypic expression of cyanogenesis may depend on 
temperature in some individuals (Ellis e¢ al., 1977b). Reduced 
expression of the cyanoglucoside under cold conditions would not 
be deleterious since molluscs are notably inactive at low tempera- 
tures (Crawford-Sidebotham, 1972). However, in the absence of 
selective grazing the cyanogenic forms are probably at a disadvantage 
to the acyanogenic plants, due to their increased metabolic demands. 

Compared to molluscs, lycaenid larvae are probably fairly in- 
significant herbivores. By fortunate mutation some, such as Polyom- 
matus icarus Rott., synthesize the enzyme rhodanese (Parsons & 


* Department of Biology, Building 44, The University, Southampton, SO9 SNH. 


68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


Rothschild, 1964) and can detoxify the foodplant. By doing so, 
they are able to exploit a food resource which is not accessible 
to animals lacking rhodanese, and thus experience reduced com- 
petition. 

Given the above facts, one only has to assume that (a) Hippo- 
crepis comosa is like other legumes and is polymorphic for cyano- 
genesis, (b) coridon larvae possess rhodanese and can detoxify these 
plants, and (c) bellargus larvae lack this enzyme, to produce a plau- 
sible hypothesis for bellargus having a more restricted range than 
coridon. Thus, coridon can exist on sites where the plants are toxic 
or non-toxic, whereas bellargus would be restricted to the latter. 

In the absence of experimental tests of this hypothesis, we can 
only judge its plausibility by testing its predictions against field 
observations. In addition to the basic differences in distribution, 
there are some other predictions: 

1) Production of rhodanese would be metabolically expensive 
so coridon should have a longer larval stage than bellargus 
due to reduced feeding efficiency. 

2) coridon adults dispersing from their home sites are likely 
to have equal reproductive success whether the new sites 
they reach have toxic or non-toxic plants. For bellargus, 
however, such new sites may be unsuitable since most 
plants may be cyanogenic. We would therefore expect cori- 
don to have higher dispersal rates than bellargus. 

3) Maximum expression of cyanogenic phenotype might be 
expected between April and June, the period of maximum 
grazing by molluscs. L. bellargus would be able to exploit 
‘cyanogenic’ plants by avoiding this time; i. feeding 
before April and after June. However, coridon may have to 
partly compensate for a longer larval stage by feeding at 
higher temperatures. 

While these phenomena may be explained in many other ways, 
it is at least of some interest that the field observations are not 
contrary to the independent predictions of the hypothesis. However, 
even if the basic idea proves sound, the true situation is likely to 
be more complicated. For example, bellargus may possess rhodanese 
but a form of the enzyme which is effective only at different tem- 
peratures from the form which may be found in coridon. Or the 
effect may be due to an entirely different complex of toxic plant 
materials. 

If readers agree that the idea is plausible, they could provide 
valuable assistance with the experiments this season. Initially, there 
is a need to screen plants in coridon and bellargus sites for produc- 
tion of cyanide. If anyone would be prepared to provide samples of 
plants for analysis, I would be most grateful if they would contact 
me. 


References 


Conn, E. E., 1973. Biosynthesis of cyanogenic glycosides. Biochem. 
Soc. Symp., 38. 277-302. 


WHAT AILS ADONIS? 69 


Crawford-Sidebotham, T. J., 1972. The role of slugs and snails in the 
maintenance of the cyanogenesis polymorphisms of Lotus 
corniculatus and Trifolium repens. Heredity, 28, 405-411. 

Ellis, W. M., Keymer, R. J. & Jones, D. A., 1977a. The defensive 
function of cyanogenesis in natural populations. Experientia, 
33, 309-311. 

Ellis, W. M., Keymer, R. J. & Jones, D. A., 1977b. The effect of 
temperature on the polymorphism of cyanogenesis in Lotus 
corniculatus L. Heredity, 38, 339-347. 

Ellis, W. M., Keymer, R. J. & Jones, D. A., 1977c. On the poly- 
morphism of cyanogenesis in Lotus corniculatus L. VIII Ecolo- 
gical studies in Anglesey. Heredity , 39, 45-65. 

Jones, D. A., 1962. Selective eating of the acyanogenic form of the 
plant Lotus corniculatus L. by various animals. Nature, 193, 
1109-1110. 

Jones, D. A., 1977. On polymorphism of cyanogenesis in Lotus 
cornicuatus L. VII The distribution of the cyanogenic form in 
Western Europe. Heredity , 39, 2744. 

Morton, A. C., 1981. Rearing butterflies on artificial diets. J. Res. 
hep AS. 221-227. 

Morton, A. C. (in press) Butterfly conservation — The need fora 
Captive Breeding Institute. Biol. Conserv. 

Nass, H. G., 1972. Cyanogenesis: Its inheritance in Sorghum bicolor, 
Sorghum sudanese, Lotus and Trifolium repens — A review. 
Crop Science, 12, 503-506. 

Parsons, J. & Rothschild, M., 1964. Rhodanese in the larva and pupa 
of the common blue butterfly (Polyommatus icarus (Rott.)) 
(Lepidoptera). Ent. Gaz., 15, 58 

Seigler, D. S., 1975. Isolation and characterization of naturally 
occurring cyanogenic compounds. Phytochemistry, 14, 9-29. 


THE DINGY SKIPPER: ERYNNIS TAGES L. AB. RADIATA BROWN 
IN DORSET. — Onthe 17th June 1979, at my school, Milton 
Abbey, Dorset, I took a short series of F. tages, one of which was a 
variety, although I did not know its name. However, in December 
1981, Mr. John Swiner kindly lent me some back issues of the 
Record to browse through. In the October 1970 issue, plate XV, 
p.253, there is a photograph and description by A. D. R. Brown of 
EF. tages ab. radiata. | instantly recognised this specimen as being 
almost identical to my own which is ¢, and although a little worn is 
still very distinctive. Mr. Brown (loc. cit.) states that he knows of 
the existance of only two ab. radiata (his own included), so it is 
pleasing to be able to record a third example. — R. D. G. BARRING- 
TON, Old College Arms, Stour Row, near Shaftesbury, Dorset SP7 
OQF. 


CORRECTIONS. — In vol. 93, p. 197, line 5 up, for monsticta 
read monosticta; line 3 up, for discupuncta read discipuncta, for 
Area read Aroa; line 2 up, for Nemerophanes read Hemerophanes, 
for N. enos read H. enos. — D. G. SEVASTOPULO. 


70 
THREE SPECIES OF LEUCOPIS MEIGEN (DIPTERA: 


CHAMAEMYIIDAE) NEW TO BRITAIN 
By Dr. I. F.G. McLEAN* 


The Chamaemyiidae is a family of acalyptrate Diptera with 25 
species recorded from Britain (Kloet and Hinks, 1976), whose 
known larvae are predators of Homoptera. Typically, the adults are 
small (less than 4 mm long) with distinctive silver-grey dusted 
bodies, and many species have paired black spots on the abdominal 
tergites. The adults may be collected by sweeping plants infested 
with their larval prey, or by rearing from larvae found in association 
with aphids, adelgids or scale insects (McLean, 1978). Keys to the 
British species are given by Smith (1963) and Collin (1966). Recent 
collecting by the author and examination of museum collections has 
resulted in the discovery of additional species in the genus Leucopis 
Meigen, three of which are dealt with here. Revised keys are not 
given at this time pending the addition of further species, but 
consulting the references cited will enable these three species to 
be identified with the exception of Leucopis geniculata, for which 
distinguishing characters are given in the text. 

Leucopis (Leucopis) argenticollis Zetterstedt. The identity of 
this species has been established by McAlpine and Tanasijtshuk 
(1972), who give a detailed description with figures of both sexes. 
They record the larvae as being predators of Adelgidae (Conifer 
Woolly Aphids), especially of Pineus species on Pines. 

MATERIAL EXAMINED: SUFFOLK, Wangford Warren (SNT 
reserve) 20. VIII. 1977, 192 swept from Pinus sylvestris L. leg. 
I. F. G. McLean (lacks antennae). 

Leucopis geniculata Zetterstedt. I am indebted to Dr. J. F. 
McAlpine (Ottawa) for kindly identifying a British pair (from East 
Wretham) of this species, and for giving me a copy of his notes 
on the holotype female in the Zetterstedt collection, University 
Zoological Museum, Lund, Sweden, which he made in April 1966. 
This species may be separated from other British Leucopis which 
possess a pair of strong pre-scutellar acrostichals by the broad frons 
(about half total head width) and usually by the presence of 4-6 
outstanding postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Leucopis (Lipoleu- 
copis) preacox de Meijere also has these characters, but in this 
species the costa ends at vein Ry 4 5 while in L. geniculata it con- 
tinues to vein Mj 4 3. L. geniculata also lacks a proscutellum 
(see McAlpine, 1960) and all these similarities, ‘together with simi- 
larities in the structure of the male genitalia seem to indicate a 
close relationship to L. praecox. However, the subgeneric position 
of L. geniculata has not yet been definitely established. It is pro- 
bably a larval predator of Adelgidae as adults have been swept from 
foliage of Pinus sylvestris infested with Pineus pini Macquart. 


*Nature Conservancy Council, 19-20 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PY. 


THREE SPECIES OF LEUCOPIS MEIGEN NEW TO BRITAIN iil 


MATERIAL EXAMINED: ABERDEENSHIRE, Glen Tanar 
31.V.1980, 5 2 swept from Pinus sylvestris leg. 1. F. G. McLean; 
DUMBARTONSHIRE, Bonhill ? date 31.111.1906, 1 @ leg. J. R. 
Malloch, in RSM; NORFOLK, University of East Anglia, Norwich 
1.VI.1977, 3 @ ; Kilverston, Thetford 17.V.1978, 2 9 ; East Wret- 
ham (NNT reserve) 20.V.1978, 7 # and 13 ? ; 28.V.1978 4 9, all 
swept from Pinus sylvestris and leg. I. F. G. McLean; SUFFOLK, 
Barton Mills 11.V.1938, 1 a :.17.N.1938, 1 9.; 15.1IV.1961, 1 ¢ ; 
Worlington 12.V.1944, 1 # ; 9.1V.1945, 4 & (1 lacks head) and 22; 
29:1N-1947,.2. 2 3 7:V.1947, 2.9: 29:1V.194951 &., all leg: J..E; 
Collin, in HEC; Tuddenham NNR 17.V.1978, 6 2 swept from 
Pinus sylvestris leg. I. F. G. McLean; Lakenheath Warren 25.V.1980, 
swept from Pinus sylvestris 3 ° leg. I. F. G. McLean and 1 9 leg. 
P. J. Chandler; SURREY, Oxshott Heath 4.VI.1977, 1 2 swept 
from Pinus sylvestris leg. 1. F. G. McLean. 

Leucopis (Neoleucopis) orbiseta McAlpine. This species was 
described by Dr. McAlpine, in his 1971 world revision of the sub- 
genus Neoleucopis, from six specimens from Finland, and he has 
kindly confirmed the identity of two males and one female from 
Britain (East Wretham). Like the two species discussed above, 
L. orbiseta would appear to be a larval predator of Adelgidae. It 
is not clear whether the pair from Cheshire collected by Britten 
were reared from Pineus strobi Hartig, or if they were collected as 
adults from trees infested with this woolly aphid (there are no 
puparia preserved with the specimens). 

MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHESHIRE, Delamere 28.VIII.1924, 
1 2 ; 29.VIII.1924, 1 @ (lacks genitalia) both labelled “on Pineus 
strobi” leg. H. Britten, in Verrall-Collin coll. HEC; NORFOLK, 
East Wretham (NNT reserve) 20.V.1978, 1 2 swept from Pinus 
sylvestris leg. I. F. G. McLean; 28.V.1978, swept from Pinus 
sylvestris 23 # and 8 © leg. I. F. G. McLean and 1 9 leg. Miss C. 
Brown; Holme Dunes (NNT reserve) 8.VII.1978, 12 swept from 
Pinus nigra var. maritima (Ait.) Melville leg. J. W. Ismay; SUFFOLK, 
Barton Mills 29.VIII.1939, 1-9 ; 25.VII.1941, 1 , both leg. J. E. 
Collin, in HEC; Wangford Warren (SNT reserve) 20.VIII.1977, 
2 Qswept from Pinus sylvestris leg. 1. F. G. McLean. 

ABBREVIATIONS USED: HEC — Hope Entomological Collec- 
tions, RSM — Royal Scottish Museum NNT — Norfolk Naturalists’, 
Trust, SNT — Suffolk Naturalists’ Trust. 


Acknowledgements 


It is a pleasure to thank Dr. J. F. McAlpine (Ottawa, Canada) 
for all his help with my studies of Chamaemyiidae. I thank Dr. 
M. W. R. de V. Graham (HEC, Oxford) and E. C. Pelham-Clinton 
(RSM, Edinburgh) for allowing me to examine the collections in 
their charge, the Norfolk Naturalists’ Trust for permission to record 
insects from their reserves, the Suffolk Naturalists’ Trust for per- 
mission to record insects at Wangford Warren, and Dr. J. W. Ismay 
(Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea) for collecting Chamemyiidae 
in Britain and for advice and encouragement in many ways. 


12 


References 


Carter, C. I., 1971. Conifer Woolly Aphids (Adelgidae) in Britain. 
Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 42. HMSO, London. 

Collin, J. E., 1966. The British Species of Chamaemyia Mg. (Och- 
thiphila Flin.) (Diptera). Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 17(4), 121-128. 

Kloet, G. S. and Hincks,W.D., 1976. Diptera and Siphonaptera, 
Check Lists of British Insects, second edition. Handbk. Ident. 
Br. Insects, 11 (5). 

McAlpine, J. F., 1960. A new species of Leucopis (Leucopella) 
from Chile and a key to the World Genera and Subgenera of 
Chamaemyiidae (Diptera). Can. Ent. 92, 51-58. 

McAlpine, J. F., 1971. A revision of the subgenus Neoleucopis 
(Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). Can. Ent. 103, 1851-1874. 

McAlpine, J. F. and Tanasijtshuk, V. N., 1972. Identity of Leucopis 
argenticollis and description of a new species (Diptera: Cha- 
maemyiidae). Can. Ent. 104, 1865-1875. 

McLean, I. F. G., 1978. Aphids and their allies (Homoptera: Ster- 
norhyncha). Jn A Dipterists Handbook. Amateur Entomologist 
15, 176-183. 

Smith, K. G. V., 1963. A short Synopsis of British Chamaemyi- 
idae (Dipt.). Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 15 (6), 103-115. 


PIERIS RAPAE L. AND CARDARIA DRABA [CRUCIFERAE] 
AS A LARVAL FOODPLANT. — ‘This plant, commonly known as 
Thanet Cress, a native of S. and C. Europe and Western Asia, was 
introduced into Britain in 1809, and is now a common plant of 
roadsides and waste land in N. Kent, especially near the Thames 
estuary, forming dense clumps with conspicuous masses of white 
flowers in May and June. On a number of occasions I have observed 
females of the vernal brood of P. rapae laying eggs upon this plant, 
as at Crayford on June 13th, 1981. In 1979 butterflies were reared 
from such eggs found at Greenhithe, the larvae being given only 
Thanet Cress. 

On August 12th, 1981, on some waste land close to Dartford 
Heath, I watched two female P. rapae flying purposefully over the 
tall grasses and at intervals disappear amongst them. Investigation 
showed that they were seeking somewhat deteriorated plants of 
Thanet Cress, largely hidden from view, upon which to lay eggs. 

It appears that C. draba, at least in N. W. Kent, is a signifi- 
cant larval foodplant for both broods of P. rapae, although I can- 
not find reference to C. draba as a pabulum for this insect in the 
textbooks and journals. 

A further observation made at Crayford on June 13th, 1981, 
was that many male P. brassicae L. were present and appeared to 
settle frequently amongst the considerable masses of Thanet Cress. 
However, this was illusory, for close inspection revealed that they 
were seeking isolated plants, largely hidden, of common vetch, 
Vicia sativa, upon which to feed. — B. K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, 
Bexley, Kent. 


| 
; 


Obituary 73 


Bernard Sinclair Goodban 


Bernard Goodban died suddenly on 18th December 1981 at the 
age of 80, he having been born on 11th June 1901. His interest in 
the macrolepidoptera was lifelong and while general in earlier years, 
he later concentrated entirely on the Geometridae (excepting the 
“pugs’’). 

He will be remembered by many as co-discoverer in this country 
in 1956, of Xanthorhoe birviata Borkhausen (Balsam Carpet). He 
also took an active part in the investigation into the Lepidoptera of 
the Ruislip District in the 1950s, which included hundreds of 
records of the forms of Biston betularia L., which were valued by 
Dr. Kettlewell in his work on melanism. Always keen on rearing 
moths, especially varieties, he was involved in the establishment of 
the genetic basis of ab. brunneata Cockayne of Ennomos autumnaria 
Werneburg. 

A modest and kindly man ever willing to help anyone, he will 
be greatly missed by his many friends. It is understood that his 
collection of Geometridae will go to the British Entomological and 
Natural Society. — W. E. MINNION. 


William Ernest Collinson F.C.1.S., F.R.E.S. 


Bill Collinson, was born in Mumbles, South Wales on the 21st 
January 1920, and died at his home in Ringwood, Hants on the 
22nd December 1980, after a long illness which he bore with great 
fortitude. 

A keen naturalist from an early age, Bill gave many Natural 
History lectures, and in 1971 appeared on television in a programme 
on conservation. His real love, however, were the lepidoptera, and 
main speciality the Northern Eggar: Lasiocampa quercus ssp. 
callunae Palmer, about which he wrote a paper dealing with its many 
aberrations. This paper on the “Black Eggar” appeared in the Pro- 
ceedings of the Yorkshire Naturalist for 1956. He also wrote nu- 
merous articles in the Bulletin of the Amateur Entomological 
Society. But, without doubt, his principal contribution to ento- 
mology is The Buttlerflies and Moths of Halifax and District (1970), 
an annoted list of 334 macrolepidoptera recorded since 1832 in the 
old parish and district of Halifax. 

Bill formed an extensive collection the greater part of which 
he bequeathed to his son D. P. Collinson of Liss, including a remar- 
kable aberration of Drymonia ruficornis Hufn. (cf. Proc. Brit. ent 
nat. Hist. Soc., 1974: 7(1) pit. I, fig. 9); but the cabinet with the 
butterflies and moths mentioned in his Halifax List has been given 
to the Halifax Scientific Society and Museum. 

No words can express the real feeling of personal loss felt by 
his many friends who knew and loved him, and our sympathy is 
extended to his widow, to his son and daughter and to his grand- 
children. — ROBERT AND AMANDA WATSON. 


74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
John Venour Gane 


John Gane was born in Bridlington, Yorkshire on 19th July 
1907, and died on 27th January 1981. His parents had a boys’ 
preparatory school at Marton Hall, near Bridlington, and it was from 
them that he drew his broad interest in Natural History as part of his 
daily instruction, and in 1937 succeeded his father there as head- 
master. 

His main interest was in the macrolepidoptera of Norfolk, and 
in particular those of the Broads. He was also the younger brother of 
C. W. G. Gane who had a locality in Norfolk for Catocala fraxini L., 
where it appears to have been resident and was taken in numbers in 
1933 and 1934. 

John was very meticulous in his recording, writing up full lists 
of species and numbers on every occasion. He corresponded with 
and met many of the Norfolk people, and it was with their help that 
between 1970 nad 1980 he compiled a list of the lepidoptera of 
Norfolk. This list, which was almost completed at the time of his 
death, was never published and is at present in the hands of the 
writer as are his Notebooks, Card Index and Collection. 

Much of his collecting was done with light, but unenamoured 
with the design of the Robinson Trap, he produced a light trap to 
his own specification by commissioning a joiner to build a double- 
walled folding wooden carcass, canvas-lined to give the moths 
purchase. He redesigned the collar out of solid perspex, lengthened 
the funnel to eighteen inches, and enclosed the bulb inside a perspex 
cover. This ambitious construction was situated on the roof of his 
garage within a stone’s throw of Barton Broad, where among many 
interesting species he took Orgyia recens Hbn. (bred 25.5.1973 
from larvae found on meadowspeet) and Eilema pygmaeola pyg- 
maeola Dbldy. 

John was a quiet and thorough collector always willing to share 
his extensive knowledge, and will be greatly missed by all who knew 
him. — MARK HADLEY. 


Notes and Observations 


A VERY FINE EXHIBITION. — I am getting old and can no 
longer chase Colias croceus in August over clover fields. But in 
October 1981, I was pursuing certain ecclesiastical quarries, and 
my wife and I spent ten days in Verona in Northern Italy. What 
a lucky choice it was, for there in the heart of the City in 
the Palazzo Gran Guardia was this exhibition of farfalle (butter- 
flies) of the world. 

The Catalogue is obtainable from the Museo Civico di Storia 
Naturale at Verona, and contains some 70 pages with colour pictures 
and diagrams. We are told on p. 69 that the collection of butterflies 
together with that of Coleoptera and Hemiptera comprises the most 
important collection in the Verona Museum. There are over one 
million in number with some 50000 butterflies. This they say is 
one of the most important collections in Italy, most of the insects 
coming from Piemonte and Veneto with some from Kenya and Brazil. 


: NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS aS 
On p.66 it is interesting to read that the tollowing are among 


the species that have become extinct in the region: Araschnia levana, 
Euphydryas aurinia and Thecla betulae. 1 was fascinated by the 
diagrams of insect flight which record the variety of flight which 
we old bug hunters know so well; but alas, this does not appear in 
the Catalogue, for it is something I have not seen recorded before. 
There is the personal note too, in photographs of Carlo Recchia 
and Rosetto Gioco at work in their laboratories. 

But what interested me more than almost anything were the 
pre-Linnean species on show. I did not know there were any. But 
there it was — Papilio canaria in a 1750 (?) collection for what we 
know as Gonepteryx rhamni. A brown, labelled ‘occulata’. A pre- 
Linnean fritillary labelled ‘aglaia’. And of moths, dear old S. cov- 
volvuli, ’m working hard with a dictionary. What happy fortune 
brought me to Verona. — Rev. Canon P. C. HAWKER, St. Botolph’s 
Vicarage, 84 Little Bargate Street, Lincoln LN5 8JL. 


A SOUTH AMERICAN SYNTOMID IN CAMBRIDGE. — In October 
1981 my wife was given a ‘nasty black stinging fly’ by our local 
greengrocer in Chesterton, Cambridge. It had apparently suddenly 
appeared and alarmed the customers. The specimen, which was in 
excellent condition, appeared to be freshly emerged and was a male 
of Ceramides vividis Druce. This is a reasonably common South 
American syntomid whose larvae are recorded as being a minor 
pest of banana trees, with whose fruit it was almost certainly im- 
ported. I have seen many things from our local shops, mostly beetles, 
but also cockroaches, spiders and once a tree frog. This however is 
the first Lepidopteran. I hope for others. — B. O. C. GARDINER, 
University of Cambridge, Department of Zoology, Downing Street, 
Cambridge. 

MR. J. RAE AND HIS RECORDS, AND A NOTE ON MR. WILLIAM 
REID OF PITCAPLE. — Whilst recently browsing through Prof. Trail’s 
1878 list of the “Lepidoptera of Dee” (Trans. nat. Hist. Soc. Aber- 
deen, 1878: 28-42), I noted that the extremely puzzling and un- 
likely record of Argynnis paphia at Muchalls, Kincardineshire was 
due to Mr J. Rae. Idly moving on to another unlikely record, that 
of Erebia medea (blandina) (=aethiops) on the coast at Nigg, Kin- 
cardineshire I again found Mr. Rae’s authority used. Now roused I 
searched the list and noted all Mr. Rae’s records. They are few but 
choice! 

As well as the two noted above he lists Zygaena trifolii between 
Muchalls and Stonehaven, Liparis auriflua (=Eproctis similis) at 
Aberdeen and Botys verticalis (=Pleuroptya ruralis) at Shettocksley, 
Aberdeen. Now the last is still found rarely, scattered throughout 
lowland Aberdeenshire, but the others are very peculiar. Indeed 
some authors have had to devote considerable, fruitless time and 
space to accounting for them in their biogeographical speculation. 
It seems to me that a strong circumstantial case can be made for 
regarding Mr. Rae as, shall we just say, unreliable, and my advice 
would be for people to allow his records to vanish gracefully. 

Having impugned one reputation may I resurrect another. 
P. B. M. Allan, whose writing I admire and enjoy greatly, discusses 


76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


Eumichtis (=Blepharita) satura in ““A Moth Hunter’s Gossip” (1947), 
and suggests most amusingly that William Reid from Pitcaple, 
Aberdeenshire cleverly beat up a lucrative trade in the moth by 
discussing its larval habits. All very possible, but firstly Reid was not 
a dealer, as Allan suggests, and secondly all his writings, and es- 
pecially his learned and comprehensive “List of the Lepidoptera of 
Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire” (1893) are redolent of integrity. 
He was a microlepidopterist of real skill, and we are still rediscovering 
many of the species which he listed and which to us seemed rare 
and perhaps unlikely. If you read his works I am sure you will 
conclude, with me, that far from being a canny dealer he was actual- 
ly a learned and reliable field lepidopterist. I would like him to be 
revered, not villified! — M. R. YOUNG, Department of Zoology, 
Aberdeen University, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen. 


DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. IN THE ALGARVE, PORTUGAL, 1981. — 
The reports of this butterfly in South-West England in the first four 
pages of the November/December 1981 “Record” make my own 
experience worth recording in a journal primarily concerned with 
British entomology. 

We holidayed at the Montechoro Hotel just outside Albufeira in 
the Algarve from 2nd to 16th October. For the first few days the 
weather was mixed and worsening with a wind from the South- 
West which is unusual in this part of Portugal. There were few 
butterflies about but I was struck by the plentiful supply of Lantana 
bushes in the hotel and neighbouring gardens and these reminded 
me of Teneriffe where they are so well patronised by the Monarchs. 

When the wind changed back to the North we were blessed with 
settled weather and very warm sunshine and almost immediately 
D. plexippus appeared gliding round the swimming pool on the 9th, 
it was seen on most days during the ensuing week, usually on or 
near the Lantana. Knowing nothing of the events in England and 
hoping that specimens from the Canaries might be settling in the 
Algarve I made no attempt to catch it though nothing could have 
been easier as it rested on the flowers and was obviously in very 
good condition. 

I am not aware whether it is possible to distinguish a specimen 
from the Canary Islands from one from America, but in view of the 
shorter distance and favourable wind this seems the more likely 
source for the Algarve specimen and does not seem so unlikely for 
the Cornish specimens. It would be interesting to know how many 
more Monarchs were seen along the Western sea-board of Europe at 
this time. — C. I. RUTHERFORD, Longridge, Macclesfield Road, 
Alderley Edge, Cheshire, SK9 7BL. 

INTERESTING MOTHS AT MV LIGHT AT OR NEAR WYE, KENT 
IN 1981. — This year, I ran Robinson traps continuously at Wye 
College from May to August, and in my garden on the downs above 
Boughton Aluph intermittently throughout the year. May and 
most of June produced very low numbers of both species and 
individuals, but the situation improved in July and August. The 
more interesting species trapped were: — 

Rhyacia simulans Hufn., at Wye on 29 July, now recorded for 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ul 
the fourth year running in Kent, after its first capture in the county 
in 1978. The date is interesting, since the adults are supposed to 
aestivate from mid July to mid August. Diarsia dahlii Hbn. Boughton 
Aluph, 25 August; the first record for the area for 12 years. Arenos- 
tola phragmitidis Hbn., one at each site on 7 August; the appearance 
of two fresh specimens on the same night some distance from any 
possible breeding ground suggests a possible dispersal flight that 
night. Hadena confusa Hufn., Boughton Aluph, 2 July, the first 
record here in five years. Evergestis extimalis Scop., Boughton 
Aluph, 25 August. — M. ENFIELD, New Cottage, Warren Farm, 
Boughton Aluph, Ashford, Kent. 


ANOTHER FOODPLANT OF THE YELLOW SHELL: CAMPTO- 
GRAMMA BILINEATA L. — Publication of the recent note on the 
larval foodplants of C. bilineata (West, Ent. Rec. J. Var., 93, 198, 
1981) happened to coincide with a re-examination of the note- 
books kept by myself and my brother (S. A. Knill-Jones) between 
1955 and 1962. The entry for 17.4.1957 includes a note to the 
effect that night-searching for larvae at Freshwater, Isle of Wight 
(OS.SZ. 3387) revealed one stout green larva with a dark dorsal 
line, whitish lateral line and brown head, on Ranunculus ficaria 
L. (Ranunculaceae). The resulting imago emerged on 22.6.1957. 
There is no note that feeding was actually observed, but this would 
not be expected as the note-books rarely contained such obser- 
vations unless the originally recorded foodplant was found to be 
unacceptable. The brief larval description is consistent with that 
given in Stokoe and Stovin, Caterpillars of British Moths, (F. Warne, 
London, 1948) and the note makes it highly likely that R.ficaria 
is a foodplant for the post-hibernation larvae of C. bilineata in the 
wild. — R. P. KNILL-JONES, 9 Crown Road South, Glasgow, Scotland 

FURTHER RECORDS OF MONOCHROA HORNIGI (STAUD.) = 
I recently had cause to re-examine and dissect some Monochroa 
spp. This led to the discovery that I had taken M. hornigi at Enfield, 
Middx., 14.vii.1979 and at Southampton, 17 & 19.vi.1970. 

The latter specimens had previously been misidentified as M. 
elongella (Hein.) and are so-recorded in Goater’s list of Hampshire 
lepidoptera. I did find, however, that I have a specimen of elongella 
from Braunton Burrows, North Devon, 26.viii.1970, which was 
correctly identified. This is a scarce and local species whose larva 
feeds on Potentilla anserina. — D. J. L. AGASSIZ, The Vicarage, 10, 
High View Avenue, Grays, Essex RM17 6RU. 

THE RISE OF THE CYPRUS PUG: EUPITHECIA PHOENICEATA 
RAMBUR IN THE EASTBOURNE AREA. — __ This moth has been 
spreading along the south coast and was first noted in Eastbourne 
on 27 August 1978 at light in my old garden. In 1979, two were 
noted: one by Mr. M. Hadley and one by Mr. S. W. P. Pooles. In 
1980, a further eight specimens were captured, including one netted 
near the cliffs at Holywell by Mr. C. Pratt. In 1981, fewer traps 
were run in the area; however, the moth was noted in increased 
numbers with a total of 15, including one interesting record of 
it from Deep Deane which is some way from a larval foodplant. — 
M. PARSONS, The Forge, Russells Green, Ninefield, Battle, E. Sussex. 


78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


NOTES ON SOME BRITISH CURCULIO SpP. (COL.). — The 
occurrence of the rather scarce and pretty little Curculio rubidus 
Gyll. in the eastern suburbs of London during the present century 
seems not to be well established up to now. Fowler (1891, Col. 
Brit. Isl., 5: 386) cites Forest Hill and a statement by Champion 
that it is “not uncommon in the London district”; but it is clear 
from what follows that this latter refers to places in Surrey well 
outside the metropolis, and in any case all these are 19th-century 
records. Moreover, the species is not included at all in the Victoria 
County History list of Coleoptera of Kent (Fowler, 1908). There is, 
however, a record for Shooters Hill and Lee (in this district) by 
W. West, in ‘Woolwich Surveys’ (1909) — the only one for Kent 
that I have seen, although C. rubidus is not really rare in the county. 
In the eastern division I have met with it once or twice singly in Ham 
Street Woods; in the western, at Darenth Wood likewise — on the 
last occasion there, 7.ix.63, one each of the present species and 
C. betulae Steph. were taken off birch in the same sweep of the net. 
In the year after moving to Charlton (1974) I was pleased to come 
across a few examples of rubidus by sweeping under trees on two 
of the grassy slopes in Maryon Wilson Park there, in August; I have 
seen none since, but have made no special search. One was at a 
little distance from a birch, while two others were near oak, ash, 
and black poplar. This is not far from Shooters Hill where West 
took it long ago, and where I have collected on many occasions but 
have found, so far, only the more common oak-feeding species 
C. venosus Grav., glandium Martsh., and pyrrhoceras Marsh. 

C. betulae, supposedly scarcer than rubidus, seems also to be 
little known in Kent; the VCH list gives only Plumstead (S. Stevens), 
but I have taken it two or three times singly at Darenth and Ham 
Street Woods, and its actual range and incidence in the county ap- 
pears very similar to that of its close ally. The late Dr. A. M. Massee 
once told me that betulae could best be found high up on the outer 
shoots of fairly young birches. 

The polyphagy attributed to this species is somewhat remar- 
kable. As a larval pabulum, the developing fruits or catkins of alder 
are doubtless not too dissimilar to those of birch, nor are young 
fruits of sloe to those of cherry; but between these two pairs of 
development-media the difference is surely considerable. Hansen 
(1965, Danm. Faun. 69: 318) gives all four as hosts but alder as the 
principal one in Denmark — birch being exceptional, whereas in 
Britain it is by far the most usual (as with C. rubidus). And that is 
not all: Reitter (1916, Faun. Germ., 5: 189) adds Quercus and 
Salix cinerea (the latter also for rubidus)! His inclusion of sallow 
is of interest in lending some plausibility to my tentative association 
of both species at times with Populus (Allen, 1947, Ent. mon. Mag., 
83. 127, and see above under C. rubidus); compare further the 
common little black C. pyrrhoceras which seems to fluctuate in its 
host-choice between oak and willow, again geographically; e.g. the 
former in Britain, the latter in Denmark. Possibly, however, con- 
fusion with the very similar C. salicivorus Payk. may sometimes 
have occurred. In any case polyphagy is much less surprising with 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 79 


these smaller species of the genus (s. Balanobius Jekel) whose larvae 
develop in leaf-galls as opposed to fruits. 

In contrast, the larger species of Curculio are virtually mono- 
phagous; where a secondary host is alleged to exist it is probably 
based on adult straying, as when oak and hazel, for instance, grow 
close together. It is noteworthy that a middle-sized oak-feeding 
species, villosus F., develops in the familiar ‘oak-apple’ galls, and 
not in acorns like venosus and glandium — a fact not, I think, 
noticed in British works. Biologically, therefore, it belongs with the 
Balanobius group, whilst in other respects a typical Curculio s. str. 
(=Balaninus). 1 should perhaps mention in passing that. the very 
distinctive C. (Balanobius) crux F., which lives on Salix, is common 
on much of the Continent and would be expected to occur in Britain. 

I cannot agree with Fowler’s estimate (lc.sup. 385) that C. 
glandium (= turbatus Gyll.) is ‘not common’; I have always found it 
at least as commonly as C. venosus, if not more so. The two often 
occur together on the same oaks, and I have had glandium on the 
tray in plenty off one tree at Windsor, accompanied by a few veno- 
sus. The former is notable also for its great variation in size, some 
specimens being but little larger than betulae which they rather 
resemble. On the other hand nucum L. and venosus, from what I 
have seen, vary hardly at all in that regard. All three of these larger 
species are, normally, easy to discriminate in the field, each having 
its own characteristic facies not readily described. 

I have taken all eight British species of Curculio at Darenth 
Wood, W. Kent, which classic locality is now sorely in need of 
protection. — A. A. ALLEN. 


EULYPE HASTATA L: ARGENT AND SABLE FEEDING AT BLUE- 
BELLS (ENDYMION NONSCRIPTUS). — R. Southin his Moths of 
the British Isles, Vol. II states of this moth — “‘It flies in the after- 
noon sunshine around and over birch trees, and occasionally alights 
on the leaves”, and my experience of the insect in Southern England 
is in accord with this description. However, on May 25th, 1952, 
at Broadwater Forest, Sussex, later to be despoiled by the Forestry 
Commission, I saw about a dozen specimens most of which were 
feeding at bluebells far past their prime. Aphides were not in evi- 
dence on the flowers, and I suspect the moths were imbibing some 
product caused by bacterial activity rather than upon nectar. I have 
not observed F. hastata feeding at flowers on other occasions, nor 
have I seen any reference to such behaviour. — B. K. WEST, 36 
Briar Road, Bexley, Kent. 


AN EARLY RED ADMIRAL. —i In warm sunshine this morning, 
my wife and I watched a Vanessa atalanta L. sunning itself by the 
roadside in Holmesley Enclosure in the New Forest. In view of the 
recent very cold spell it seems likely that this was one that managed 
to hibernate. In spite of there being a light SW wind, the insect had 
none of the urgency of an immigrant about it. — E. H. WILD, 7, 
Abbots Close, Highcliffe, Christchurch, Dorset, 31.i.1982. 


ES. SEUSS 


80 
Current Literature 


The Smaller Moths of Essex by A. M. Emmet. 158pp., stiff wrapper. 
Essex Naturalist No. 6 . The Essex Field Club, c/o Passmore 
Edwards Museum, Romford Road, London E15 4LZ. 1981. 
Price £7 (£5 to Members of the British Entomological and 
Natural History Society). 

Many years have elapsed since publication of W. H. Harwood’s 
classic account of the microlepidoptera of Essex in the Victoria 
County History (1903), so that an up-to-date definitive work on the 
smaller moths of the county has long been a desideratum. Compiled 
by one of the foremost British microlepidopterists of this century, 
the new book adequately fills this need, and is thus a most welcome 
addition to the county lepidopteras. 

Among the subjects treated in an introduction replete with 
interest are: (1) The recording area; (2) The presentation of the 
records; (3) Types of habitat; (4) The history of recording in Essex; 
(5) The principal recorders; (6) Recorders, past and present; and 
(7) Collections. The main part of the work follows with details 
of the 1052 species so far recorded, to every one of which is ap- 
pended a trim little thumbnail-sized distribution map. Despite some 
abbreviation, presentation on the whole is admirably clear and 
precise with, among other particulars, the names of localities, years 
of occurrence, authorities, vice-county and 10km square numbers, 
and a species’ status in the county. The Smaller Moths of Essex also 
includes foodplants, but interest in these would have been far 
greater were it made clear upon which of these foodplants species 
have been known to feed in Essex. A valuable feature is the first 
and last year of known occurrence or year of recording in the 
county, though a first record cited here is not always the earliest, 
as reference to Samouelle, Entomologist’s Useful Compendium 
(1819) and Wood, Index Entomologicus (1839) will show. Less 
essential in a specialised work of this nature, are over 400 lines in 
larger type, mostly of general interest only and not strictly relevant 
to Essex. Further space is taken up by 50 drawings, mainly of repre- 
sentatives of families of microlepidoptera, of which though many 
are well executed (notably those by E. S. Bradford), there are 
others so poor as to be quite unrecognisable. The book concludes 
with an important list of 262 bibliographical references, but is 
regrettably devoid of any index. There are a fair number of printing 
errors, mostly trivial however, and in the review copy some of these 
had already been neatly corrected in the hand of the author. 

The above criticisms are far outweighed by the merits of this 
fine work. Much of it is the outcome of intensive pioneer explora- 
tion of the county, undertaken by the author over the past few 
years, assisted by his wife Katie, and resulting in a remarkably 
comprehensive and well-researched account. Reasonably priced, 
especially to B.E.N.H.S. members, we heartily recommend this 
book to students of the British microlepidoptera and devotees 
of “local lists”. — J.M.C.-H. 


L. CHRISTIE 


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It has become apparent that we know very little about the precise 
habitat requirements and finer details of biology of these three 
species. | should therefore be glad to hear from anyone who knows 
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to M. Hadley, c/o Nature Conservancy Council, 20 Belgrave Square, 
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THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL 
RESEARCH FUND 


The British Entomoloogical and Natural History Society an- 
nounce that awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion 
of entomological research with particular emphasis on:— 

(a) Leaf-miners, 

(b) Diptera, particularly Tephritidae and Agromyzidae, 

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Microlepidoptera, 

(d) General entomology, 
in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability 
of candidates and the plan of work proposed. 

Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses 
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Applicants should send a statement, if possible in sextu- 
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precise objects and amount for which an award is sought, to Lt.-Col. 
A. M. Emmet, Hon. Secretary, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, 
Saffron Walden, CB11 3AP, as soon as possible, and in any case not 
later than 30th September, 1982. 


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Records of the attraction of dung and carrion for Apatura iris 
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especially observations of any changes in this habit. 

S. Reavey, 7 The Birches Close, North Baddesley, 
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CONTENTS 


Four New South African Butterflies. C.G.C. DICKSON ... 

The Dotted Chestnut: Conistra rubiginea D. & S. Brig. E. C. L. SIMSON... 
The Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1980: a Supple- 
mentary Note. R. F. BRETHERTON and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT .. 
The Early Stages of Parornix finitimella Z. and P. Ot ae bp (ene 

doptera: Gracillariidae). Lt. Col. A. M. EMMET 
The Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. A. E. STUBBS 5 
The Diptera (Calyptratae) of the Sandwell Valley. M. G. BLOXHAM 
A New County Record for Cornwall with Observations on Other Notable 
Macrolepidoptera in the County. M. HADLEY ... 
What Ails Adonis? A. C. MORTON 
Three Species of Leucopis Meigen (Diptera: Glamacniyiidaey) New to 
Britain. Dr. I. F.G. McLEAN 
Notes and Observations: 
The Beautiful Snout: Bomolocha fontis Thunb. R. G. WARREN 
Larvae of the Yellow Shell feeding on Cruciferae. Dr. D. F. OWEN 
Papilio machaon L.: Swallow Tail flourishing in a N. Norfolk Locality, 
1981. A. A. ALLEN 
The Use of the term PacMan in alEtermeleey) Ya M. ‘CHALMERS- 
HUNT. s 
Coleophora napenvella z.: a New Boodle N. lie HEAL 
Carpophilus sexpustulatus F. (Col.: Nitidulidae) in Surrey with a Note 
on its Habits in Britain. D. PRANCE .. ; 
The Scarce Merveille-du-Jour at Orlestone Bates M. ENFIELD 
Coleophora potentillae Elisha: Some Observations. Dr. J. R. LANG- 
MAID 
The Dingy Skipper: Brain nee eh aie Brown R. D. G. BAR- 
RINGTON a 
Pieris rapae L. and Cardara genie asa kvl ieodatent B. K. WEST 
A Very Fine Exhibition. Rev. Cannon P. C. HAWKER ... 
A South American Syntomid in Cambridge. B. O. C. GARDINER 
Mr. J. Rae and his Records, and a Note on Mr. William Reid of Pitcaple. 
Dr. M.R. YOUNG os es Bs 
Danaus plexippus L. in the Reni Porusal 1981. C.I. RUTHER- 
FORD my 
Interesting Moths at or near Wye! meat in 1981. Mt ENFIELD. 
Another Foodplant of the Yellow Shell. Dr. R. P. KNILL-JONES 
Further Records of Monochroa hornigi Staud. Rev. D. J. L. AGASSIZ 
The Rise of the Cyprus Pug in the Eastbourne Area. M. PARSONS 
Notes on Some British Curculio Species (Coleoptera). A. A. ALLEN... 
Eulype hastata L.: Argent and Sable Feeding at Bluebells B. K. WEST. 
An Early Red Admiral. E. H. WILD 
Obituaries: 
Bernard Sinclair Goodban 
William Ernest Collinson 
John Venour Gane 
Current Literature 


41 
45 


47 


53 
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60 


65 
67 


70 


44 
52 


56 


By) 
59 


59 
66 


66 


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(5) 


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Printed by Frowde & Co (Printers) Ltd Orpheus St. London SE5 8RR 


VOL. 94. Nos. 5-6 May/June 1982 ISSN 0013-8916 
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BE S95. 9089 


a THE 


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NEVILLE BiIRKETT, M.A., M.B. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. 
S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. J. HEATH, F.R.E.S., F.L.S. 

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81 
THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA 
MOTHE BRITISEISLES IN 1981, INCLUDING THAT 
OF THE MONARCH BUTTERELY: 
DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. 


By R. F. BRETHERTON! and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT? 


The outstanding invasion of the generally poor season of 1981 
was that of Danaus plexippus L., which came with many North 
American birds mainly to south west Britain. Some 120 sightings 
have been reported and, although numbering of the butterflies 
concerned is difficult, the influx was probably the largest yet re- 
corded. The records are discussed and set out in detail in Annexe III. 

Apart from this, among the scarce immigrant species (Annexe 
II) the capture in a last fling during the warm week-end of November 
20/22 of the tenth known British specimen of the Noctuid Tathor- 
hynchus exsiccata Lederer in Cornwall and of an example of the 
Pyrale Euchromius ocellea Haw. in Kent are especially notable, as 
is also the recognition on September 29 in Glamorgan of a single 
Cynthia virginiensis Drury (Ent. Rec. 93: 242), which had presum- 
ably accompanied the D. plexippus. Other good single records are 
of a Nymphalis antiopa L. seen in Surrey on August 15 (Ent. Rec. 
93. 242), a Diachrysia orichalcea F. in West Sussex on August 8, 
a Hyles gallii Rott. observed by day in the Isle of Wight on August 3, 
and of a Catocala fraxini trapped at Lymington, South Hampshire 
on the night of October 1. 

In addition, single larvae of H. gallii were found as far apart 
as Sussex and Yorkshire. Of the two Nymphalis polychloros repor- 
ted (Ent. Rec. 93: 237) the first, at Catisfield in Sussex on April 4 
may either have over-wintered in Britain or come with other im- 
migrant species about that date; the second, at Whitstable, East 
Kent, had only slight migratory contempories and was perhaps 
locally bred, either from immigrant or precariously established 
native stock. Deltote bankiana Hbn., which was reported in 1980 as 
a single immigrant, at Kingsdown, East Kent, now appears to be at 
least temporarily established nearby (Ent. Rec. 93: 204). A single 
specimen of Scopula rubiginata Hufn. taken at Dungeness on 
August 5 1981 is assumed to have been an immigrant, like the few 
previous examples recorded from the Kent Coast. 

Agrius convolvuli L. alone among the scarcer species did rather 
better than in 1980. One was seen in Essex in July, one in Lincoln- 
shire in August, and 19 between September 15 and October S, 
widely scattered from south Devon to Orkney: but these were 
mostly single specimens, and no mass immigration appears to have 
taken place. Rhodometra sacraria L. appears to have arrived in 
three distinct batches. 12 were recorded from September 10 to 20; 
seven from September 26 to October 4, the last being as far north 
1 


2 


Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley; Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE 
1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent BR4 9LG. 


82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


as Warwickshire, and two, both females of ab. labda Cramer, on 
November 21 and 22 at Rogate, Sussex. This form is usually ob- 
tained by rearing in warmth in captivity; its presence in the wild, 
and that of the semi-tropical 7. exsiccata, in late November shows 
that this migration must have had a very distant origin. Mythimna 
unipuncta was reported in similar numbers from September 19 
to October 5; and one was also present in Cornwall on November 21. 
These were, however, from four coastal localities only between 
west Cornwall and south Essex. M. vitellina was reported twice in 
Cornwall in late May. but the numbers noted in September and 
October were very small. Less than ten Orthonama obstipata F. 
were noted, curiously spread at various dates between May 28 and 
October 5. Of other scarce immigrants there were only two Spodo- 
ptera exigua Hbn., the second being on November 22, and of 77i- 
choplusia ni Hbn. and Palpita unionalis Hbn.; and only single records 
of Eurois occulta L., Mythimna albipuncta D. & S., Helicoverpa 
armigera Hbn., Heliothis peltigera D. & S., Diachrysia orichalcea F. 
A Brimstone butterfly which was observed and captured, but not 
retained, in a garden at Temple Ewell, Dover on July 28 appears 
from the careful description to have been an example of Gonepteryx 
cleopatra L. This south European species is not a known migrant, 
and its presence outside Dover may have been due to introduction in 
a car or lorry. There have been at least four previous occurrences in 
Britain between 1870 and 1957. 

The total of 23 scarce immigrant species reported in 1981 
compares badly with 29 in 1980, itself a poor season; the number 
of individuals was also very much smaller. 

Most of the common immigrants also did badly. Of Vanessa 
atalanta L. one was found hibernating in a heated room in Orkney 
in February, and five probable immigrants were reported in March 
and April; but the usual influx in late May and June was small, and 
no larvae from it were noted though some were found in late August 
and September. There were, however, considerable immigrations in 
August and especially in late September, so that numbers may have 
approached normal in the autumn. The last was seen at Bradwell-on- 
Sea on October 23. 

Of Cynthia cardui L. about 120 were reported, in contrast to 
the abundance of 1980. The earliest singles reported were as far 
north as St. Bees Head, Cumbria, and Orkney, on May 14; these 
were followed by a few others, widely spread later in the month, 
about a dozen in early June and some singles in July. There were 
apparently several small invasions in August, with penetration inland 
as far as Warwickshire and Hertfordshire; a few scattered singles in 
September; and a last record at Beer, South Devon, on October 11. 
Two full grown larvae and some vacated webs were noted at Muston, 
south east Yorkshire, on August 10. 

Colias crocea Fourc., with some 50 clearly immigrant examples 
reported, had an interesting year. The first record was not until 
July 30 at Aylesford Common, South Devon, after which there was 
a small influx mainly in the south west about the middle of August 
and in its last days and in early September a larger one, with bigger 


83 
IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1981 


numbers seen in Sussex and Kent and a single in Essex. Inland 
records were of about five, with some C. cardui, at Ashridge, Hert- 
fordshire and of one at Tidworth, North Wiltshire on August 17 and 
19. The last specimens seen were at Slapton, South Devon, Septem- 
ber 21 and 23. In Warwickshire, however, there was an extraor- 
dinary occurrence reported by Mr. D. C. G. Brown (Ent. Rec. 93: 
241). On August 2, 70 examples were counted, including three 
f. helice, in and near old gravel workings, and ten later visits by him 
and others to the same place brought the total count to over 400: 
the last singles were on September 6 and 13, and the only one seen 
elsewhere was within a mile of the main site. Even allowing for 
considerable recounting on successive visits such numbers must 
surely reflect local breeding from several parents. Later information 
obtained from Mr. R. G. Payne reveals the presence of from seven 
to 12 male C. crocea, but no females, during the second week of 
August in an area south of Duston, 30 miles further east, in Northamp- 
tonshire, where a few (not previously reported) were seen at the 
same time in 1980. The origin of these large, isolated, occurren- 
ces is mysterious. There were no records of C. crocea anywhere in 
Britain in May or June 1981, which might have provided parents; no 
Warwickshire records of it in 1980, the most recent being of two 
singles on August 5, 1979; and no other reports from Northampton- 
shire in 1980 or 1981. Overwintering in Britain in any stage has 
never been proved, and seems very unlikely so far north as these 
counties. 

Among the common moths Autographa gamma L. showed a 
somewhat patchy picture. Apart from a single specimen at Beetham, 
Westmorland on May 6, arrivals only began in the last ten days and 
remained much below average in June and most of July; many 
observers commented on its unwonted scarcity, which continued 
in most inland areas for the rest of the season. In August and Sep- 
tember, however, sizeable sudden influxes were counted at several 
coastal light traps. In Sussex at Peacehaven, 63 and 66 on August 6 
and 27, a total of 30 for the four nights of September 5 to 8 and at 
East Dean 100 on August 25; at Bradwell-on-Sea, South Essex, 
124, 120, 179 on August 13, 14 and 26, and a total of 71 for 
September 6 to 9. Other traps near the coast, however, as at Chilling- 
ton, South Devon and Beetham, Westmorland, reported no con- 
siderable influxes and “lowest ever” totals for the season. Sudden 
relative increases in the numbers of A. gamma are often useful in 
checking the arrival points and dates of immigrant swarms which 
include other, and scarcer, immigrants. 

Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. began well with two influxes, widely 
reported, about March 7 and again in late March and early April; 
breeding from these may have provided most of the few moths 
recorded in June and July. Numbers from August to October were 
clearly lower than usual; but the species put in an appearance 
during the last immigration of November 20 to 22. No records of 
it came from places north of Cumbria. 

Peridroma saucia Hbn., with about 40 reported from 12 places, 
was also unusually scarce. The first was at Rogate, West Sussex, on 


84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


May 22, followed by two others elsewhere in June, and there were 
small immigrations, mainly to the south and south east coast from 
late August into October; eight were trapped at Fountainstown, co. 
Cork before September 23. The last record was at Hayling Island, 
South Hampshire on October 21, and the most northerly at Beetham, 
Westmorland, on October 4. Of the diurnal Macroglossa stellatarum 
L. only eight were reported, from five places: three at Slapton 
Sands, South Devon, in late August, with the first in West Cornwall 
on June 16 and another on July 14; there was one at Leigh, Surrey 
on September 6, and the last at Bromley, West Kent on October 14. 

The usual immigrant Microlepidoptera did little better. Nomo- 
Phila noctuella D. & S., despite an early start in late March and April 
in Essex and elsewhere, was a rarity except after very small influxes 
in September; but two were noted as far north as Caldarvan, Dum- 
bartonshire, and the last was seen at Mawnan Smith, West Cornwall, 
on November 22. Udea ferrugalis Hbn. was reported from few places 
only in small numbers, but seems to have been least scarce in late 
August. The first record was on June 6 and the last on November 22, 
both at Mawnan Smith, West Cornwall. Plutella xylostella L. is 
often overlooked unless it appears in swarms at light traps or among 
crops. It was nonetheless reported by some 20 observers from the 
south coast to Orkney, and it occurred in every month, from the 
first two at Peacehaven, Sussex on April 2 until the last at Hamp- 
stead Middlesex, on October 18. Large influxes appeared at Peace- 
haven in late May and early June and again in late July, and 30 
were trapped at Langness, Isle of Man on June 12; from August on- 
wards it was in smaller numbers but more widespread, probably 
resulting from local breeding. The species is suspected of being 
resident as well as immigrant. 


The Noctuid Phlogophora meticulosa L., is a common species 
which many recorders may not realise is certainly both immigrant 
and resident. Earl:’ moths, such as the singles reported at Hamp- 
stead on April 4 and 24, were probably immigrants, since native 
larvae, even helped by an unusually mild winter, would not have 
produced mo ‘s so early, though they no doubt contributed many 
if not most of the considerable numbers which were widespread in 
southern England through June and early July. After a pause num- 
bers again rose steeply to much higher levels in September and 
early October. There .s then clear evidence of immigration near 
the coast: a trap ce: .1e cliff edge at Highcliffe, South Hampshire 
on September 29 scored 56 P. meticulosa along with nine A. ipsilon, 
and a peak of 71, with very few before or after, was registered from 
October 2 to 7 at Muston on the Yorkshire coast. The last record of 
the year, a single at Bramley, Surrey on November 21 was also 
probably immigrant. But, to judge from the abundance of the 
species there and elsewhere inland in late August and September, 
a second home bred generation also played some part. The northern 
limit of successful over-wintering in Britain is not known, and the 
interplay of immigration and residence is not fully understood. 
Six specimens of P. meticulosa trapped in Orkney from September 1 


85 
IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1981 


to 16 may have been primary immigrants to Britain, or immigrants 
to Orkney of southern native stock. 

We have received a number of reports of Rhyacia simulans 
Hufn., especially from Essex, Kent, and Lincolnshire. These sup- 
port our previous view that such occurrences in recent years have 
resulted from internal spread of the species rather than from im- 
migration. At Bradwell-on-Sea 22 were trapped in small nightly 
numbers over the whole period from July 5 to August 4; and in 
south east Lincolnshire, where the species was first seen in 1978, it 
is now well established. Spaelotis ravida D. & S., often said to be 
an immigrant, has recently shown a similar internal spread. 


ANNEXE I 
Records and localities 
(The names cf recorders who gave information about D. plexippus are starred.) 


*Alexander, Mrs R., per JC, Skomer, Enfield, M. A., E. Kent 
Pembrokeshire 


* Agassiz, Rev. D. 
*Archer-Lock, A., S. Devon 
*Allison, Mr and Mrs, per BG, S. 
Hants. 
Baker, B. R., Caversham, Oxon. 
Barrington, R. D., Lulworth, Dorset 
Bond, K. G. M., Isle of Man, co. 
Dublin, co. Cork. 
*Bovey R., per JC, Dyfi N.N.R., 
Merioneth 
Braddock, A., per CRP, Alfreton, 
Derbyshire 
Bretherton, R.F., Bramley, Surrey 
Bretherton, M.F., S. Devon 
Briggs, J., Westmorland 
Brown, D. C. G., 
Warwicks. 
Buckingham, C., Sevenoaks, W. Kent 
Buddle, R. F., Dover, Folkestone 
*Burridge, R., per MR, at sea off 
Ushant 
Burrows, D. S., S. Hants, N. Devon 
Burton, J. F., Bristol, Cambs, 
Dyfed 
Butcher, A. G. J. B., Rochester, 
Tenterdan, E. Kent 
‘Campbell, J. L., Isle of Canna 
*Campbell, W. D., Guardian, 21.X.81 
Carter, C. I., Tidworth, Wilts 
Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., Kent, co. 
Wicklow 
Chambers, R., Temple Ewell, E. 
Kent 
*Church, S., Chiddingfold, Surrey, 
Plaistow, Worthing, W. Sussex 
Christie, I. A. C., Dumbartonshire 
Clouter, F. H., Isle of Wight 
*Comont, J., Dyfed 
*Cowell, M., per CRP, E. Sussex 
Craske, R., per CRP, E. Sussex 
Cross, G., Bridport, Dorset, per BS. 
Dewick, A. J. & S. F., Bradwell-on- 
Sea, S. Essex 
*Elliott, B., Lizard, W. Cornwell 


Charlecote, 


Evans, K. A. G., Croydon, Surrey, 
Lyme Regis, Dorset 
Byventn Gh kent 
Fairclough, R., Leigh, Surrey 
Feltwell, J., Catisfield, E. Sussex 
*Foggitt, G. T., Scilly 
Foster, A. P., Mawnan Smith, W. 
Cornwall 
Gascoyne-Pees, M., Ranmore, Surrey 
*Goater, B., S. Hants and various 
*Green, Dr. G., Winspit, Dorset 
Greenwood, J. A. C., Rogate, W. 


Sussex 

Gregory ee pen GRES Pare: 
Cornwall 

Hadley, M., E. Sussex, Polruan, 
W. Cornwall 


Hall, N., Portland, Dorset; Scilly, 
Tilehurst, Berks 
Harman, T. A., Reculver, E. Kent 
*Harmer, A., Lymington, S. Hants 
Hart, C., Betchworth, Surrey; Barton 
Broad, E. Norfolk 
*Harvey, Prof., per D. Agassiz 
*Haynes, R. F., Galway, Eire 
*Heath, J., various 
*Hedges, J., Ballakaighan, Isle of Man 
Hilliard, R. D., Ashridge, Herts. 
Holdaway, P., Biggin Hill, E. Kent 
Howarth, T. G., Beer, S. Devon 
Howell, Mrs S. J., Sussex 
*Hunt, D. per RDP, Scilly 
Imber, S., Ewhurst, Surrey 
Jackson, S. A., Newton Dale, 
N. Yorkshire. 
*J. Jamieson, Mrs., per D. Hunt, 
St. Martin’s Scilly 
Jewess, P. J., Newington, E. Kent 
*Kydd, D.W., Sellafield, Cumberland; 
Dolgellau, Merioneth 
Largen, R., Wiston, W. Sussex 
Lipscomb, Major Gen. C. G., Gla- 
morgan 
Lloyd, B., per CRP, Lullington 
Heath, E. Sussex 


86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


*Lorimer, Dr. J. A., Pembrokeshire 

Lorimer, R. I., Totteridge, Herts; 
Orphir, Orkney 

Luckens, Dr. C. J., Winspit, Dorset 

McRitchie, B., W. Essex; St. Ives/ 
Portreath, W. Cornwall 

Maynard, C., per CRP, E. Sussex 

Miles, P. J. S., Cambridge 

Myers, A. A., Fountainstown, co. 
Cork 

Newbery, P. E., RSPB wardens’ 
reports 

O’Heffernan, H. L., Slapton and 
Chillington, S. Devon 

O’Keeffe, per BS, Heathfield, E. 
Sussex 

Owen, Prof. D. FE-., Dungeness; 
Dymchurch, Dover, E. Kent 

Owen, R., Bigbury-on-Sea, S. Devon 

Parsons, M., per CRP, Ninfield, E. 
Sussex; Polruan, W. Cornwall 

Payne, J. H., Wellingborough, 
Northamptonshire 

*Penhallurick, R. D., Scilly, Cornwall, 
Devon 

Phillips, J. W., Topsham, S. Devon; 
Purbeck, Dorset 

Pilcher, R. M., S. Thorsby, Lincs. 

*Plymouth City Museum, S. Devon 

Porter, J., Sheffield Park, E. Sussex 

Prati © mcm beacenavenmand: 
widely in Sussex 


Randall, C. J., Whitstable, Thanet, 
E. Kent 

Radford, J. T., per CRP, Walberton, 
W. Sussex 

*Rayner, E., Pagham, W. Sussex 

*Rogers, M., per JH, at sea 
Seaford Nat. Hist. Soc., per CRP, 

E. Sussex 

*Searles 1Cole,. per 

W. Sussex 
Sell, M., per RIL, Scilly 
Skinner B., Wye, Kent and various 
Smith, B., South Croydon, Surrey 
*Smith, F. H. N., Nancledra, Penhale, 
etc., W. Cornwall 
Softly, R. A., Hampstead and 
Fulham, Middx. 
Sokoloff, P., Bromley, W. Kent 
Sterling, Col. D. H., Winchester, 
S. Hants 
Walters, J. W., Hayling Is., S. Hants 
Warren, Miss E., Folkestone, Kent 

*Wildridge, B., Thame, Oxon. 

*Wills, D., per B. Elliott, W. Cornwall 
Wilson, D. E., Dungeness, E. Kent 
Winter, P. Q., Muston, S. E. Yorks. 

*Woodman, J., per CRP, Rottingdean, 

E. Sussex 
Wykes, Uploders, Dorset. 
*Zealley, M. J., per RDP, Scilly 


SC, Worthing, 


ANNEXE II 
Records of scarcer immgrant species in 1981 


EUCHROMIUS OCELLEA Haw. (1) E. Kent: Wye, 22.11, one at light in the 
field (BS). 

PALPITA UNIONALIS Hbn. (2) S. HANTS Hayling Island, 30.9. (JMW). 
S. ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 1.10 (AJD). 

[GONEPTERYX CLEOPATRA L. (1). E. KENT: Temple Ewell, Dover, 
28.7, in garden (RC).] 

NYMPHALIS POLYCHLOROS L. (2). E. KENT: Whitstable, 8.7 (CJR, 
Ent. Rec. 93: 237); E. SUSSEX: Catisfield, 4.4, basking on a wall and 
apple tree (JF). 

NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA L. (1) SURREY: South Croydon, in garden (RS, 
Ent. Rec. 93: 241). 

DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. AND CYNTHIA VIRGINIENSIS Drury, see 
Annexe III 

aoe RUBIGINATA Hufn. (1) E. KENT: Dungeness, 5.8 (DEW teste 
BS). 

RHODOMETRA SACRARIA L. 21 W. CORNWALL: Mawnan Smith, 16.9, 
male, 1.10, male (APF), S. ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 15.9, male, 27.9, 
male (AJD). S. HANTS: Highcliffe, 14.9 (EPW); Winchester, 20.9 (DCS). 
E. KENT: Rochester, 10.9; Tenterden 12.9, male, 19.9, 30.9, male 
(A.J.G.B.); Sandwich, 14.9, male disturbed at 4 p.m. (JMC-H). SURREY: 
Addiscombe, 10.9, male, 11.9, male, 26.9, female (KAGE). E. SUSSEX; 
Ninfield, 28.9, 30.9 (MP per CRP). W. SUSSEX: Wiston, 15.9 (RL per 
CRP); Rogate, 20.9, male; 21.11, male, 22.11, female, both ab. labda 
oy WARWICKS. Charlecote, 4.10, by day (DCGB, Ent. Rec. 93: 


87 
IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1981 


ORTHONAMA OBSTIPATA F. (c. 10). S. ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 8.7, 
11.9 (SFD, AJD). S. HANTS: Winchester, 15.9. (DHS); Hayling Is., 
15.10, male (JMW). SURREY: Betchworth, 28.5, male (CH). W 
SUSSEX: Wiston, 29.7, 1.8 (RL per CRP). SCILLY: 13/20.10, several at 
ivy (NH). 

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI L. (21) S. DEVON: Bigbury-on-Sea, 12.9, female 
at rest (R. Owen per DFO); Lyme Regis, 13.9, male at rest on boat in 
harbour (KAGE). DERBYSHIRE: Ilkeston, 9.9, male (AB per CRP), 
Alfreton, 30.9, a.m., at rest on a coat (AB per CRP). DORSET: Bridport, 
20.9 (GC per TWH). N. ESSEX: Hatfield Broad Oak, 15.7 (per BMcR). 
E. KENT: Folkestone, 28.9, female, 7.10, male (RFB). N. E. LINCS: 
South Thoresby, 22.8 (REMP). ORKNEY: Holm, 15.9, ona school wall 
(RIL). SURREY: Leigh, 26.9, 28.9 (RF); Chiddingfold, 29.9 (SC). 
E. SUSSEX: Eastbourne town, c.17.9, on a parked car (CM per CRP); 
Peacehaven, 29.9, female at nicotiana: no ova present (CRP).W.SUSSEX: 
Plaistow, 22.9 (SC); Walberton, 27.9, 30.9, 4.10 (JTR per CRP); Wiston, 
29.9 (RL per CRP). S. E. YORKS: Filey, 5.10, 10 a.m., very battered on 
ground near cliff top (PQW). 

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L. (1 adult, 11 larvae). KENT, E.: Dover, 28.9, 
female. E. SUSSEX: Heathfield, 14/18.9., eleven almost fully grown 
larvae on potato plants (DO’K per BS). 

HYLES GALLII Rott. (1 adult, 2 larvae). ISLE OF WIGHT: Great Combe 
Wood, 2.30 p.m., one at rest (FHC, Ent. Rec. 93: 239). E. SUSSEX, 
Lullington Heath, 10.9, larva confirmed by photo (B. Lloyd per CRP). 
N. E. YORKS: Scarborough district, 13.9, fully fed larva, which pupated 
17.10, confirmed at Museum (per PQW). 

[LYMANTRIA DISPAR L. (1) SURREY: Ewhurst, 5.7, worn male at light; 
later inquiry shows that this probably resulted from local rearing in 
captivity (SD]. 

EUROIS OCCULTA L. (3) E. KENT: Newington, nr. Sittingbourne, 2.9 (PJJ), 
E. NORFOLK: Irstead, 28.7 (CH). S. E. YORKS: Muston, 7.9 female, 
infertile ova (PQW). 

MYTHIMNA ALBIPUNCTA D. & S. (1) DORSET: Milton Abbey, 29.9, 
male (RDB). 

MYTHIMNA VITELLINA Hbn. (7) W. CORNWALL; 29.5, worn male (APF). 
E. CORNWALL: Par, 19.5 (per CRP). MID CORK: Fountainstown, 
before 23.9 (AAM). S. ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 2.10 (AJD). S. HANTS: 
Highcliffe, 31.10 (EPW). W. SUSSEX: Walberton, 11.9, 30.9 (JTR per 
CRP). 

MYTHIMNA UNIPUNCTA Haw. (17) W. CORNWALL: Mawnan Smith, 
16.9, 28.9, 29.9, 30.9 (2), 21.11, all males (AJP). ESSEX: Bradwell- 
on-Sea, 28.10 (AJD). S. HANTS: Highcliffe, 20.9., 23.9, 26.9, 27.9, 
3.10 (EHW); Hayling Island, 27.9, 28.9, 29.9, 3.10, 9.10 (JMW). E. 
SUSSEX: Beachy Head, 15.9 female at light, lacking ova (CRP). 

TATHORHYNCHUS EXSICCATA Led. (1) W. CORNWALL: Mawnan Smith, 
22.11, male (APF). 

SPODOPTERA EXIGUA Hbn. (2) E. SUSSEX: Ringmer, 22.11 (CRP). 
W. SUSSEX: Rogate, 4.6 (JACG). 

HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA Hbn. (1) W. SUSSEX: Walberton, 7.10 (JTR). 

HELIOTHIS PELTIGERA D. & S. (1) WARWICKS: Charlecote, 4.10, among 
clover by day (DCGB). 

[DELTOTE BANKIANA Hbn. E. KENT: nr. Sandwich, 4.7, a short series and 
more later (NFH), 4.7, one (TWH, Ent. Rec., 93: 204): apparently now 
breeding here.] 

TRICHOPLUSIA NI Hbn. (2) W. CORNWALL: Kynance Cove, 26.8 (BE). 
DORSET: Portland, 5.9 (NMH). 

DIACHRYSIA ORICHALCEA F. (1) W. SUSSEX: Walberton, 12.8 (JTR per 


CRP). 
CATOCALA FRAXINI L. (1) S. HANTS: Lymington, 1.10, female (AH). 
(To be continued) 


88 


Letter to the Editor 


Dear Sir, 

On reading the reports of entomological holidays which are 
published from time to time, one striking feature is that collecting 
is almost if not entirely confined to daytime activities; may I there- 
fore put forward a plea through the Record for collectors to include 
some night work during their holidays? The fact that there is scope 
for breaking fresh ground in this respect during a Continental 
holiday was Lrought home to me when I bought the first two moth 
volumes of Mariposas de la Peninsula Iberica, a work on Spanish and 
Portuguese lepidoptera very much on the same lines as Heath’s 
Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Time and again 
question marks appear on the distribution maps, and in the chapter 
on moth collecting, the authors discuss sugaring, adding that little 
use has been made of this technique in the Iberian Peninsula. And 
it was thanks to the use of the m.v. lamp that Endromis versicolora 
L. was first discovered in Spain in 1964. Who knows what other 
discoveries there still remain to be made? — C. L. NISSEN, Batiment 
F2, App. 271, Residence Beausejour, ave. Clemenceau, 77100 
Meaux, France, 15.iii.82. 


Current Literature 


The Oxford Book of Insects by John Burton and others. 213 + viii pp, 
96 pp of colour illustration. Oxford University Press, 1981. 
Pocket edition £2.50. 

This volume is a reduced format version of the 1979 edition. 
Measuring 11 x 15 cm it is certainly pocket-sized, although the paper 
cover would not last long if used in this mode. The work follows the 
format of other “Oxford” books in this series — after a brief intro- 
duction to each group there is a concise but informative description 
of each species considered, with the illustration appearing on the 
opposite page. The volume concludes with a small section on classifi- 
cation and structure of insects, notes on the various orders, a brief 
bibliography (listing a number of works that are virtually unob- 
tainable) and an index. 

The standard of illustration is very high for a popular work, and 
the reviewer was able to recognise most of the Lepidoptera and 
Coleoptera illustrated! Nearly 800 species are shown, most in 
‘natural’ poses against a background of appropriate food plant. 
The illustrations have suffered a little from reduction — some of the 
Diptera are rather dark, and some larvae are unrecognisable. The 
nomenclature, at least for the Lepidoptera, is from the ‘South’ 
era, and authors are not given for scientific names. The coverage of 
orders is uneven, with Lepidoptera predominating. 

Despite these minor criticisms the text and illustrations provide 
excellent value for money. For the general naturalist this probably 
ranks amongst the best available popular works on insects. — PAUL 
SOKOLOFF. 


THE ‘TYPES’ OF MANIOLA JURTINA SPLENDIDA 
WHITE (LEPIDOPTERA: SATYRIDAE) 


By GEORGE THOMSON* 


Between the years 1871 and 1872 Dr. Francis Buchanan White 
wrote and published his fine work /nsecta Scotica in serial form in 
the Scottish Naturalist. Although his travels took him to many parts 
of Britain and Europe collecting and studying Macro- and Microlepi- 
doptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera as well as other invertebrates and 
plants, he never neglected his native Scotland or Perthshire the 
county town of which was his home for most of his life. His superb 
collection survives almost intact apart from some specimens of 
Macrolepidoptera which have mysteriously disappeared, some im- 
portant Coleoptera which were transferred to the British Museum 
(Natural History) and his Hemiptera which are said to have been 
loaned to a museum in the United States in the 1920s and which 
have never been returned. 


FIG. 1 FIG. 2 


FIG. 3 FIG. 4 


Maniola jurtina splendida White. Figs. 1 and 2, male syntype upper- 
side and underside respectively. Figs. 3 and 4, female syntype upperside and 
underside respectively. All natural size. 


The Rhopalocera section of Insecta Scotica lists some thirty- 
six species occurring in the country, although this number includes 
unconfirmed species such as Pyronia tithonus (Linnaeus), Argynnis 
adippe (Denis and Schiffermuller) and Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus). 
He discounts Erebia ligea (Linnaeus) and does not include Cartero- 


*Department of Biology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA. 


90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


cephalus palaemon (Pallas) which was not found in Scotland until 
more than thirty years after his death. The only mention of a ‘new’ 
butterfly in this section of his work is the form of Maniola 
jurtina (Linnaeus) called splendida which he describes thus: 

“Var. (and ab.) splendida. — Larger and brighter coloured; the 
apical spot of the front wing with two white dots.” And he continues: 
“Found by Mr. A. Davidson in the island of Longa, on the west 
coast of Ross-shire. Mr. Davidson informs me that it is very plentiful 
in the island, and that it is the only form occurring there. Oc- 
casionally in Aberdeenshire (J. W. H. Traill). I have taken this variety 
in the island of Capri near Naples.” Note that the locality is Longa 
Island, Ross-shire — not Lunga, Argyllshire as stated in Higgins and 
Riley (1970, 1973, 1975, 1980). 

Buchanan White did not designate types as such, but it would 
be expected that he would have retained examples of this race in his 
collection. P. P. Graves (1930) in his redescription of splendida said 
that he had searched for the Buchanan White ‘types’ in the Perth 
Collection without success: “Buchanan White’s types could not be 
found in the Perth County Museum. . .” 

No further search for splendida was made until the White 
collection was examined for the purposes of the author’s work 
on Maniola (Thomson, 1969, 1970). My quest was no more suc- 
cessful than that of Graves some thirty-nine years earlier, although 
there were specimens of the Capri form to which White referred in 
his description. There the matter would have rested had it not been 
for an accidental discovery. While studying the collection of Lepi- 
doptera for a quite different purpose (Thomson, 1980), I noticed 
that the contents of box number 15 comprised an odd mixture of 
families including Noctuidae, Geometridae, Arctiidae, Saturniidae, 
Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae and also a number of Micro- 
lepidoptera. The most interesting specimens were those in the last 
row, three jurtina, a set male and female and a pinned but unset 
female, all being of the form found in the north-west of Scotland 
which we know as splendida. The three jurtina were unlabelled. Nor 
had they numbers referring to entries in one of the cabinet books 
in which White kept note of specimen data. Two volumes of his 
notes survive, although the first 200 entries in the first book have 
been lost. It is unlikely that these specimens were added to the col- 
lection by someone else at a later date. The insect collections in the 
Perth Museum, until very recently, have been carefully segregated 
and kept as individual collections rather than being absorbed in a 
single large collection. There was a separate ‘Perthshire Collection’ 
and some use of individual specimens has been made from time to 
time for display purposes. It is more probable that the odd assort- 
ment of lepidopterous insects in case 15 represents material given 
to White. All of his main collection was of his own making, suppli- 
mented by purchased specimens of rarer european species. The 
comment in his description, “found by Mr. Davidson in Longa’, 
would suggest that the three jurtina were given to him by Davidson 
and the two set specimens are those on which he based his 
description. 


THE ‘TYPES’ OF MANIOLA JURTINA SPLENDIDA WHITE 91 


The ‘types’ themselves are worth close examination as they 
contrast greatly with Graves’ topotypes illustrated in his plate, 
particularly in the female underside. Graves’ material had a rather 
uniform underside to the forewings in the females with a some- 
what pale underside to the hindwings on which the fulvous streak 
between the discal and postdiscal areas (Hubner’s line) stands out 
clearly. It has already been suggested that his series was atypical of 
the north-western race in this respect (Thomson, 1970). On the 
other hand, the Buchanan White pair is representative of the wide- 
spread splendida form, having an extremely well marked medial 
line between the basal and postdiscal areas of the female underside 
forewing. Furthermore, this form has a rather dark underside hind- 
wing which tends to obscure the fulvous Hubner’s line. In all other 
respects both the male and the female are similar to Graves’ speci- 
mens having large bipupilled apical eyespots and the extensive 
fulvous markings in both sexes. 

The specimens in the Buchanan White collection have been de- 
signated as types and labelled thus: 

(a) subspecies splendida White. Syntype male (figs. 1 and 2). 
North-west Scotland, probably Longa Island, Ross-shire: A. David- 
son. 
(b) subspeices splendida White. Syntype female (figs. 3 and 4). 
North-west Scotland, probably Longa Island, Ross-shire: A. Davidson. 

The third (unset) specimen found beside the abovementioned 
types has been labelled: 

(c)subspecies splendida White. Syntype female. 

North-west Scotland, probably Longa Island, Ross-shire: A. David- 
son. 

All specimens remain in the Perth Museum. 


Acknowledgements 


My sincere thanks go to Mr. James Blair, Curator of the Perth 
Museum and Art Gallery and Mr. Michael Taylor, Keeper of Natural 
History, for their generous help while I was working in the museum 
and for allowing me access to the Buchanan White collections. 


References 


Graves, P. P., 1930. The British and Irish Maniola jurtina L. (Lep. Satyridae). 
Entomologist 63: 49-52, \nlate 1. 

Higgins, L. G. and Riley, N. D., 1970. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of 
Britain and Europe, Collins. 


1973; ——_____———_ 2nd edition 
1975 3rd edition 
1980 ———_____———————___ 4th edition 


revised and reset. 

Thomson, G., 1969. Maniola (Epinephele) jurtina L. (Lep. Satyridae) and its 
forms. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 81: 7-14, 51-58, 83-90, 116-117. 
——--———— , 1970. On the nature of Maniola jurtina splendida B. White (Lep. 

Satyridae). Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 82: 261-268. 
—--——-—-— , 1980. The Butterflies of Scotland: a Natural History. Croom 
Helm, London. 
White, F. B. W., 1872. Insecta Scotica. Scott. Nat. 1871-72: 162-168, 198-202, 
238-241, 273-275. 


a THE DECLINE OF THE INDIGENOUS 


MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF ABBOT’S WOOD, 
EAST SUSSEX 


By M. HADLEY B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.R.E.S.* 


Whilst recording the demise of various native Lepidoptera for 
the Nature Conservancy Council, it was immediately apparent that 
a significant number of species had been lost from Abbot’s Wood, 
a favourite haunt of the Victorian collector. The woodland was 
known to many if not to most of the great Lepidopterists of the 
past century. So fine were the stands of mature Oaks, and how 
common were the specialities, that Thomas Salvage ran a Butterfly 
Farm on its outskirts, trading on the abundant material contained 
therein. The author having spent most of his entomologically 
‘formative’ years collecting in the Eastbourne area, feels compelled 
therefore to put pen to paper concerning the loss of species that 
this woodland has suffered. 

The woodland is approximately 1% miles square in area, and 
situated just north-west of Polegate. Unlike many modern wood- 
lands, there has been no overall change in its size, although the 
surrounding environs have seen much agricultural improvement. 
However, there have been considerable changes within its borders. 
These can be examined by consulting the Ordnance Surveys of 
1898 and 1925, and through to the present day. The woodland 
was totally deciduous prior to the turn of the century, consisting 
mainly of mature trees of great antiquity, until the 1939-45 war 
when most of the oaks were felled, excepting those of consitituent 
woodlands on the periphery. The first signs of coniferisation began 
with a very small plantation on the 1925 O.S. revision in the centre 
of the wood. Nowadays the whole area, excepting the fringes, stands 
as a monument to the softwood industry. 

This paper compares the qualitative and quantitative changes 
that have happened to the Macrolepidoptera. Only species that 
are resident have been used in this compilation, with known mi- 
gratory species excluded from the comparison. 

!The Macrolepidoptera are defined here as those species repre- 
sented in volumes 1 and 2 of South’s Moths of the British Isles 


Methods of Comparison 


Eastbourne is unusual in many respects, but none less than the 
fact that it has a detailed entomological history. The history of 
the Lepidoptera in the Eastbourne area has been covered by four 
separate publications from 1885 until the present date. 

The first list covering the whole of Sussex, Jenner (1885), 
issued in the Proceedings of the Eastbourne Natural History Society. 
The present author extracted all records cited for Abbot’s Wood and 
where species had been noted as common, or abundant throughout 


*Nature Conservancy Council, 19-20 Belgrave Square, London, SW1X 8PY. 


93 
DECLINE OF INDIGENOUS MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF ABBOT’S WOOD 


the county’s woodlands. ‘his paper comprised two lists supplied to 
J. H. A. Jenner by Messrs. G. T. Porritt and W. H. Tugwell, both of 
whom collected extensively in the area. 

The second list of species for the county is that of Goss and 
Fletcher (1905), in the Victorian County History of Sussex. The 
species lists in this were largely drawn up by J. H. A. Jenner and 
W. H. B. Fletcher, although notable contributors were R. Adkin, 
J. Anderson, C. G. Barrett, W. M. Christy, A. C. Vine and many 
others. Again, the same technique was applied, of extracting records 
specifically relating to the area and those species which it was stated 
were general to the County’s woodlands. 

The third publication is perhaps the best known upon the area, 
if not one of the best produced local lists of its kind. Issued in parts 
between 1928 and 1934, the critical volume dealing with the moths 
was published in 1930, in the Transactions of the Eastbourne 
Natural History, Photographic and Literary Society. This dealt with 
the detailed distribution of all species, and Adkin noted clearly 
whether species were present at the time of writing. This fine list 
was accompanied by a long series of half-tone plates of the common 
species. 

The last list to cover the wood was that of the present author, 
Hadley (1980). Records from Abbots Wood were abstracted but 
noteworthy lists for the woodlands were submitted by Messrs. 
C. Pratt, S. W. P. Pooles and M. Parsons. 

This completed a series of publications documenting the history 
of this woodland from 1885 until the present day. To aid complete- 
ness of this report, data held at the Biological Records Centre at 
Monks Wood was abstracted and checked to make sure no note- 
worthy species had been overlooked. 

For the purposes of this comparision, the lists of Jenner, Adkin 
and Hadley were used. The present writer decided against use of the 
Victoria County History, as all species covered by that list for the 
area in question are listed by Adkin (1930). 


Results 


In a paper of this sort, long species lists have only a limited use, 
so I decided to omit these from the published account for the sake 
of brevity, and also because, for the purposes of comparison, ‘species 
totals’ are of more significance. Table One shows the total number 
of species which were recorded by each author for the wood. The 
number of species found to occur in the wood in all three accounts 
(ie. 1885-1980) was 156. 

In each list, there were a number of species which did not 
occur in either of the other two lists, and these may be accounted 
for by temporary residence, migration (note that well known 
migrants were excluded from the compilation wherever possible), 
overlooked species and species that had not been taxonomically 
separated. The total number of species in this category for each 
author was Jenner 44, Adkin 47 and Hadley 24. 


94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


Extinctions in the area were treated as species that were noted 
as being present by a particular author, but not recorded before 
or after. For example, Jenner recorded Apamea sublustris (Esp.), 
but the species was not recorded by either Adkin or Hadley, and 
Apamea crenata (Hufn.) which was noted by Jenner and Adkin, 
but not by Hadley. Thus, species lost between 1885 and 1930 total- 
led 44, and those lost between 1930 and 1980 equalled 95. Provision 
was made for species that were not recorded by Adkin but were 
noted by the other two authors: these species totalled 19. The 
total number of species recorded for the whole period 1885-1980 
was 423 species. 


Discussion 


I do not intend to enter into a lengthy discourse on these 
results, but shall highlight some of the major factors. 

A steady decline in the Macrolepidoptera of Abbots Wood is 
happening now, and has been going on for nearly a century, an 
acceleration in this trend has occurred since the 1930s. This decline 
is substantiated by three sets of data. Thus, the total number of 
species has declined (since 1930), the number of new arrivals has 
declined, and the number of species becoming extinct has increased 
from 44 to 95 during the two last recording periods. 

Three major factors must be considered to have shaped these 
results: habitat loss, climate and changing collecting techniques. 
Trapping using Mercury Vapour light is an efficient and highly 
productive method of sampling a fauna, but it tends to make a 
lepidopterist slothful and lazy (speaking from experience), and 
traditional techniques such as sugaring and beating get forgotten 
so that many species are overlooked this way. For this reason, the 
writer feels the advantage of light for collecting has been offset 
by the loss of traditional techniques and has consequently lent only 
minimal bias to the results. Climate is as unpredictable as the beasts 
themselves. However, it is believed, and there seems to be a general 
concensus of opinion of this, that there has been a downturn in the 
climate this century. Lastly, and perhaps most significantly, the 
changing environment within the wood cannot be underestimated. 
The final blow to the woodland species came with the felling of the 
great stands of oaks just after the 1939-45 war, and latterly, affore- 
station by the Forestry Commission, resulting in the present day 
legacy of substantial areas of sterile conifer plantations and regularly 
mown rides. 

Table 2 shows the species of Draft Red Data Book status which 
have occurred in the wood since recording began. It paints a de- 
pressing picture of loss. Siona lineata (Scop.) probably died out due 
to natural causes, change of climate or lack of suitable habitat for 
the larvae. The remainder of the species were recorded again by 
Adkin, and he turned up specimens of Catocala promissa (D. & S.) 
which was probably temporarily established in the area. However, 
fifty years after Adkin, not a single Draft Red Book species remains, 
for which habitat loss and climate must be blamed. 


95 
DECLINE OF INDIGENOUS MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF ABBOT’S WOOD 


TABLE ONE 


Histogram to show the total number of species 
recorded from Abbot's Wood by each author. 


Number of species recorded 


1885 1930-34 1980 


Dates of lists compared 


TABLE TWO 


Table of draft Red Data Book species of Moths Recorded from 
Abbot's Wood,East Sussex. 


Red Data Book Species recorded by:= 
Category Jenner Adkin Hadley 
Siona lineata 
Cucullia gnaphalii 
See eer pet Cte es 
Eriogaster lanestris 


Hemaris fuciformis 


Hemaris tityus 


Jodia croceago 
Momo alpium 
Catocala promissa 


Heterogenea asella 


Cyclophora pendularia 


+ indicates presence of species 


96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


The only recent success was the establishment of a colony of 
Spargania luctuata (D. & S.) during the 1960’s and early 1970’s, 
in the one remaining area of the woods that remains in a similar 
condition to when it was first constituted, namely that of the area 
known as Milton Hide. Encouraging signs have been the opening of 
the rides by the Forestry Commission and the clearence of some of 
the large tracts of Gorse that were becoming rampant. One cannot 
underestimate the negative effect of routine ride maintenance as 
it reduces floral diversity, upon which adult insects are dependent 
as well as pruning back severely sources of larval foodplants. A 
rotational system leaving wide ride margins would be less labour 
intensive and ecologically preferable. The clearing of many of the 
other areas together with the planting of young birch and other 
broadleaves has had beneficial results, with several species reoc- 
curing after absences of many decades, species such as Acronicta alni 
(Linn.) and Furcula bicuspis (Borkh.). If this trend is continued the 
long-term future of the woodland is not so bleak as one might 
expect. 


Acknowledgements 


The writer would like to make due acknowledgement of the re- 
sources and time of the Nature Conservancy Council and the Bio- 
logical Records Centre, Monks Wood, in the compilation of this 
paper. 

Individually I wish to express my thanks to A. E. Stubbs, 
J. Heath, C. Pratt, M. Parsons and S. W. P. Pooles for their kind 
help, advice, and constructive criticism. 


References 


Adkin R., 1930. The Moths of Eastbourne Part 1. Trans. Eastbourne Nat. 
Hist., Photographic and Literary Soc. Vol. X. 

Adkin R., 1934. The Butterflies and Moths of Eastbourne. lst Supplement. 
Additions and corrections. Trans. Eastbourne Nat. Hist. Photographic 
and Literary Sol. Vol. X. 

Bradley J. D. & Fletcher D. S., 1979. Recorders Log Book or Label List of 
British Butterflies and Moths. Curwen Books. 

Goss, H. & Fletcher, W. H. B., 1905, Lepidoptera in Victoria County History 
of Sussex. 

Hadley, M., 1977. The Macrolepidoptera of Eastbourne (Excluding Butter- 
flies). Ent. Rec. J. Var., 89: 2. 

Hadley M., 1980. An Annotated list of the Macrolepidoptera of Eastbourne 
(Excl. Butterflies). Nature Conservancy Council, S. E. Region. 

Jenner J. H. A., 1885. Macrolepidoptera of East Sussex. Trans. Eastbourne 
Nat. Hist. Soc. 

South R., 1961. The Moths of the British Isles. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. 


PYRRHOCORIS APTERUS L. (HEM.: PYRRHOCORIDAE ) IN DOR- 
SET. — In July 1979 I was brought two specimens of Pyrrhocoris 
apterus which had been taken at Kimmeridge on the Dorset coast. 
The only known permanent colony for this handsome black and red 
species is on Oar Stone Rock, a small island off the Devon coast, 
near Torquay, where it has been present for very many years. — 
S. C. S. BROWN, 158 Harewood Road, Bournemouth, Dorset. 


97 
MICROLEPIDOPTERA: 


A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1981 
By the Rev. DAVID J. L. AGASSIz* 


1981 was not a year many lepidopterists in Britain will re- 
member with great relish. The Spring was cold and wet and seemed 
to go on long after it should have been Summer. Even if the moths 
were enduring the weather there were few opportunities for students 
to pursue them in those months when so many larvae can be found. 

It seemed in due course that the insects also had not fared very 
well, for when better weather came, which it did in July and August, 
the population of many species seemed to be smaller than usual, as 
was the case with the larger moths. 

Books are often set aside in favour of field work during the 
height of the season, but this year was cheered by the publication 
in the summer of The Smaller Moths of Essex by A. M. Emmet. 
Not many counties have a good list of ‘micro’ species and very 
seldom is such a list produced separately; it is therefore a comment 
on the prominence of the study of smaller species that a County 
Field Club should undertake such a work at this time. The list itself 
is a tribute to the energy and thoroughness of the author, and it 
is I believe the first attempt at mapping microlepidoptera by 10km 
grid squares. 

Excitement is often aroused by species added to the British list, 
and these also were few. However, it often happens that discoveries 
of this kind only come to light a year or more later, and this was 
the position in 1981. Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs was taken by 
several collectors in Kent where it seems to be established as resident 
and presumed to be feeding on Norway Spruce; it transpired that the 
first specimen was taken by J. M. Chalmers-Hunt the previous year, 
but the identity was established, and the species found to be resident 
in 1981. It will be interesting to see how widespread this species 
becomes, for so many recent colonists of our Islands are associated 
with conifers. This is not surprising in view of the addiction of 
foresters to the growing of these, but despite that one suspects that 
more species may yet be found if only entomologists were more 
prepared to endure the monotony of these plantations and work 
them thoroughly, looking for likely species which are known to 
occur on the continent of Europe. Towards the end of the year it 
became clear that Oegoconia caradjai Popescu-Gorj & Capuse was 
a resident species which had hitherto been confused with O. quad- 
ripuncta Haw. This makes for a small number of additions, none 
first taken in 1981, but already there are indications of one of two 
others which may come to light in 1982 or thereafter. 

Species added in recent years continued to be found, as usually 
happens, for example Scythris inspersella Hubn., Coleophora linosy- 
ridella Fuchs and Metzneria aprilella H.-S. were bred, the latter in 
great numbers from Centaurea scabiosa, but in no case was the 
known distribution significantly extended. 


* The Vicarage, 10 High View Avenue, Grays, Essex RM17 6RU. 


98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


As for rare species, it was encouraging to hear of a further 
record of Paramesia gnomana Cl. of which the first authentic speci- 
mens were taken by Godfray in 1977. A third specimen of Lam- 
pronia flavimitrella Hb. was taken in Kent by N. F. Heal, but its 
life history remains to be unravelled. Many searches for Agonopterix 
astrantieae Hein. in the South of England proved fruitless, but two 
were bred from North Wales by H. N. Michaelis. His name should 
have been included in my Review of the Year 1980 among the 
discoverers of Bucculatrix cidarella Zell. feeding on Myrica gale, a 
habit which has now been reported from Ireland. 

Sustained interest in the microlepidoptera has produced a 
number of interesting records, which demonstrates the value of 
study in this and other less popular fields. It is remarkable that 
even in big cities like London, species of considerable interest can 
still be found. The list of species recorded from Buckingham Palace 
by Dr. J. Bradley continues to grow, and in recent years has in- 
cluded Morophaga choragella D. & S., Coleophora tamesis Waters, 
Aroga velocella Zell., and Teleiodes alburnella Zell.; S. A. Knill- 
Jones has recorded Nemapogon granella Linn. and Tinea pallescen- 
tella Stt. from central London, and at Hampstead R. A. Softly has 
had Microthrix similella Zinck. 

There now follows a list of some of the more interesting records, 
inevitably it is incomplete, and another person would select different 
species for mention; I have tried to include new, or renewed county 
records which extend the known range of a species and other less 
common species which seemed worthy of comment. They are 
arranged in the order of Kloet & Hincks (1972). Micropterix tun- 
bergella Fabr., Perthshire (K. P. Bland); Stigmella samiatella Zell., 
N. E. Essex (A. M. Emmet) more than doubling the number of 
specimens taken in Britain; S. acetosae Stt.; Adela croesella Scop.., 
Dumfries (K. P. Bland); Meesia richardsoni Wals. still resident at 
Portland (D. J. Sterling); Monopis imella Hb., Co. Cork, Eire (D. J. 
L. Agassiz); Ypsolopha lucella Fabr. including a o’, Suffolk (A. M. 
Emmet); Coleophora violacea Str8m. Perthshire (K. P. Bland); 
C. vibicigerella Zell., Kent (N. F. Heal & R. & A. J. Fairclough); 
C. machinella Bradley, Surrey (R. & A. J. Fairclough); C. argentula 
Steph., E. Lothian and C. sylvaticella Wood, Aberdeen (K. P. Bland); 
Esperia oliviella Fabr., Kent (J. Fenn) and Hants. (D. J. Sterling); 
Agonopterix bipunctosa Curtis, Anglesey (H. N. Michaelis) and 
Cardiganshire (A. N. B. Simpson); Eulamprotes wilkella Linn., Essex 
(A. M. Emmet); Syncopacma larseniella Gozm. from many localities 
after R. J. Heckford! showed that most records of S. cinctella Cl. 
refer to this species; Blastodacna atra Haw., Hants. (J. R. Lang- 
maid); Phalonia minimana Carad. and Aphelia unitana Hb., Selkirk 
(K. P. Bland); Olethreutes arcuella Cl., Kent (J. Fenn) and lastly a 
specimen of the rare migrant Ewchromius ocellea Haw. was taken 
in Kent in November by B. F. Skinner. 


lWe expect publication of a paper by R. J. Heckford on Syncopacma 
larseniella in the next issue of the Record — Editor. 


ADDITIONS TO THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA 
OF YORKSHIRE 


By S. M. JACKSON* 


Since publication in 1970 of The Lepidoptera of Yorkshire 
(Macro-lepidoptera), compiled by members of the Lepidoptera 
Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and edited by 
C. I. Rutherford, there have been 12 additions to the County list 
as set out below. Nomenclature accords with that of Kloet & Hincks 
(1972). 

Pseudoips prasinana L.: Scarce Silver Lines. This species has 
long been known to occur in N. Lincs., but the first authentic 
Yorkshire record is of five larvae being beaten from oak at Potteric 
Carr Nature Reserve (vc. 63) by R. I. Heppenstall in late May 1978. 
He later took the moth at light at Rossington, near Doncaster 
(vc. 63) on 28th July 1978. 

Meganola albula D. & S.: Kent Black Arches. One taken at 
m.v. light by P.Q. Winter at Muston near Filey (vc.61) on 16th July 
1973. This is the first northern record of a species usually found 
south of London, especially on the coasts of Kent, Sussex and Hants. 

Nola aerugula Hbn.: Scarce Black Arches. This species was 
added to the Yorkshire list when Barry Spence took two at light at 
Kilnsea (vc. 61), one on 26th and one on 27th July 1980. 

Simyra albovenosa Goeze: Powdered Wainscot or Reed Dagger. 
Found for the first time in Yorkshire in 1970 when B. Spence took 
it near the reed bed at Kilnsea (vc. 61). It is now considered to be 
extinct there as the habitat has been washed into the sea. 

Mythimna vitellina Hbn.: Delicate. Was taken for the first time 
in Yorkshire at Muston near Filey (vc. 61), on 11th October 1978, 
by P. Q. Winter. 

Lithacodia pygarga Hufn.: Marbled White Spot. Although there 
is an old record for Wharncliffe Woods from 1872, this was later 
considered erroneous. Therefore, when several were seen at light 
on Skipwith Common (ve. 61) on Ist July 1978 by W. Jagger and 
S. M. Jackson, this was regarded as constituting a new county record. 
The species has also been seen there annually up to 1981. 

Scopula marginepunctata Goeze: Mullein Wave. Recorded for 
the first time in Yorkshire by S. L. Sutton, who took it at Spurn 
(vc. 61) on 16th August 1972. 

Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata Clerck: Large Twin-spot Carpet. After 
recently extending its range into Notts., this species was first noticed 
in Yorkshire in 1978, by Ray Hawley at Hornsea Mere (ve. 61), 
and later, A. S. Ezard noted it at Rudston (vc. 61) on 28th July and 
18th August 1980. 

Eupithecia insigniata Hbn.: Pinion-spotted Pug. First found in 
Yorkshire when Paul Ingham took two at Snainton (vc. 62) on Sth 
and 6th June 1977. Also taken at East Ayton (vc. 62) in 1979, and 
at Muston near Filey (vc. 61) on 7th June 1979. 

Chloroclystis chloerata Mabille: Sloe Pug. First noticed in 
Yorkshire by P. Q. Winter who found larvae on sloe at Muston on 


*22 Armoury Road, Selby, N. Yorkshire YO8 OAY. 


100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


4th May 1975, then at Settrington near Malton on 5th May 1976 
and at Harpham near Driffield on 1st May 1977 (all in vc. 61). Also 
found at Wass (vc. 62) by Dr. A. M. R. Heron. 

Semiothisa notata L.: Peacock Moth. The sole Yorkshire record 
is of one taken at m.v. light in Staindale near Pickering (vc. 62) 
on 27th August 1977 by P. Q. Winter and S. M. Jackson. 

Deileptenia ribeata Clerck: Satin Beauty. This species, long 
known to occur in N. Lancashire, was not noticed in Yorkshire 
until August 1974 when S. M. Jackson recognised some worn speci- 
mens (by their pectinated antennae), which came to m.y. light 
operated by W. Jagger near Pickering. The species, probably pre- 
viously confused with Alcis repandata L., is now known to be 
widespread in north-east Yorkshire, with further records from Wass, 
Scarborough, Buttercrambe Woods (1980 and 1981) and Pickering 
(all in ve. 62). 


Moths of Southern Africa by E. C. G. Pinhey. 273pp. 63 col. pl. + 
18 fig. 4to. Cloth. Pub. A. A. Balkema (Rotterdam) 1979. 
21S: 

To attempt to cover the moths of Southern Africa, estimated as 
exceeding 10,000 species, in a single volume is a daunting task. This 
volume describes and illustrates some 1183 species selected from the 
majority of families as representing the more colourful or interesting 
species, or those of economic importance. The vast bulk come from 
the families of larger moths. Introductory chapters cover general 
characteristics and biology, collecting, rearing and preparing insects 
and identification and classification. 

The bulk of the text comprises the systematic section. The 
general format provides keys to families where appropriate. A des- 
cription of the family is given and there follows a treatment of 
selected genera. Each genus has the reference to its original descrip- 
tion, synonymy and name of type species. Individual species are 
similarly treated with a description of salient features (usually wing 
patterns), notes on larvae (where known) and distribution. 

In a work of this nature, the illustrations are of paramount 
importance. The plates are made from photographs of set specimens 
and on the whole are of excellent quality. The specimens are photo- 
graphed against a variety of coloured backgrounds, predominately 
white and blue/green. The latter is very effective for light coloured 
insects but unfortunately many white-winged moths are pictured 
against white backgrounds making identification impossible. Each 
specimen is numbered to enable easy reference to the text descrip- 
tion. The work concludes with a glossary, bibliography and three 
indices — to pest species, host plants, and a general index. 

On the whole, the author has produced a readable and useful 
work, although the juxtaposition of general introduction and 
detailed references to original descriptions suggests an attempt to 
cater for too wide a readership. The presentation of the volume is 
very good and there is an attractive, painted frontispiece. Consider- 
ing the quality and quantity of the illustrations, the price represents 
very good value. — PAUL SOKOLOFF. 


01 
DERMAPTERA FROM THE GUNONG MULU 


NATIONAL PARK, BORNEO. 
A CORRECTION AND AN ADDITION 


By A. BRINDLE* 


In a previous paper on the earwigs collected in the Gunong 
Mulu National Park (Brindle 1980), three female earwigs were listed 
as Parapericomus sp. Philip Chapman, to whom I am indebted for 
some of the earlier specimens, has now collected three more of this 
species, of which one is a male, and this shows that the species 
concerned is Nala ornata Borelli and not Parapericomus. The three 
latest specimens were taken under damp rocks near the stream by 
Lubang Payau Air (Deer Water Cave), 22.8.1980. Nala ornata was 
originally recorded from south of Gunong Mulu in the Baram 
river area. The entry in Brindle (1980) “4. Parapericomus sp.” 
thus should be replaced with “4. Nala ornata Borelli’, and 
the family is Labiduridae. The family Labiidae begins with 
“5S. Auchenomus setulosus Burr”. 

A single female of Chelisoches brevipennis Borelli (Cheliso- 
chidae) was found on guano in a pocket in the flowstone wall of 
Water Polo Cave (formerly Pinnacles Cave), Gunung Api, 18.12.1980. 
Although female earwigs are often difficult to name satisfactorily, 
this species is distinctive in closely resembling the common Oriental 
and Australasian C. morio (F.), from which it is distinguished by 
the short elytra and reduced wings. Originally described from Los 
Banos, Luzon, Philippine Islands (Borelli, 1923), it is identical, 
according to Borelli (19314) with C. bimammatus Hebard, the 
latter name being a synonym. Interestingly the latter was described 
from Batu Cave, Selangor, Malaysia, so there seems to be a correla- 
tion of habitat. From known habits of C. morio, C. brevipennis is 
likely to be a predator of smaller animals. 

The list of earwigs from the Gunong Mulu National Park is thus 


eight. 


References 


Borelli, A., 1923. Dermatteri della Isole Filippine. Boll. Musei Zool. 
Anat. comp. R. Univ. Torino 21 (No. 13): 1-20. 

———., 19314. Dermapteres de la Presqu’ile Malaise. Bull. Raffles 
Mus. 6-9: 80-95. 

Brindle, A., 1980. Dermaptera from the Gunong Mulu National 
Park, Borneo. Ent. Rec. 92: 172-175. 


*Entomology Department, Manchester Museum, University of Manchaster, 
Manchester M13 9PL. 


CE2ZESSO 


102 BUCCULATRIX CIDARELLA ZELLER, 


(LEP. LYONETIIDAE)'ON MY RICA GALE 


By H. N. MICHAELIS* 


In the works and published notes consulted, alder is always 
listed as the sole foodplant of this species. On 8th September 1980, 
I took E. C. Pelham-Clinton and J. Langmaid to a low lying marsh 
(100 ft.) near Llanbedrgoch, Anglesey (VC 52). Our object was to 
look for Agonopterix bipunctosa (Curtis) among the Serratula 
tinctoria (Saw-wort) and Glyphipterix schoenicolella Boyd; the 
last was already recorded from the site. There is a fine growth of 
Myrica gale on which J. L. found empty leaf-mines which prompted 
a search producing vacated circular white spinnings of the moulting 
“chambers” of a Bucculatrix species. A few larvae were found of 
which most fell to the ground, together with a few inhabited moul- 
ting spinnings. Beating into our nets showed that many larvae were 
present. Some of these spun up the next day on the lid and sides of 
the box in a yellowish-grey ribbed shuttle-shaped cocoon. The 
larvae feed on the underside of the leaf after vacating the mine, and 
leave the upper cuticle intact to form a window pattern of feeding, 
which cannot in shape be confused with the typical Coleophorid 
mine of C. viminetella Zeller, which was also present. 

As we thought and hoped we had a species new to Britain, 
I attempted to force an early emergence by means of refrigeration 
followed by gentle heat. This did not succeed and the remaining 
cocoons were kept in a cold frame to produce moths from 26th 
May to 18th June 1981. On 11th September, E.C.P.-C. and J. L. 
went to Borth Bog, Cardigan (VC 46) to meet Maitland Emmet and 
all found larvae plentiful on Myrica. A further visit by H.N.M. to a 
more western site in Anglesey showed larvae to be equally plentiful. 
As the shrub is plentiful on high ground in Snowdonia (VC 49), 
search was made at varying heights up to 1,200 feet in the next 
two weeks, but no sign of larvae or feeding pattern was seen on the 
Myrica there, though a few moulting spinnings were seen on alder 
leaves nearby. Conversely, there is a stand of alder within 100 yards 
of the Llanbedrgoch Myrica and though beaten and searched in June 
and August 1981, neither moth nor larva was seen among this alder. 

The 1980 moths appeared to be cidarella and this was later 
proved by genitalia preparations made by E.C.P.-C., J.L. and J.D. 
Bradley. As further confirmation, I am told that Mark Shaw was able 
to feed Anglesey larvae from Myrica on alder leaves. 

In October 1980, I searched for an hour for cocoons on bran- 
ches and stems of Myrica and found only one. Remembering that 
cocoons of B. maritima Stainton are found on nearby grass leaves 
rather than on Aster tripolium, I found five cocoons of B. cidarella 
on grass and sedge leaves; these had weathered to brownish and the 
cocoons were not easily seen. I visited the same site on the evening 
of 23rd June 1981 and found moths resting on or flying around 
Myrica from 1700 hrs. onwards (many were also disturbed by beat- 


*5 Glan-y-mor, Glan Conwy, Colwyn Bay. LL28 5TA. 


BUCCULATRIX CIDARELLA ZELLER ON MYRICA GALE 103 


ing). Possibly, this was a mating flight though I saw no paired moths. 

Meyrick says this moth is fairly common among alder, though I 
have never found it so in north Wales or in north-west England 
where alder is plentiful and in Lancashire is used for making the 
soles of clogs. In fact, I usually find it only singly as a mine, larva or 
moth. What little I have seen of the Myrica feeder suggests that it 
occurs on low ground, possibly near western coasts. There is a fine 
growth of Myrica in a similar situation at Witherslack (VC 69) which 
might be worth searching in August or September. Though the 
species has a new foodplant on which it seems to congregate in 
large numbers when compared with alder, there is no suggestion that 
it should be raised to sub-specific rank. 

To conclude, on that pleasant September day, E.C.P.-C. and 
J. L. had Glyphipterix schoenicolella which was new to one or 
both, and I found one Agonopterix bipunctosa new to me and 
probably to north Wales. 


References 


Eckstein, K. 1933. Die Kleine Schmetterlinge Deutschlands. 

Hering, E. M. 1951. Biology of the Leaf Miners. 

Meyrick, E. 1927. A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. 
Stainton, H. T. 1874. Observations on Tineina, Ent. Ann., 1874: 43 
Tutt, J. W. 1905 Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist, 3: 89 


FOODPLANT OF COLEOPHORA SALICORNIAE WOCKE IDENTI- 
FIED AS SALICORNIA FRAGILIS P. W. BALL AND TUTIN. — The 
larval cases of Coleophora salicorniae reputedly being found 
on one species of Glasswort only, and in the hope of avoiding a 
repetition of the abortive search of the acres of foodplant that 
cover the saltmarshes at this time of the year, I took a plant upon 
which I found two larvae at Stoke Saltings, Kent on 11th October, 
1981 to the Maidstone Museum where Mr. Eric Philp kindly named 
it as S. fragilis which is one of the common species found in the 
‘middle’ saltmarsh zone, particularly on the pure mud sides of 
channels below the fringe of Halimione and often forming pure 
stands. — N. F. HEAL, Fosters, Detling Hill, Nr. Maidstone, Kent. 


THE WOOD WHITE: LEPTIDEA SINAPIS L. IN SOUTH DEVON. — 
On 6th August 1981 a pair of wood whites were seen flying over 
rough vegetation on the undercliff to the west of Branscombe on the 
South Devon coast. These insects were observed for some thirty 
minutes and seemed perfectly at home in an area more akin to their 
typical habitat in continental Europe than on the English mainland. 
There are plenty of trees in the area — beech and oak being domi- 
nant — but no large areas of unbroken woodland similar to that 
which is the favoured habitat for this insect in Surrey and Sussex. — 
P. J. BAKER, Mount Vale, The Drive, Virginia Water, Surrey. 


ERYNNIS TAGES L. AB. RADIATA BROWN: A CORRECTION. — 
In vol. 94. p. 69, line 5, for Mr. John Swiner read Mr. John Simner. 
—R.D.G. BARRINGTON. 


104 
RECORDS OF PHORIDAE (DIPTERA) REARED FROM 
FUNGI 
By R. H. L. DISNEY * and R. E. EVANS ** 


One of us (R.E.E.) reared a number of Phoridae from fungi 
collected at various localities in Norfolk during 1980. The following 
species were obtained: 

Megaselia bovista (Gimmerthal) 

Nine from Lycoperdon (= Calvatia, = Langermannia) giganteum 
(= L. bovista) in August, from North Tuddenham Common (Grid 
ref. 63/0311). Gimmerthal (1848) reared this species from L. 
giganteum. Colyer (1954) reported it from cultivated mushrooms 
(Agaricus bisporus). 

Megaselia bux toni Colyer 

Five from Thelephora terrestris in September and October from 
Swanton Novers Wood (63/0032). Previously it has been reported 
from Pleurotus cornucopiae, Polyporus squamosus and Gloeoporus 
(= Polyporus) fumosus (= Bjerkandera fumosa) (Colyer 1954, 
Buxton, 1961, Chandler, 1973). 

Megaselia flava (Fallen) 

Six from Peziza varia in July and August, from Warren Wood 
(63/0911); four from Pluteus cervinus in August and September, 
from Wayland Wood (52/9299); and 42 from Peziza micropus in 
August, from Wayland Wood. Previously reported from Peziza (= 
Aleuria) repanda (Colyer, 1954), Russula heterophylla (Schmitz, 
1948), R. aeruginea (Eisfelder, 1956), Cortinellus edodes (Kiyoku, 
1968) Amanita and Tricholomopsis (Chandler, 1978). 

Megaselia flavicans Schmitz 

Six from Amanita excelsa in June from Mousehold Heath 
(63/2410); and eight from Russula cyanoxantha in September, 
from Holkham Woods (53/9045). Previously reared from 15 other 
oan of fungi (Schmitz, 1948, Eisfelder, 1956, Disney & Evans, 
1978). 

Megaselia impolluta (Schmitz) 

Eight from Pluteus minutissimus in August, from Warren Wood. 
Previously reared from Pluteus umbrosus (Colyer, 1954) and a 
rotten Pleurotus sp. (Disney & Evans, 1979). 


Megaselia lutea (Meigen) 

38 from Russula vesca in June and July, from Honingham Fen 
(63/0911); and nine from Russula lepida inSeptember and October, 
from Lenwade Pits (63/1018). Previously reared from 36 species 
of fungi, including these two (Schmitz, 1948, Eisfelder, 1956, 
Buxton, 1961, Disney & Evans, 1979). 

Megaselia nigra (Meigen) 

121 from Agaricus campestris in August, from Welborne 
(53/0609). Previously reared from this species and A. bisporus 
(Wood, 1914, Schmitz, 1948, Brauns, 1950, Colyer, 1954, Hussey, 
1950, Robinson, 1978); from Coprinus comatus (Malloch, 1912) 
and Boletus (Chandler, 1978). 


* Malham Tarn Field Centre, Settle, North Yorkshire, BD24 9PU. 
**Chanterelle, Church Road, Welborne, Near Mattishall, Norfolk, NR20 3LH. 


RECORDS OF PHORIDAE (DIPTERA) REARED FROM FUNGI 105 


Megaselia pygmaeoides (Lundbeck) 

Five from Russula nigricans in September, from Honingham 
Fen. Previously reared from this and 17 other species of fungi 
(Eisfelder, 1956, Buxton, 1961, Disney & Evans 1979). 


Discussion 


The rearings from Amanita excelsa, Peziza micropus, P. varia, 
Pluteus minutissimus and Thelephora terrestris are the first records 
of named species of scuttle fly breeding in these fungi. Conicera 
similis (Haliday) is the only named Phorid previously reported from 
Pluteus cervinus (Schmitz, 1948) and M. flavicans has not previously 
been reported from Amanita excelsa. 


Acknowledgement 


One of us (R.H.L.D.) is grateful to the Shell International 
Petroleum Co. Ltd. for a grant to further studies of Phoridae. 


References 


Brauns, A., 1950.Zur Kenntnis der Schadinsekten and Champignonkulturen. 
Nachr. Bl. dtsch. Pfl. Sch. Dienst. Braunschweig 2: 153-156 

Buxton, P. A., 1961. British Diptera associated with fungi. III. Flies of all 
families reared from about 150 species of fungi.. Entomologist’s mon. 
Mag. 96: 61-94. 

Chandler, P. J., 1973. Some Diptera and other insects associated with decay- 
ing elms (Ulmus procera Salisbury) at Bromley, Kent, with some ad- 
ditional observations on these and related species. Entomologist’s Gaz. 
24: 329-346 

Chandler, P. J., 1978 in Stubbs, A. & Chandler, P. (Eds). A Dipterist’s Hand- 
book. The Amateur Entomologist’s Society. 

Colyer, C. N., 1954. A new species of Megaselia (Dipt., Phoridae) from Britain; 
notes on fungicolous Phoridae. Entomologist’s mon Mag. 89: 108-112. 

Disney, R. H. L. & Evans, R. E., 1978. Two species of Phoridae (Dipt.) reared 
from fungi. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 113: 165 (1977) 

Disney, R. H. L. & Evans, R. E., 1979. Further records of Phoridae (Dipt.) 
reared from fungi. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 114: 166 (1978) 

Eisfelder, I., 1956. Die haufigsten Pilzbewohner (Fliegen als Pilzverzehrer). 
Z. Pilzk. 22: 108-117. 

Gimmerthal, B. A., 1848. Beobachtete Metamorphose einer neuen Fliegen- 
species und einer bereits bekannten Blattwespe. Arbeiten Naturf. — ver 
Riga 1: 329-330 

Hussey, N. W., 1960. Biology of mushroom phorids. Mushroom Sci. 4: 260- 
269 (1959) . 

Kiyoku, M., 1958. Studies on the insect fauna of the Japanese pine mushroom 
and the damage due to the insect pests. Sci. Rep. Okayama Univ. Fac. 
Agr. 11: 49-59. 

Malloch, J. R., 1912. The insects of the Dipterous family Phoridae in the 
United States National Museum. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 43: 411-529 
Robinson, W. H., 1978. Identification of Megaselia agarici (Lintner) and 

Megaselia halterata (Wood) (Diptera: Phoridae). Plant Pest Rep. 3: 14-16 

Schmitz, H., 1948. Zur Kenntnis der fungicolen Buckelfliegen. Natuurh. 
Maandbl. 37: 37-44. 

Wood, J. H., 1914. Notes on British Phora (further additions). Entomologist’s 
mon. Mag. 50: 152-154. 


106 
MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF AN UPLAND AREA IN 
KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE, SOUTH-WEST SCOTLAND 


By Dr. P. D. HULME* 


Kirkcudbrightshire forms part of the Dumfries and Galloway 
Region. The lepidoptera in this Region, as in many other areas of 
Scotland, are under-recorded. There is, therefore, plenty of scope 
for lepidopterists to work there, especially as the variety of habitat 
is, perhaps, unrivalled by that of any other area of comparable size 
‘north of the border’. The main lepidoptera accounts for the Region 
list species taken around Almorness, Kirkcudbrightshire (V.C. 73) 
(Robinson, 1870-71), Gatehouse-of-Fleet, Kirkcudbrightshire (Rus- 
sell, 1944) and Corsemalzie, Wigtownshire (V.C. 74) (Gordon 
1913, Gordon 1919). 

From October 1970 to July 1973 I worked for a few days 
each month on the Silver Flowe National Nature Reserve and 
stayed at Mid Garrary (10 km west of New Galloway, Kirkcud- 
brightshire) a field station of the Department of Plant Biology, 
University of Hull. The field station is within Clatteringshaws 
Forest, and the Silver Flowe N.N.R. lies along the north-west edge 
of the Forest. Much of my spare time was spent recording macrole- 
pidoptera within this area. At Mid Garrary I ran a light trap which 
at first had an ordinary 150w tungsten bulb and from 1971 a mer- 
cury blended tungsten bulb. 

This block of upland country lies above 600ft (183m) O.D. and 
is composed predominantly of peatland, moorland and Forestry 
Commission plantation. At the time of the survey there were exten- 
sive unforested areas grazed by sheep but now most are planted with 
conifers. However, the deep peat of the Silver Flowe and the steeper 
slopes of hills remain unforested and sheep are now confined to 
one small-holding. The plantations contain species of pine (Pinus), 
larch (Larix) and spruce (Picea). Relatively few scattered broad- 
leaved trees and large bushes grow in the area. These are mainly 
birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyne 
Jacq.) and eared sallow (Salix aurita L.). Around Mid Garrary and 
the near by Garrary Burn there are a few naturally growing sessile 
oaks (Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.) and several, possibly 
planted, aspens (Populus tremula L.) and rowans (Sorbus aucuparia 
L.). Many of the species listed below are tree feeders and some are 
present as a result of tree planting, for example, Thera obeliscata, 
Semiothisa liturata and Eupithecia lariciata. On the moorland and 
drier peatland areas the vegetation is dominated by purple moor- 
grass (Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench), heather (Calluna vulgaris 
(L.) Hull), cotton-grasses (Eriophorum vaginatum L. and E. angu- 
stifolium Honck.), deer-grass (Trichophorum cespitosum (L.) Hartm.) 
and sweet-gale (Myrica gale L.), while on the wetter peat areas 
bog mosses (Sphagnum spp.) are dominant. 


*10 Nethermains Road, Muchalls, Stonehaven, Kincardineshire AB3 2RN. 


MACROLEPIDOPTERA IN KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE 107 


The nomenclature and order of this list follows the check 
list of Kloet and Hinks (1972). 

I am grateful to R. M. Palmer and Dr. M. R. Young for genitalia 
dissections of Amphipoea spp. and Eupithecia spp. respectively and 
for identifying a number of other species, and to my wife for typing 
the manuscript. 


References 


Gordon, R. S., 1913. A list of the Macrolepidoptera of Wigtownshire, 
Part 1. Trans. J. Proc. Dumfries and Galloway nat. Hist. Antiq. 
Soc. 1: 168-188. 

Gordon, J. G. M., 1919. The lepidoptera of Wigtownshire, Part 2. 
Ibid. 6: 156-167. 

Kloet, G. S. and Hinks, W. D., 1972.A Check List of British Insects, 
2nd Ed. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects, XI (2). London. 

Robinson, W. D., 1870-71. Lepidoptera of Kirkcudbrightshire. Ento- 
mologist 5: 218-220, 230-232. 

Russell, A. G. B., 1944. Moths taken in the neighbourhood of 
Gatehouse-of-Fleet, Co., Kirkcudbright, Entomologist 77: 
90-92. 


HEPIALIDAE 
Hepialus humili (L.), H. fusconebulosa (De Geer). 
PIERIDAE 
Pieris napi (L.). 
NYMPHALIDAE 


Aglais urticae (L.), Inachis io (L.), Boloria selene (D. & S.). 


SATY RIDAE 
Erebia aethiops (Esp.), Coenonympha pamphilus (L.), C. tullia (Mull.). 


LASIOCAMPIDAE 


Poecilocampa populi (L.), Lasiocampa quercus callunae (Palm.), 
Macrothylacia rubi (L.). 


SATURNITDAE 
Saturnia pavonia (L.) 


GEOMETRIDAE 


Scopula ternata (Schr.), Xanthorhoe designata (Hufn.), X. munitata (Hubn.), 
X. montanata (D. & S.), Epirrhoe tristata (L.), Entephria caesiata (D. & S.), 
Cosmorhoe ocellata (L.), Coenotephria salicata (Hubn.), Eulithis testata (L.), 
E. pyraliata (D. & S.), Chloroclysta miata (L.), C. citrata (L.), 

Thera obeliscata (Hubn.), Colostygia multistrigaria (Haw.), 

C. pectinataria (Knoch), Hydriomena furcata (Thunb.), H. ruberata (Frey.), 
Rheumaptera hastata (L.), Epirrita autumnata (Borkh.), 

Operophtera brumata (L.), Perizoma alchemillata (L.), P. didymata (L.), 
Eupithecia satyrata (Hubn.), EF. subfuscata (Haw.), E. nanata (Hubn.), 

E. lariciata (Frey.), Semiothisa liturata (Clerck), 

Petrophora chlorosata (Scop.), Opisthograptis luteolata (L.), 

Selenia dentaria (Fab.), Odontopera bidentata (Clerck), 

Crocallis elinguaria (L.), Apocheima pilosoria (D. & S.), 


108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


Biston betularia (L.), Agriopis aurantiaria (Hubn.), A. marginaria (Fab.), 
Alcis repandata (L.), Ematurga atomaria (L.), Bupalus piniaria (L.), 
Cabera exanthemata (Scop.), Hylaea fasciaria (L.). 


SPHINGIDAE 
Laothoe populi (L.). 


NOTODONTIDAE 


Phalera bucephala (L.), Cerura vinula (L.), Eligmodonta Zziczac (L.), 
Pheosia gnoma (Fab.). 


LYMANTRIIDAE 
Orgyia antiqua (L.). 


ARCTIDAE 


Nudaria mundana (L.), Parasemia plantaginis (L.), Diacrisia sannio (L.), 
Spilosoma lubricipeda (1,;.) Phragmatobia fuliginosa (L.). 


NOCTUIDAE 
Ochropleura plecta (L.), Noctua pronuba (L.), N. comes (Hubn.), 
Paradiarsia glareosa (Esp.), Lycophotia porphyrea (D. & S.), 
Diarsia mendica (Fab.), D. rubi (View.), 
Xestia baja (D. & S.), X. castanea (Esp.), X. sexstrigata (Haw.), 
X. xanthographa (D. & S.), Cerastis rubricosa (D. & S.), 
Lacanobia biren (Goeze), Ceramica pisi (L.), Cerapteryx graminis (L.), 
Orthosia gracilis (D. & S.), O. incerta (Hufn.), O. gothica (L.), 
Mythimna impura (Hubn.), Aporophyla nigra (Haw.), Xylena vetusta (Hubn.), 
Blepharita adusta (Esp.), Antitype chi (L.), Acronicta psi (L.), 
Euplexia lucipara (L.), Phlogophora meticulosa (L.), Hyppa rectilinea (Esp.), 
Apamea monoglypha (Hufn.), A. epomidion (Haw), A. remissa (Hubn.), 
Oligia fasciuncula (Haw.), Mesapamea secalis (L.), Photedes minima (Haw.), 
P. pymina (Haw.), Amphipoea lucens (Frey.), A. crinanensis (Burr.), 
A. oculea (L.), Hydraecia micacea (Esp.), Celaena haworthii (Cutt.), 
Diachrysia chrysitis (L.), Plusia festucae (L.), Autographa gamma(L.), 
A. pulchrina (Haw.), A. bractea (D. & S.), A. triplasia (L.),, 
Phytometra viridaria (Clerck), Rivula sericealis (Scop.), 
Hypena proboscidalis (L.). 


COLEOPHORA TRIGEMINELLA FUCHS AND C.CORACIPENNELLA 
HBN. IN SOUTH YORKSHIRE. — On 17th April 1981 while at Denaby 
Ings, near Mexborough (VC 63), a Yorkshire Naturalists’ Trust 
nature reserve, I found two cases of C. trigeminella on hawthorn, 
one of them feeding on the unopened flower buds. From these cases 
moths emerged on 11th and 22nd June. 

From cases of the ‘nigricella (Steph.) group, besides C. cerasi- 
vorella Packard I was pleased to rear two specimens of C. coracipen- 
nella, one from a case on blackthorn collected at Denaby Ings on 
12th May 1981, the moth emerging on 18th June and one from a 
case on hawthorn collected near West Melton on 17th May 1981 which 
emerged on 25th June. I am grateful to Mr. R. Heckford for con- 
firming the identity of my slides of coracipennella. 

Besides providing the first Yorkshire records for these two 
species these appear to extend considerably the range of what 
seem to be local or under-recorded moths. — H. E. BEAUMONT, 
7 Brampton Road, West Melton, Rotherham, South Yorks., 
SE3 6AN. 


COLEOPHORA MACHINELLA BRADLEY: 1” 


ITS REDISCOVERY IN ENGLAND, 
AND DESCRIPTION. 


By JOHN R. LANGMAID* 


On 15th June 1977 I collected nearly twenty Coleophorid cases 
from Achillea ptarmica in Botley Wood, Hampshire. The larvae 
continued to feed for a further two weeks and then pupated. Moths 
emerged during the latter half of July. One of them was larger than 
all the others and proved, on examination of the genitalia, to be 
Coleophora trochilella Duponchel. The others were identified later 
the same year as C. machinella Bradley by Mr. R. W. J. Uffen after 
he and Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz has made preparations of the male and 
female genitalia (figures 1 and 2). 

The larval case is 8mm long, made of silk, slenderly cylindrical 
and trivalved, orchreous-brown, paler caudally. The mouth-opening is 
at 60° to the long axis, and there is a distinct ‘neck’. The larva 
mines the leaves of the foodplant from underneath, and wanders 
freely from leaf to leaf. 


Fig. 1. Male genitalia of Coleophora machinella Bradley. Fig. 2. Female 
genitalia of C. machinella. 


The moth is similar to trochilella, but smaller, with a wingspan 
of 10-11 mm. Head fuscous, ochreous tinged, paler laterally; 
antenna white, sharply ringed black; labial palpus whitish above, 
mixed with ochreous-brown at sides and underneath; thorax and 
tegula whitish ochreous; legs whitish above, dark fuscous beneath; 
forewing brownish ochreous, darker toward apex, the male being 
distinctly darker than the female, a white streak along costa to near 
apex, veins from cell marked with white streaks toward apex, a 


* 38 Cumberland Court, Festing Road, Southsea, Hants PO4 ONH 


110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


white streak along fold and another along dorsum to termen, cilia 
greyish ochreous; hindwing dark grey in the male, paler in the 
female, cilia grey tinged with ochreous; abdomen dark grey. 

The species was originally discovered by the late Mr. W. Machin 
in the early 1880’s bred from larvae feeding on Artemisia maritima 
from saltings on the Thames Estuary, and was named maritimella. 
Subsequently it was placed on the Thames Estuary, and was named 
maritimella. Subsequently it was placed in the synonymy of tro- 
chilella (Bradley 1966), and then renamed machinella after further 
examination of the genitalia of Machin’s specimens (Bradley 1971). 

Since 1977 further cases have been found in Botley Wood, and 
in West Walk, Wickham, Hampshire, from late May to early July. 
In late July 1977 two specimens were taken flying among Achillea 
ptarmica at Ditchling Common, Sussex, by Lt. Col. A. M. Emmet, 
and in 1981 Mr. R. Fairclough found cases on Ashtead Common, 
Surrey. In 1980 Mr. Uffen rediscovered the species in North Kent 
feeding on Artemisia maritima. In 1981 moths were bred from this 
foodplant, and it is notable tha they are distinctly paler than those 
bred from Achillea ptarmica. Although the sexual dichroism is 
also apparent in these, the males are approximately the same colour 
as the females from Achillea ptarmica, and the females are paler still, 
the forewing ground colour being pale ochreous yellow. 


Acknowledgments 


My thanks are due to Mr. R. W. J. Uffen for identifying the speci- 
mens, and to Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz for the drawings of the genitalia. 


References 


Bradley, J. D., 1966. Some Changes in the Nomenclature of British 
Lepidoptera. Ent. Gaz., 17: 213-235. 

Bradley, J. D., 1971. Some Changes in the Nomenclature of British 
Lepidoptera. Ent. Gaz., 22: 24-25. 

Machin, W., 1884. Two New Species of the Genus Coleophora. 
Entomologist, 17: 87. 

Toll, S., 1953. Eupistidae (Coleophoridae) of Poland. Mater. Fiziogr. 
Kraju, no. 32:292pp., 28pls. 


THE DEATH’S-HEAD HAWKMOTH AND CONVOLVULUS HAWK- 
MOTH IN KENT IN 1981. — A female Death’s-head Hawkmoth 
(Acherontia atropos L.) was seem my sister-in-law’s neighbour’s 
garden in Dover, but the latter was too frightened to go near it. 
Fortunately, however, my sister-in-law recognised it as a moth and 
put a container over it and called me. The date was the 28th Sep- 
tember. 

On the same date as the above, a female Herse convolvuli L. was 
brought to my home by a friend who found it alive while working 
on a building in Folkestone that day. This same friend also brought 
me another H. convolvuli, a very worn male, which he had found 
on lst October on the same site in Foikestone. — R. F. BUDDLE, 
72, Alfred Road, Dover, Kent. 


111 
TWO WEEKS IN THE CANARY ISLANDS IN 1981 


By H. G. ALLCARD, F.R.E.S.! and ANTHONY VALLETTA, F.R.E.S.2 


We met at the new airport, Reina Sofia, in Tenerife on Tuesday, 
the Ist of September at 1.15 p.m.; though on different flights from 
different airports, we managed to arrive more or less at the same 
time at our destination. By 2.30 p.m. we had reached our hotel at 
Santa Cruz de Fenerife. 

Whilst enjoying a cup of tea on the patio, we were greeted by 
the smallest butterfly, Zizeeria knysna Trimen, which was flying 
in good numbers on the well-trimmed hedges surrounding the lawn. 
Not much later the largest butterfly Danaus plexippus Linnaeus, 
appeared and was soon followed by another. They both soared and 
fell and soared again until, tired, they rested on the bougainvillea for 
a quick drink. As in previous years, we were looking forward to 
seeing Catopsilia florella Fabricius in the hotel gardens, but this 
time it was absent, though the foodplant, Cassia didymobatyra, was 
still available. Later we noticed that it was also absent from the 
nearby park where several huge Cassia trees were in full bloom and 
where, in 1979, we had seen so many pupa cases on their defoliated 
branches and butterflies on the wing. The only other butterfly we 
saw that afternoon was Pieris napae Linnaeus. 

2nd September. We paid a courtesy visit to the Director of 
Icona (National Institute for the Conservation of Nature). He told us 
that there had been little rain-fall that winter and consequently the 
vegetation had dried up earlier than usual. We then went to Monte 
de las Mercedes, 19km from Santa Cruz; there we noticed the 
complete dryness. The Cedronella canariensis, the favourite plant 
of the butterflies, was in seed and the Rubus ulmifolius was in 
berries. The only butterflies we saw in that locality were Cyclirius 
webbianus Brulle and Lampides boeticus Linnaeus. So we drove 
further on to the road which leads to Las Carboneras; here also we 
were disappointed. All the Cedronella that grew near the road had 
been uprooted to make room for a concrete gutter. Two years 
previously this road, though dusty and somewhat rough, had 
been a_ paradise for Gonepteryx cleobule Hubner when 
the Cedronella was available and in bloom. The larval food- 
plant, Rhamnus glandulosa, was still there but the food for the 
butterfly had totally disappeared. In fact we did not come across a 
single butterfly until we reached a country house some 2km away 
where G. cleobule, Colias crocea Geoffroy, Pararge xiphioides 
Staudinger, P. rapae and C. webbianus were feeding at garden 
flowers. 

3rd September. We again visited Monte de las Mercedes but as 
nothing was on the wing we proceeded to Las Yedras. Here, once 
more, we found that the Cedronella had been cut down, especially 
those plants by the road. Luckily we noticed a spot below a villa 


1Gainsborough, Park Drive, Hale, Cheshire, MA15 9DH. 
2257 Msida Street, B’Kara, Malta. 


iY ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 

where a few plants had been spared. We saw a small butterfly resting 
on a dry thistle and to our delight it was Thymelicus acteon christi 
Rebel, the only skipper found on the island. Two C. crocea, very 
small in size, a single Pontia daplidice Linnaeus and a male and 
female Maniola jurtina f. fortunata Alpheraky were also seen. 
All male G. cleobule seen that morning had their wings damaged 
but the females were in very good condition. 

4th September. In the morning we explored another locality 
on the other side of Las Carboneras, below Monte de las Mercedes 
and some 600m above sea level. We could not go far as a landslide 
had blocked the road the night before. This locality was a good one 
for Lycaenidae and Hymenoptera; in fact, C webbianus, Lycaena 
phlaeus Linnaeus Aricia cramera Eschscholtz and L. boeticus were 
quite common on the Mentha pulegium, Satureja nepeta and Echium 
plantagineum. Looking down a ravine, we noticed that the Cedro- 
nella was still in bloom and that several G. cleobule, mostly 
females, were patronising the flowers. In this locality we 
found several caterpillars of different sizes on Teline microphylla; 
they had short hair and were greyish black with a greenish dorsal 
and a yellow lateral stripe. We took a few that were fully grown and 
after a few days they formed silken cocoons covered with their 
own excreta. The moths started emerging on the 7th of October 
and turned out to be Uresiphita limbalis Denis & Schiffermuller. 

Sth September. As in former years, we did not want to miss a 
visit to Puerto de la Cruz, if not for the butterflies at least for the 
ever-changing panoramic view from the coach all along the 38km 
journey. After a two-hour drive through hamlets, small towns and 
many banana groves, we reached our destination. We passed through 
Taoro Park, or rather what was once a park as now it is a parking 
site and sports centre. Still, D. plexippus and C. florella were flying 
in the gardens. We again saw Z. knysna flying over a vetch and on 
another half-dry leguminous plant two L. phiaeus tried to sip what 
they could from the remaining flowers. We went to an hotel for 
a cupof coffee and inthe garden we saw Pieris cheiranthi Hubner 
resting on the only nasturtium (7ropaeolum majus), a plant which in 
previous years had covered the whole area; then pupae of this butter- 
fly had abounded on the nearby walls and the empty cases were 
still to be seen. We waited briefly until the butterfly left the plant 
and to our delight found a cluster of newly laid eggs on the under- 
side of a leaf. C. florella and D. plexippus were in good numbers by 
the swimming pool. We had a look at the Cassia trees and found 
two larvae of the former. One, which was quite big, pupated on the 
10th and the butterfly emerged on the 19th, a female of the whitish 
form. The other was much smaller and, after being fed on Cassia 
taken with us to England, pupated on the 21st; the butterfly 
emerged on the 4th of October, having taken longer in the pupal 
stage owing to the difference in climate. 

6th September. Senor M. Morales Martin and his son drove us 
in their car to parts of the island we had not visited so far and 
where small colonies of G. cleob::le were still thriving. We 
visited Las Vueltas de ,Taganana and went down to Culuzodel 


TWO WEEKS IN THE CANARY ISLANDS IN 1981 113 
Tejo at the very northern tip of the island. We returned to Santa 
Cruz taking the road from El Bailadero to San Andres, an area 
mostly barren except for several species of Euphorbia, hoping to 
come across Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus which we had not encoun- 
tered during our visits in 1977 and 1979. We were very grateful to 
our friends for, besides providing the enjoyable drive, they pointed 
out to us places like isolated hamlets and the Dutch village, acces- 
sible only from the sea, which we would never have located on our 
own. 


GOMERA 


In 1979 we visited the island only for a couple of hours as no 
accommodation was obtainable. This time, a week later, rooms 
were available and we were happy to spend two fruitful days on this 
wonderful island. 

7th September. The ferry reached San Sebastian, the port and 
capital of Gomera, at 11.25 a.m. Luckily we found the same taxi 
driver whom we had hired two years before and who knew what 
we were after. We checked in at the hotel and then drove 
straight to El Cedro where the forest which registers most of the 
rainfall provides the right habitat for the flora and fauna. We wanted 
to visit an area further north of La Laguna Grande, where on our 
last visit we had found a mass of butterflies, especially G. 
cleobule, feeding on a carpet of Cedronella. To our surprise, all 
the flowering plants had been uprooted and heather trees planted 
instead. Thus the ecology of the area had completely changed and, 
with no flowers at hand, the butterflies and other insects had had 
to move elsewhere. This being so, we drove down to El Cedro. 
Here, unlike those in Tenerife, the Cedronella was still in bloom in 
shady localities. It was not long before G. cleopatra cleobule started 
flying out of the forest in search of the flowers; females were pre- 
dominant that morning and most of the males had passed their 
best. Pandoriana pandora Denis & Schiffermiiller was frequently 
seen crossing the road at a considerable height and the few that 
settled were seen to be badly worn. As in Tenerife, C webbianus 
and L. boeticus were very common and very small. A few battered 
female M. jurtina f. fortunata were still on the wing and we saw two 
C. crocea, one P. daplidice and several P. xiphioides. The only moths 
we came across were Macroglossum stellatarum Linnaeus hovering 
over the flowers; they seemed quite fresh. 

8th September. After a restful night we were ready for another 
visit to El] Cedro. The sky was overcast and the weather discouraging. 
Two years previously we also experienced this type of weather and 
it had gradually cleared up; so we decided to go ahead. Fortunately 
the same thing happened and by 11.30 a.m. the clouds had drifted 
away and the sun was shining brightly. This time more male than 
female G. cleopatra cleobule were seen and most of them were 
quite fresh. This variation in the condition of specimens could arise 
from there being two broods, but a more likely explanation is that 
the adult life-span of Gonepteryx species is rather long and, since the 


114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


females vary in their time of leaving hibernation and egg-laying, 
the emergence of the butterflies is prolonged. Derry & Derry (1979), 
who visited Tenerife and Gomera in July, two months ahead of us, 
also encountered worn and fresh imagines. All the other species 
seen on the first day were on the wing again with the addition of 
A. cramera and P. xiphioides. We saw very few other insects as the 
season was almost over. Bombus terrestris canariensis Perez, Cerceris 
concinna Brulle and Podalonia tydei Le Guillou were still on the 
wing, the same species as we had seen in 1979, but in smaller 
number. 

In the evening we caught the ferry back to Tenerife and re- 
turned to our hotel at Santa Cruz. 

9th September. We spent a restful day at the hotel evaluating 
what we had seen and enjoyed most in Gomera. 

10th September. We chose a different locality on the mountains, 
Pico del Inglis, but as it was windy we moved to a lower and more 
sheltered place where some wild plants were still in bloom. We 
waited and waited for butterflies to appear. The only sign of life, 
besides the isolated chirping of some birds, was an unusual number 
of large dragonflies (Anax sp.) parading up and down the smooth 
road. They came very close to us but not within our reach. Naturally 
they were after food, but, not being close to water, it was not easy 
to find any. At last,-as a male G. cleobule flew down from 
the forest, its golden wings shining in the sun, down dived one 
of these predators, snatched it with its legs and mouth and tried 
to fly away to the nearest tree. It was not so easy as in its efforts to 
escape the butterfly kept flapping its wings and pulling down the 
unkind snatcher. Both whirling in the air, they soon disappeared 
among the trees. We moved further on but there were still no butter- 
flies so we concentrated on smaller fry. Beating the vegetation, we 
disturbed several micros, Agriphila trabeatellus canariensis Rebel and 
Endotricha rogenhoferi Rebel, both endemic, Pyrausta amata 
Scopoli, Psara bipunctalis Fabricius, Pselnophorus albiodactylus 
Milliere and Crombrugghia laetus Zeller. B. terrestris canariensis, 
P. tydei and Anthidium manicatum Linnaeus were quite common. 


LA PALMA 


11th September. La Palma is the most westerly of the Canary 
Islands. Its area is 730 sq.km. and it is extremely rugged with the 
highest peak at 2483m. Laurel forests dominate the more northern 
slopes. Our flight took 20 minutes: On arrival at Santa Cruz de la 
Palma, we went straight to San Miguel Hotel which offers a fine 
view of the city, its harbour and bay, as well as the imposing moun- 
tains which encircle it. Taking a taxi, we drove north-eastwards to 
the forestal area of the island where we hoped to see Gonepteryx 
palmae. Stamm and P. cheiranthi' The journey uphill took 
just one hour round many awkward and dangerous bends, 
but as we were in the hands of an expert driver it was en- 
joyable. This island was the greenest of the three we had so far 
visited. All sorts of trees and bushes, evergreen and deciduous, 


TWO WEEKS IN THE CANARY ISLANDS IN 1981 115 


decorated the road; Lantana, Nicotiana, Ricinus etc. were every- 
where; higher up, peach and chestnut trees loaded with still 
unripe fruit were plentiful, while there were banana plantations at 
a lower level on the slopes of the ravines. Every cottage on the route 
provided a colourful garden with the flowers of the season, Hibiscus, 
Plumeria and morning glory adding further attraction. However, we 
were too late in the season to see many wild flowers, although a 
few were still in bloom in the forested area. It was some time before 
the butterflies started to appear; they were high up in the almost 
vertical slopes of the wooded mountains and unless the sun shone 
they would not fly out. It was anexciting moment when the 
first P. cheiranthi came down from such a height, floating 
freely with spread wings showing the large black spots on its 
forewings. G. palmae followed, floating down rather more 
quickly. P. xiphioides was still on the wing with females predomina- 
ting. C. webbianus flew from flower to flower and they seemed 
larger than those from the other islands. We saw one C. crocea, 
a couple of P. pandora and a single Vanessa indica vulcania Godatt. 
Two battered M. jurtina f. fortunata patrolled a stretch of ground 
all the time. As in the other islands, P. rapae was the most common 
butterfly. Other insects seen that day were B. terrestris canariensis, 
Paravespula germanica F. and the ubiquitous Apis mellifera L. 

12th September. We visited the same place again as we assumed 
it was the best location for the time of year when most of the wild 
flowers were over; moreover, other areas were inaccessible owing 
to a lack of roads and tracks. It was not until 1.00 p.m. that we had 
a sunny period; during that short spell several P. brassicae cheiranthi, 
mostly worn males, flew down to the flowers together with a single 
G. palmae. By 3.45 p.m. it was getting cold so we went straight to 
the airport forthe flight backto Tenerife. 

We were puzzled by the presence of P. cherianthi as no 
nasturtium, the principal,foodplant of the caterpillar, was grow- 
ing in the thick forest or nearby. This suggests an alternative food- 
plant. We also noticed that the La Palma butterflies lacked the 
subcostal black spots on the underside of the forewing characteristic 
of those in Tenerife. This suggests some biological difference be- 
tween the stock of the two islands. 

13th September. A dull, rainy day kept us indoors after the two 
energetic days at La Palma. 

14th September. Again a dull day. In the afternoon we drove to 
the fountain, Fuente Joco, at a height of 1900m where on our two 
previous visits we had seen Pseudotergumia wyssii Christ in good 
numbers. As this butterfly is active in dull weather and both early 
morning and late afternoon, we hoped to get a glimpse of it before 
our departure. Much to our dismay, not only was the butterfly 
absent but the fountain too was not in its former state; there had 
been no water running all the summer and it had been tampered 
with by an irresponsible person. The bees and wasps which had 
buzzed round our mouths two years before when we tried to drink 
had all gone: desolation reigned. So we drove down to Cumbo de 
Arafo at 1600m. Though already late in the afternoon, A. cramera, 


116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


L. phlaeas and C. webbianus were still flying. Turning over some 
stones, we found the largest earwig in the island, Annisolatus 
maxima Brulle, several beetles, mostly Heteger transversus Brulle, 
and the staphilinid Creophilus maxillosus spp. canariensis Bernhauer. 
We also disturbed the common grasshoppers Aiolopus strepens 
Latreille, A. thalassinus Fabricius, Calliptamus plebeius Walker, 
Ariagona margaritae Kr. and a Plalycleis species. 

15th September. We returned to England, both satisfied with 
our enjoyable and fruitful holiday on the three picturesque islands 
we had visited. 

We would like to record our grateful thanks to Dr. A. Machado 
and Senor M. Morales Martin for their warm hospitality and great 
Rae For a full bibliography see Allcard & Valletta, 1978 and 
1981. 


References 


Allcard, H. G. & Valletta, A., 1978. A week of collecting in Tenerife, Canary 
Islands, in September 1977. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 90: 91-94, 
1981. The Canary Islands revisited in 1979. Ibid. 93: 120-125. 

Ded se Rey: A. C., 1979. Tenerife and Gomera, July 1978. Ibid. 


MOMPHA LACTEELLA STEPHENS: A POSSIBLE DISTINGUISHING 
CHARACTER. — I recently dissected a Mompha which I had 
suspected might be Jacteella and this proved to be the case. I took it 
on Sth. June 1976 in the late afternoon at Lutton, Devon. It was in 
good condition, sitting on a leaf of Corylus at the edge of a corn- 
field. There was no evidence anywhere in the area of Epilobium 
hirsutum, the foodplant given by Emmet (1979, A field guide to the 
smaller British Lepidoptera). 

Lacteella is very similar to propinquella. In his key to the 
genus Mompha, Meyrick (1928, A revised handbook of the British 
Lepidoptera) separates the two on the colour of the thorax and 
basal blotch. He describes this as being ochreous-white in propin- 
quella and pale ferruginous-ochreous in Jacteella, a distinction 
which I find hard to interpret. 

I have bred several propinquella and fresh specimens appear 
to have the thorax and basal blotch the same colour as Jacteella. 
However his description of lacteella states “thorax pale ferruginous- 
ochreous, anteriorly sprinkled dark fuscous.” Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs’ 
coloured figure (1945, Wakely, Notes on the genus Mompha. Proc. 
Trans. S. Lon. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 194445: 81-84, plt. V) shows 
this on the tegulae in his illustration of Jacteella. In my specimen 
the tegulae are very stongly marked anteriorly with the blue-black 
ground colour of the forewings. None of my propinquella has such 
markings. 

As I have only one specimen of lacteella I do not know whether 
this is a good character for separating the two species. I would 
welcome others’ observations. — R. J. HECKFORD. 67, Newnham 
Road, Plympton, Plymouth. 


NOTE ON PACHYNEMATUS ARCTICUS ru 


(LINDQVIST) (HYMENOPTERA, 
TENTHREDINIDAE) 


By ANDREW D. LISTON* 


An excursion to Ben Heasgarnich (1076m), Perthshire, made by 
Mr. J. M. Nelson.and the writer on 24.-25.6.1981 yielded only five 
sawfly specimens, one being of great interest. Collecting com- 
menced on the evening of the 24th on the high slopes of Heasgarnich 
(ca. 900m.) in an area of heavily grazed Festuca-Vaccinium grassland. 
Dolerus aeneus Hartig was the only sawfly encountered here (1 male, 
1 female). On the summit, Salix herbacea L. formed large patches 
amongst the snow-influenced vegetation. Numerous leaves bore 
young galls of Pontania crassipes Thomson, and one adult female of 
this species was collected together with a male Pristiphora staudingeri 
(Ruthe). Both crassipes and staudingeri are arctic-alpine Nematinae, 
occurring on many of the higher Scottish hills. 


Fig. 1. 8th tergite of male Pachynematus arcticus (Lindqvist). 
Fig. 2. European distribution of Pachynematus arcticus (dots), Poten- 
tilla crantzii (shading) and Potentilla fruticosa (triangles). 


Early in the morning of the 25th we investigated the fauna of 
the ungrazed ledge and steep-face herb communities on the south- 
facing crags of Ben Heasgarnich. The rock is calcareous Dalradian 
schist and because of this, the dominant plants are montane cal- 
cicoles such as Dryas octopetala L., Salix reticulata L., Vaccinium 
uliginosum L. and Potentilla crantzii (Crantz) Beck. Prolonged 
searching of many patches of Salix reticulata revealed no Pontania 
galls, but this was no surprise since the only gall-maker occurring 
on it has not been recorded in Britain. Sweeping was generally 


*99 Clermiston Road, Edinburgh EH12 6UU. 


118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


difficult, but on a broad ledge with a rich variety of herbs, a single 
male of Pachynematus arcticus (Lindqvist) was obtained. 

P. arcticus is a very slender species only 4-Smm long. Its size 
and very dark colouration probably often cause it to be overlooked. 
It was described as Mesoneura arctica by Lindqvist (1958) from a 
male collected by Richard Frey in the alpine zone of Malla Field, 
north-west Norwegian Lapland in July 1943. Benson (1961) trans- 
ferred the species to Pachynematus and recorded that he had caught 
a male at Inchnadampf, Sutherland. A second male was taken at 
the same locality by Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton a few years later 
(Benson, 1964). 

The venation of the type was abnormal, a frequent occurrence 
in arctic sawflies, leading Lindqvist to describe it as a Mesoneura, 
a decision which was certainly wrong (Benson, 1961). The male’s 
penis-valve is completely unlike that of any other Pachynematus, 
but more resembles those of certain Pristiphora spp. In fact, in- 
dependently from Benson, Hellen (1960) indicated that arcticus 
was not a Mesoneura , but a Pristiphora. Apart from the penis- 
valve (Lindqvist, 1958, fig 3; Benson, 1961, fig. 1), the 8th tergite 
of the male is also closer to the Pristiphora type than to a Pachy- 
nematus (fig. 1). However, the costa is barely expanded at its apex 
and the clypeus is only very weakly emarginated, both of which are 
important characters leading to Pachynematus rather than Pris- 
tiphora in Benson’s (1958) key. 

Lindqvist (1970) described Pachynematus incisus on the basis 
of two females reared by Wershutskij from Potentilla fruticosa 
L. near Irkutsk in the Baikal region of Siberia. Wershutskij’s col- 
lection of Siberian Nematinae, sent to Lindqvist for identification, 
also containeda male P. arcticus (Lindquist, 1972). These two papers 
should be consulted for descriptions and figures of the female arc- 
ticus (= incisus), which possesses a distinctive sawsheath resembling 
those of certain Pristiphora. 

The rearing of the female arcticus from Potentilla fruticosa 
(Rosaceae) is also most interesting and remarkable. Other groups 
of Palaearctic Pachynematus are associated chiefly with Gramineae, 
Cyperaceae and Coniferae, with only a couple of species feeding on 
Salicaceae and Polygonaceae. The association of arcticus with 
Rosaceae is once again reminiscent of Pristiphora. I suspect that in 
Europe the larva of this species should be looked for on Potentilla 
crantzii (Alpine Cinquefoil), a local arctic-alpine plant whose British 
stations include both localities where the Pachynematus has been 
found. 

More information on the biology and distribution of arcticus 
would be valuable in resolving its generic position. At present, it is 
best retained as a distinctive species-group within Pachynematus. 
It is possible that it has been consistently overlooked because of its 
unusually late flight season. 

Figure 2 shows the known European distribution of the sawfly 
and its probable foodplants. 


NOTE ON PACHYNEMATUS ARCTICUS 119 
Acknowledgement 


I thank Mr. J. M. Nelson (Nature Conservancy Council, Edin- 
burgh) for arranging our visit to Ben Heasgarnich. 


References 


Benson, R. B., 1958. Hymenoptera Symphyta. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects, 
6 (2c): 139-252. 

Benson, R. B., 1961. Pachynematus arcticus (Lindqvist) Comb. Nov., a new 

British Sawfly in Sutherland (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Entomologist’s mon. 
Mag., 96: 137-138. 

Benson, R. B., 1964. Pachynematus glabriceps Lindqvist, a new British Sawfly 
and a note on Empria liturata Gmelin (Hym., Tenthredinidae)., Ento- 
mologist’s mon. Mag., 100: 2634. 

Hellen, W., 1960. Die Nematinen Finnlands (Hym., Tenthr.). I. Tribus Pseudo- 
dineurini, Cladiini und Nematini part. Notulae Ent., 40: 1-18........ 

Lindqvist, E., 1958. Neue Blattwespen aus Fennoskandien (Hym., Tenthr.). 
Notulae Ent., 38: 68-72. 

Lindqvist, E., 1970. Neue Nematinen aus dem Pribaikal-Gebiet, Siberien 
(Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Notulae Ent., 50: 97-104. 

Lindqvist, E., 1972. Zur Nomenklatur und Taxonomie einiger Blattwespen 
(Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Notulae Ent., 52: 65-77. 


Notes and Observations 


A STRANGE CASE OF LARVAL DEPRAVITY. — 1981 was not 
the most productive season I can remember as the half-filled setting 
boards in my drying-cabinet will testify, but imagine my anger 
when perusal of these boards late in September revealed damage 
to many of the specimens. I searched diligently for the tell-tale 
exit holes and small piles of minute frass that betrays the presence 
of Anthrenus museorum, the ‘Collectors-friend’. Instead of the 
characteristic dry powder I found large, moist pellets of a lepi- 
dopteran origin. Minute examination revealed the half-inch long 
culprit. The larva, a noctuid, was dining out at the expense of his 
deceased brethren, so I confined his attentions to a large corpse 
of Hyloicus pinastri Linn., upon which he fed until pupation in 
late November. 

I was rewarded for my labours on 26 February this year with 
the emergence of a fine, though rather dark, example of Caradrina 
clavipalpis Scop. I believe this is the first time that a noctuid larva 
has been reared exclusively upon a diet, although the habit is well 
established amongst some of the Oecophoridae, namely Hoffmano- 
phila pseudospretella Stt., and Endrosis sarcitrella Linn. — MARK 
HADLEY, 2 Thompson Street, New Bradweel , Wolverton, Bucks. 


PHYLLONORYCTER SAPORTELLA (DUPONCHEL) (HORTELLA 
FABRICIUS) IN EAST NORFOLK. — On the 8th of November 1981 
my wife and I were making records in the Redgrave-Lopham area, 
where vice-counties 25, 26, 27 and 28 meet. There are fine roadside 
oaks on which I have found eight species of nepticulid, including 
the local Ectoedemia quinquella (Bedell). On this occasion, however, 
we were searching for Caloptilia cocoons; the early stages of C. 
alchimiella (Scopoli) and C. robustella Jackh seem to be indistin- 


0 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 

guishable and I wanted to rear adults for recording purposes. 
At approximately TM 047802, just inside VC27, I picked 
several cocoons, one on a leaf which also bore a Phyllonorycter 
mine. The leaves were overwintered in a nylon stocking lying on the 
ground and were under snow during the severe weather. I brought 
them indoors on the 11th of February and four C. robustella 
emerged between the 9th and 13th of March. The Phyllonorycter 
mine produced a female P. saportella on the 26th of March. 

This is apparently the first example of this species to be 
obtained in Britain since May, 1949, when Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton 
found two adults on tree-trunks in Cambridgeshire, one near 
Madingley and the other near Gamlingay. In The Field Guide we 
stated “Not recorded in recent years” and this has not been contra- 
dicted. It has been suggested that the mines are seldom found 
because they occur high up on the oaks; that may sometimes be the 
case but this one was within easy reach. 

The mine is situated on the margin of the leaf extending inwards 
from the tip of a lobe, the leaf-edge being completely folded over 
so as to conceal it. The lower epidermis is therefore almost ob- 
scured but appears to have numerous small creases. There is no 
central green patch on the upper surface because none of the 
palisade tissue has been eaten right through to the epidermis. The 
mine somewhat resembles that of P. heegeriella (Zeller) but is more 
strongly folded and is larger, measuring 12mm as opposed to 10mm 
or less in length. This account tallies with that given by Hering 
(Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von Europa 2: 826). For 
obvious reasons, the feeding was not described by Harper & Lang- 
maid (Ent. Rec. 90: 162-166). If my mine is typical, there should 
be little difficulty in recognising other examples, providing they can 
be found. The mine is probably the hardest to detect of the oak- 
feeding Phyllonorycter because the pale lower surface is hidden and 
there is no discoloration on the upper side; at first sight, it looks 
more like a fold than a mine. I cannot describe the cocoon since I 
have given the mine unopened to Dr Ian Watkinson who is covering 
the genus in MBGBI Vol. 2. 

Collectors have been searching assiduously but in vain for this 
species for many years: I bring a single mine home because it 
happens to be on the same leaf as something else and rear it by 
accident and unexpectedly. — A. M. EMMET, Labrey Cottage, 
Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB11 3 AF. 28.iii.1982. 

MAGDALIS VIOLACEA L. (COL.: CURCULIONIDAE ): CORREC- 
TION OF A RECORD. — Although this species has now (probably 
correctly) been removed from the British list, there is a mid-century 
published record (G. E. Woodroffe, 1951, Ent. mon. Mag. 87: 255) 
of which I feel it incumbent on me to say something in clarification 
— in order to set the record straight and because the specimen in 
question is now in my collection. It was swept from broom at Culbin 
Sands, on the Moray Firth, 21.vi.51. Subsequent to publication, the 
late captor — a well-known hemipterist, who gave away most of his 
coleopterous captures — most kindly presented me with the insect, 
whose identification, he said, had not been and still was not free 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS Dit 
from doubt as between the two closely allied species duplicata 
Germ. and violacea L. Some while later I came to the conclusion 
that the single tenuous British record of the latter species (cf. 
Fowler, 1891, Col. Brit. Isle., 5:398)was most likely based onconfusion 
with M. duplicata, so that probably we did not possess violacea; 
and that the Culbin specimen was in fact a very small duplicata. 
This last species is now known as a regular, though scarce, inhabitant 
of the Scottish Highlands. — A. A. ALLEN. 


BOOK TALK FIVE. — Abook of unusual historic interest is 
Rennie’s Conspectus; or, to give it its full title, A Conspectus of the 
Butterflies and Moths found in Britain, by James Rennie, Professor 
of Zoology, Kings College, London, and published in 1832 by 
William Orr at 7s.6d. Apart from a title page with a curious engrav- 
ing of Papilio machaon together with its larva and pupa, this minute 
octavo no bigger than a 12mo and measuring only 150mm x 90mm 
is unillustrated, but contains 327 pages of small print treating of 
the entire Order. To a marked extent the book is an epitome of the 
well known and relatively expensive J/lustrations of British Entol- 
mology (Haustellata) whose author, James Francis Stephens, was 
engaged in a lawsuit with Rennie for alleged piracy of the //lustra- 
tions in the Conspectus. Although Rennie won the case, many 
scientific men showed sympathy for Stephens by subscribing to 
defray the heavy legal costs of the action following his defeat. On 
page 4, the Wood White is described as Leucophasia loti Rennie, 
a name seemingly overlooked by the authors of that most useful 
of lists of British lepidoptera viz., “Kloet & Hincks” (1972), but 
was nevertheless cited in W. F. Kirby’s monumental Synonymic 
Catalogue of the Diurnal Lepidoptera [of the World| (1872). At 
least one author followed the nomenclature of the Conspectus, as 
witness E. H. Burnell in his “List of Lepidopterous Insects found in 
the Neighbourhood of Witham, Essex”, published in 1837 in Maga- 
zine of Natural History, new series, 1: 601-604. 

To those interested in entomological bibliography, the Royal 
Entomological Society has for sale a limited number of copies 
(which offer is not restricted to Fellows of the Society) in original 
wrappers, of G. C. Champion et al. (1893), Catalogue of the Library 
of the Entomological Society of London, pp.i-iv, 1-291; and Supple- 
ment (1900), pp. i-iv, 1-147. On estimation, the work contains 
fully 8500 items, and the price per copy (including the 
Supplement) is £1 plus postage, obtainable trom the Librarian, 
41 Queen’s Gate, London SW7 5HU. — J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT. 

UDEA DECREPITALIS H.-S. (LEP.: PYRALIDAE) IN WALES. — 
On 6th June 1978 I was collecting at m.v. light on the banks of a 
lake near Talybont on Usk, Brecknockshire, Wales (SO 0166). The 
night was fairly cool and misty and little interest in the way of 
Lepidoptera visited the lamp apart from Lampropteryx suffumata 
D. & S., L. otregiata Metcalf and a pale pyralid moth which I could 
not immediately identify. Upon setting the moth later I came to the 
conclusion that the specimen (a male) was probably Udea decre- 
pitalis H.-S., but thought the record required confirmation because 
of the locality. Recently I prepared a genitalia slide from the speci- 


122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


men and was convinced that my original identification was correct. 
This supposition was kindly confirmed by Mr. M. Shaffer of the 
Department of Entomology at the British Museum (Natural History). 

To my knowledge this alpine species has not been recorded 
before from the British Isles outside Scotland. If I had realised the 
significance of the record at the time I would have tried to identify 
the food plant. There were a large number of fern plants growing near 
the lake but I did not know to what species they belonged. — P. J. 
JEWESS, Boyces Cottage, Newington, Sittingbourne, Kent ME9 7JF. 

NINETEENTH-CENTURY ISSUES OF SMITH AND ABBOT, “THE 
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RARER LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS OF 
GEORGIA ” (1797). — In an initial study of ‘“‘Smith and Abbot”’ 
(93: 213-218) I suggested that the work had a long printing history, 
and that its plates (some with new imprints) were available as late as 
three decades after the original publication. I have since been conduct- 
ing a census of copies of the entire work to collect additional data. 

It has long been known that some copies of the book included 
plates printed on paper with watermarks dated as late as the 1820s. 
Preliminary results of my census (based on thirty-five copies at the 
moment of writing) suggest that copies were made up from the 
Original sheets of text, watermarked 1794, and successive impressions 
of the plates. Later copies (still with the 1797 title and initial printing 
of the text) have plates with watermarks dated from 1817 to 1827, 
and some of these copies include one or more of the original plates 
with 1794 watermark dates. So “new” copies of the entire “1797” 
work were being issued as late as 1827 and perhaps later; one of the 
“R. Martin” plates in the dos Passos set without text, discussed in 
my paper cited above, bears an 1828 watermark. 

Further data could well revise these estimates, and indicate an 
even more interesting bibliographical history. Hopefully more will be 
learned about the Martin imprints. A more complete report on the 
printing of “Smith and Abbot” will appear in time, and I would ap- 
preciate hearing from owners of copies I have not examined. — 
RONALD S. WILKINSON, 228 Ninth Street, N. E., Washington, D. C. 
20002. 

CACOECIMORPHA PRONUBANA HBN. (LEP.: TORTRICIDAE): 
SUCCESSFULLY REARED ON ARTIFICIAL DIET, WITH A NOTE ON 
ITS DIAPAUSE REQUIREMENTS. —_ This species is generally 
polyphagous with a preference for Euonymus japonica (Bradley et 
al., 1973) and West (1982) while detailing some further foodplants, 
including imported foreign species, has pointed out that local 
preferences for food may be shown. In October last year I was given 
some unidentified ova which were laid on Oleander (Nerium 
oleander L.) growing in the London Butterfly House, at Syon Park, 
Middx. Similar eggs had also been laid on other plants. When these 
eggs hatched the young larvae resolutely refused to eat the Oleander 
leaves and those left with no other choice all died. When it was 
clear that they were not eating, the larvae were offered a choice 
of cabbage or artificial diet. The larvae immediately started feeding 
on both these foodplants, fed up and pupated successfully and the 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 123 
resultant imagines proved to be C. pronubana. The artificial diet 
used was the cabbage formulae normally used for rearing Pieris 
brassicae L. It was formulated and used according to the methods 
described by Gardiner (1978). 

The moths obtained readily paired and the next generation was 
again reared on the diet or on cabbage. For convenience it was found 
that the moths readily oviposited on the sides of 60 ml plastic 
vials, into the bottom of which freshly-made diet could be poured. 
For ease of starting these very small larvae, it was found advisable 
to roughen the surface of the set diet by intensive scratching with a 
large needle, which was the most convenient instrument to use. The 
larvae were then changed onto fresh diet when they reached their 
final instar. At a temperature of 20-25°C the total development 
period was six weeks, with no difference between the natural food- 
plant, cabbage, or the diet-fed larvae. Most of the larvae were kept 
under a photoperiod of 18 hours light, 6 hours dark per day. A 
number however were kept on a 12 hour light 12 dark regimen and, 
the imagines not having emerged after two months, can now be 
concluded to be in diapause, thereby proving that C. pronubana 
has a facultative, light controlled diapause requirement. It is nor- 
mally (Bradley et al, 1973) a bivoltine species in this country, so 
this is not perhaps surprising. 

I have not previously seen a record of this species from any 
Brassica, and it can now be added to the ever-increasing number of 
species that can be successfully kept in culture on artifical diet. I 
suspect that it is not really necessary to use a cabbage-flavoured one 
howerer. 

References: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. (1973) 
British Tortricid Moths. pp 251. Ray Soc., London. Gardiner, 
B.0.C. (1978) The preparation and use of artificial diets for the 
rearing of insects. Ent. Rec. & J. Var. 90, 181-184, 267-270, 287- 
291. West, B. K. (1982) Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hbn., (Lep.: 
Tortricidae): Larval foodplants including damage to Skimmia 
japonica Thunb. Ent. Rec. & J. Var. 94: 38. — B. O. C. GARDINER, 
UICP, Dept. of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge. 

THE CHEQUERED SKIPPER: CARTEROCEPHALUS PALAEMON 
PALLAS IN ENGLAND, 1976. — Inviewof the considerable importance 
of this Journal as a historical record, may I point out that on the 6th 
June, 1976, 1 did see one newly emerged specimen of this butterfly on 
the site where it had been seen by other observers in 1975. — A. 
ARCHER-LOCK, 4 Glenwood Road, Mannamead, Plymouth, Devon 
PL3 SNH. 

A FEBRUARY DYTISCUS (COL., DYTISCIDAE). — I have rarely 
found beetles of this genus in my light-trap and was most surprised 
to find a female Dytiscus marginalis Linnaeus amongst the small 
catch of Ist/2nd February 1982 in the trap in my Axminster garden. 
Dr. Anthony Eve, who is collecting records of water-beetles from 
light-traps, tells me that this species flies mainly on hot nights and 
that this exceptionally early date is worth publication. — E. C. 
PELHAM-CLINTON, Furzeleigh House, Lyme Road, Axminster, 
Devon, EX13 SSW, 22.ii.1982. 


124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 

WHAT’S IN A NAME? A SUGGESTION. — _ Having read A A 
Allen’s article (Ent. Rec., 94: 4) with interest, I am sure I will not 
be alone in suggesting the answer to his quiz question is aprilina. 
Why aprilina he asks, for an autumn-flying moth? Well, he says 
himself that some names are atrociously misspelt. Could this one 
really be aphilina, without love? If so, we could call him the Un- 
loved, instead of the Merveille du Jour. Inany case why “‘du Jour’? 
He flies at night! — A.J. SHOWLER, 12 Wedgwood Drive, Hughen- 
den Valley, High Wycombe, Bucks. 

THE RED ADMIRAL ON THE WING IN DECEMBER 1981. — On 
December 26, at 11.15 AM. GMT., a dull cold morning, with the 
temperature a little above freezing, following two weeks of arctic 
weather, I saw a specimen of Vanessa atalanta (Linn.) fluttering 
on the outside of my conservatory window. On February 6, a 
fairly mild day, I saw the Peacock Butterfly, Inachis io (Linn.) on 
the wing in my garden. — S.C. S. BROWN, 158 Harewood Avenue, 
Bournemouth, Dorset. 

NEW HOSTPLANT RECORDS FOR CIONUS HORTULANUS (GEOFF.) 
(COL., | CURCULIONIDAE) AND  CHRYSOLINA FASTUOSA 
(Scop.) (COL., | CHRYSOMELIDAE). British species 
of the genus Cionus typically feed on species of Scrophularia 
and Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae), but their ability to colonise 
introduced species of Buddleja (Buddlejaceae) is well known 
(Read, 1977, Entomologist’s Gaz., 28 : 183-202). In 1937 Scott 
(Entomologist’s Mon. Mag., 73 : 29-34) recorded Cionus scrophulariae 
L. infesting Phygelius capensis E. Mey, The “‘Cape Figwort’’, at Charl- 
bury, Oxfordshire. I am aware of only one more recent British record 
of Cionus on this South African member of the Scrophulariaceae. 
G. H. Ashe (1949, Entomologist’s mon Mag., 85 : 74) remarks “‘in 
my garden” (at Gribblesmead, Colyton, South Devon) “Phygelius 
capensis is regularly devastated by Cionus spp”. On 5 July 1981 I 
collected a single female C. hortulanus (Fourc.) on P. capensis in an 
herbaceous border of the yard of the disused school at Longtown in 
the Olchon Valley, Hereford (SO 321 290). E. Milne-Redhead (pers. 
comm.) reports seeing a species of Cionus on P. capensis in 
August 1974 on the terrace of the house of Cmdr. R. M. 
Richards at Caerynwch, near Dolgellau, Gwynedd (SH 7617). 
Unfortunately he did not take a specimen. 

Chrysolina fastuosa (Scop.) is known to feed on Labiatae, es- 
pecially species of Galeopsis and Lamium (Freude, Harde & Lohse, 
1966, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas, 9: 165). In June 1980 I was sent 
some specimens to identify from the garden of Mrs B. Will at the 
White Hills of Monymusk, by Inverurie, Aberdeen (NJ 61). C. fastuosa 
was present in such numbers on the labiate Prunella vulgaris L. that it 
become a pest on gooseberry bushes, Ribes uva-crispa L. This 
exemplifies the facility of some insects to accept non-related food 
plants when locally high populations “eat out” their usual host. 
Ribes spp. are not only in a different family, Grossulariaceae, but also 
in a different order, Tubiflorae. — R. COLIN WELCH, Institute of 
Terrestrial Ecology, Monks. Wood Experimental Station, Abbots 
Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambs., PE17 2LS, 19 ii.82. 


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the following places: Tilbury; Brentwood; Harlow; Hertford; 
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All records of butterflies are invited for these areas for the 
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The maps will be prepared using tetrads, (Two by two kilom- 
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People who have in the past sent butterfly records from the 
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It would be helpful in the case of less common species, if 
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Contributions should be sent to Colin W. Plant at the Passmore 
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CONTENTS 


The Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1981, includin 
that of the Monarch Butterfly: Danaus plexippus L. R. F. 
BRETHERTON and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT : 

The ‘Types’ of Maniola jurtina splendida White (Lepidoptera: Satyridae). 
G. THOMSON xe : 

The Decline of the Indigenous Macrolepidoptera of Abbot's “Wood, 
East Sussex. M. HADLEY on 

Microlepidoptera: a Review of the Year 1981. Rev. D. J. is ‘AGASSIZ 

Additions to the Macrolepidoptera of Yorkshire. S. M. JACKSON 

Dermaptera from the Gunong Mulu National Park, Borneo. A Correction 
and an Addition. A. BRINDLE ... ‘ 

Bucculatrix cidarella Z. (Lep., Lyonetiidae) on ” Myrica gale. H. N. 
MICHAELIS & 

Records of Phoridae (Diptera) Reared ‘from Fungi. “Dr. R. Hh ibe DISNEY 
and R.E. EVANS . 

Macrolepidoptera of an “Upland Area in Kircudbrightshire, South- west 
Scotland. Dr. P. D. HULME 

Coleophora machinella Bradley: its Rediscovery in “England and 
Description. Dr. J. R. LANGMAID eS 

Two Weeks in the Canary Islands 1981. ys G “ALLCARD ‘and A. 
VALLETTA ed 


Notes on Pachynematus arcticus ss (Lindqvist) (ym. Tenthredinidae) A. 


D. LISTON... 
Letter to the Editor 
Notes and Observations: 
Pyrrhocoris apterus L. (Hem., Pyrrhocoridae) in Dorset. S. C. S. 
BROWN er. 
Foodplant of Coleophora ‘salicorniae Wocke Identified as Salicornia 
fragilis P. W. Ball & Tuttin. N. F. HEAL 


The Wood White: Lepridea sinapis L. in us P. J. BAKER. 


Coleophora trigeminella Fuchs and C. coracipennella Hbn. in 
South Yorkshire. H. E. BEAUMONT 

The Death’s-head Hawkmoth and Convolvulus Hawkmoth i in Kent 
in 1981. R. F. BUDDLE oe 

Mompha lacteella Stephens: a Possible Distinguishing Character 
RJ HECKEORD: 1 = ae a e 

A Strange Case of Larval Depravity. M. HADLEY 


- 16 


ELS 


Phyllonorycter saportella Dup. in E. Norfolk. Lt. Col. A. M. EMMET 119 


Magdalis violacea L. (Col., Curculionidae): Correction of a Record. 


A. A. ALLEN ... 5 20 
Book Talk Five. J. M. CHALMERS- HUNT 2 ae (Ail 
Udea decrepitalis H.-S. (Lep., Pyralidae) in Wales. P. J. ‘JEWESS 2 
Nineteenth-century Issues of Smith and Abbot, “The Natural History 

of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia” (797) ser 

R.S. WILKINSON _... 122 
Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hbn. ‘Successfully. Reared on Artificial 

Diet, with a Note on Diapause Requirements. B. O. C. 

GARDINER 25 122 
The Chequered Skipper i in England, 1976. A. ARCHER-LOCK en 28 
A February Dytiscus (Col., Dytiscidae). E.C. PELHAM-CLINTON... 123 
What’s in a Name? a Suggestion. Dr. A. J. SHOWLER P24 
The Red Admiral in December 1981. S. C. S. BROWN Se .. 124 
New Hostplant Records for Cionus hortulanus Geoff. (Col., 

Curculionidae) and Chrysolina fastuosa Scop. (Col., Chry- 

somelidae) Dr. R.C. WELCH Be Pe an ae 124 

Current Literature ue Bes Pe ae wes wae 88, 100 


Printed by Frowde & Co (Printers) Ltd Orpheus St. London SE5 8RR 


Vol. 94 Nos. 7-8 July/August 1982 ISSN 0013-8916 


ae oie 
rel 7089 


THE. 
ENTOMOLOGIST’S 
RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. 
with the assistance of 


A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.CS. P. J. CHANDLER. B.SC., F.R.E.S. 
NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. 
S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. J. HEATH, F.R.E.S., F.L.S. 

J. D. BRADLEY, PH.D., F.R.E.S. E. S. BRADFORD 


Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. 
P. A. SOKOLOFF, M.SC., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S. (Registrar) 


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PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY 


eS 
A REVIEW OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1981 


By Dr. C. J. LUCKENS* 


For most species of butterfly in Britain 1981 seems to have 
been a poorer than average year. A fine warm spell in August pos- 
sibly saved the season from complete disaster, but the indifferent 
weather which prevailed from late Spring, until late July was pro- 
bably largely to blame for the general paucity of butterflies. Among 
the Satyridae, Maniola jurtina L. and Pararge aegeria L. were ex- 
ceptions to the general rule and did well nearly everywhere in 
Southern England. There were particularly good reports of jurtina 
from Wiltshire (around Warminster) and several aberrations turned 
up in this area. In Dorset also, jurtina was up to strength, but only 
average numbers were reported from East Sussex. P. aegeria was 
noticeably common in the Summer brood in Dorset in August, 
and I saw it everywhere in the scrubby areas of the coastal valleys 
around Worth and Swanage. This butterfly was also common in 
Hampshire and Wiltshire, and though the first brood was very 
sparse in Sussex, the second brood was up to normal strength. 
Melanargia galathea L. also had a fairly good year and has apparently 
increased its range in the Chilterns recently. In East Sussex however, 
it was reported to be below average and very local in 1981. The hot 
weather in August brought out a good hatch of Maniola tithonus L. 
but Eumenis semele L. I found very scarce in the Swanage coastal 
area. It is now very local on the East Sussex downs but in the few 
sites remaining it produced reasonable numbers. Reports from East 
Kent suggest that it still possibly occurs on the cliffs between 
Dover and Folkstone, where its continued presence has been in 
doubt recently. Semele was common, though worn, on the New 
Forest heathland around Beaulieu and Dibden during the last week 
of August. Aphantopus hyperantus L. has declined markedly in 
many areas in the South East over the last few years. In mid Sussex, 
in particular, the reduction has continued and the Ringlet is now 
very local. A similar situation seems to have occured in Kent, and, 
to a lesser extent, in South Hampshire. It was locally common in 
East Wilts in 1981 with some arete/caeca forms turning up in the 
County. 

The commoner Nymphalidae such as Aglais urticae L. and 
Nymphalis io L. had a patchy year. There were large numbers of the 
latter on our garden buddleias in Southampton but urticae was 
uncommon, and the temporary residents, Vanessa atalanta L. 
Vanessa cardui L., were almost non-existent until very late in the 
year and then there was a small sprinkling of each species. All recorders 
remarked on the scarcity of Polygonia c-album L. both broods in 
1981. Limenitis camilla L. was late in appearing but in average num- 
bers in the Wilts woods. In Sussex it apparently had a very bad year 
with only four to five seen during several hours observation in per- 
viously favourable sites. Of Apatura iris L. there were somewhat 


*Swallowfield, Manor Road, Durley, Hants. SO3 2AF. 


126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


conflicting reports. | saw none in mid-August in the woods on the 
East Wilts and Hants border (where there has been extensive devas- 
tation) and I was informed by one of the wardens that very few 
had been seen this year. Other reports however, were of numerous 
sightings in the same area, and also, over the Hampshire border 
near Romsey, iris was reputedly frequent in at least two woods. 
The Purple Emperor apparently held its own in the West Sussex 
woods around Plaistow. It is pleasing that this magnificent butterfly 
continues to thrive in these areas in spite of vagaries of weather and 
forestry policy. Argynnis paphia L., also the subject of somewhat 
conflicting reports, was recorded from Wilts as up to strength but 
late and still flying up to the second week of September. In East 
Sussex it is local but still present in reasonable numbers around 
Lewes. In the Plaistow area around fifty could be seen in a few 
hours’ walking. There are no signs of serious decline further West 
in Devon and South Wales (Breconshire). A. aglaia L. had a patchy 
time, with poor numbers on the downs and woods west of Salisbury; 
but i saw a fair number in August in the East Wilts woods where 
the recent felling has harmed iris but possibly encouraged this 
fritillary. Aglaia was also plentiful in the Lulworth area of Dorset 
and in the Grange area in the Lake District. I have virtually no 
reports of Argynnis adippe D. & S. but that it was scarcer than usual 
in its West Wilts haunts. 

In South Hampshire the smaller fritillaries were common in 
one wood near Fareham which has been coppiced in two large areas 
and is currently in prime condition for both Clossiana selene D. & S. 
and C. euphrosyne L. The latter butterfly was the dominant species 
of the two, but both were abundant. In contrast, euphrosyne was 
uncommon in Crab Wood west of Winchester and in poor numbers 
in the Whiteparish area. Further east both continued to decline; 
particularly selene, which may now be absent from Kent and was 
reported as scarcer than for some years in East Sussex. Moderate 
populations of both still occur in the West Sussex woods but even 
here both have declined in the last few years. Further West selene 
tends to do better and in Breconshire is apparehtly holding its 
numbers quite well. The parlous state of Mellicta athalia Rott. 
in the West Country where only two colonies apparently now 
exist, has made it the subject of legislation. In Kent however, good 
numbers were recorded in mid-June in the Thornden area of the 
Blean woods. Euphydryas aurinia Rott. is impossible to assess 
on anything other than a strictly local basis. I saw a good number of 
male Marsh Fritillaries on June 6th in a locality unfortunately 
threatened with development, near Ringwood. In August there were 
plenty of larval webs in the same site. Earlier on in mid-April I found 
several larvae in a riverside locality near Tavistock. I heard however, 
that aurinia was scarcer than usual in some of the Argyllshire 
coastal colonies. 

Hamearis lucina L., formerly common in West Wood near 
Winchester, has gradually declined over the last few years, but 
1981 was the first season I failed to see it there at all. The woods 


A REVIEW OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1981 127 


still look suitable in several places however, and the butterfly might 
well survive at low density there. In East Sussex and Kent lucina 
was reported as local and rare in 1981. The weather patterns in 
general favoured the late summer broods of Lycaenidae and several 
of the blues did quite well in August and September. Happily, 
this applied to Lysandra bellargus Rott. which appeared in good 
numbers in coastal Dorset, from Swanage westward to Lulworth. 
I saw this jewel of a butterfly in half a dozen places around Worth 
during the last week in August and early September. There were also 
encouraging reports from Kent where reasonably good numbers 
flew at Queenborough and Detling, though at the Folkstone grounds 
it was still rather low. There is apparently only one surviving colony 
in Wilts where it is holding its own, but in the Sussex localities it 
has declined and bellargus was described as local and rare in both 
broods. In Surrey it occurs near Guildford and here also it appears 
to have stabilised its position in 1981. LZ. coridon Poda on the other 
hand, did not share in this modest resurgence and appears to have 
been relatively uncommon nearly everywhere. I have records from 
Dorset, Sussex, Wilts and Surrey all painting the same picture of 
greatly reduced numbers. Only in Kent is it described as fairly com- 
mon in 1981. This presumably refers to the Folkestone area where 
it has been low for a number of years and so, perhaps, represents 
an improvement. I thought the populations near Winchester showed 
reasonable promise in early August but coridon is slowly recovering 
from a low ebb here since 1977, and I did not expect great things. 
In the first brood, Polvommatus icarus Rott. seems to have been 
disasterously low in most areas, but inthe second brood the numbers 
were much better. Aricia agestis D. & S., on the other hand, was 
about in fair numbers in both broods, though its congener, A. 
artaxerxes Fab., was reported to be lower in numbers than usual in 
North West England around Morecambe Bay. Further north in Cen- 
tral Scotland it apparently enjoyed an average year. Cupido minimus 
Fuessl. was still present in early June on St. Catherine’s Down near 
Winchester, where it seems to just hang on year after year; I had 
only one report of a second brood and that was from Westbury in 
Wiltshire. Celestrina argiolus L. was virtually un-recorded in 1981; 
I saw a single specimen near Romsey in early May, but none at all 
in the usual places around Worth Matravers in August. Thecla 
quercus L. seemed very low in the Wiltshire woods in August, and in 
a favoured Romsey wood I found only small numbers of ova during 
the Winter. Thecla betulae L. on the other hand had the exceptional- 
ly fine weather during its flight period, and ova were found in good 
numbers in the Hampshire and West Sussex localities I visited 
during December. Strymonidia pruni L. I am informed was very 
late and low in numbers in Northamptonshire. I have no information 
regarding the colonies around Oxford or from over the border in 
Buckinghamshire where I found it commonly at the end of June in 
1980. 

The Spring Pierids were present in good numbers in South 
Hampshire in late April, but then declined, and the Summer broods 


128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


were surprisingly low in spite of better weather. Pieris brassicae L. 
was common at the end of August at the Winspit, however Antho- 
charis cardamines L. benefited from a good spell during its flight 
period in late April early May, and produced numerous imagines in 
this area. It showed up early in the season in South-West Surrey 
also, but in East Sussex the butterflies were very little in evidence 
though ova could be found easily. In general I believe the Orange 
Tip did not suffer unduly in 1981. The Brimstone also had an 
average season throughout the South and unusually good numbers of 
larvae were reported from mid Sussex. In some cases these virtually 
defoliated small buckthorns. Leptidea sinapis L. was both late and 
scarce in Salcey forest and a similar situation prevailed in the Dur- 
fold area of Surrey. I visited the sea cliffs between Seaton and 
Branscombe in South Devon in early June and found this delicate 
butterfly quite commonly on the rough grassy slopes. The last time 
I had visited these localities was in late July 1967, when several 
larvae were found on Lathyrus pratense but I failed to see imagines. 
The habitat did not seem to have suffered unduly in the interim. 
The small wood near Fareham which holds the thriving colonies of 
fritillaries also provided excellent conditions for Ervnnis tages L. and 
Pyrgus malvae L. Both skippers were common in the open, coppiced 
parts of this wood. Elsewhere I have reports only from Sussex where 
both species were very local and scarce. Thymelicus lineola Ochs. 
continues to increase its range in Southern England, though numbers 
were not as good as usual in 1981. It was reported from Pewley 
Down near Guildford for the first time and has appeared recently 
in several other places in West Surrey where it was previously un- 
known. Its congener, 7. actaeon Rott., was common in late August 
around Swanage and Worth Matravers — especially at the Winspit. 
It was also reported to have increased in numbers in the Lulworth 
area in comparison to a previous count in 1979. Hesperia comma 
L. hadanunremarkable year though records from the Dover area 
suggest it is perhaps gaining strength there. It is extremely local in 
East Sussex (one or two sites only) but, within these limits, pro- 
duced an average brood in August. I have no data from Surrey, but 
in Hampshire numbers were maintained fairly well last year. In the 
West Highlands, Carterocephalus palaemon Pall. was in fairly good 
form last year, particularly in the colonies along the Great Glen. One 
of the Argyllshire sites was reported to be getting overgrown, but, 
in general, the butterfly is far more widespread in this area than 
formerly believed, and new colonies seem to turn up nearly every 
year. 

It is hoped that this report will continue on an annual basis and 
that in future there will be slightly less bias toward the Southern 
half of the country. I appreciate that there are many demands on the 
time and patience of lepidopterists regarding requests for informa- 
tion but I would be grateful if readers could find the time to send 
me records and general news of butterfly populations in 1982. 

I would like to thank the following lepidopterists for their 
contributions to this paper: Messrs K. N. Baskcomb, R. D. G. 


A REVIEW OF BRITISH BUTTERELIES IN 1981 129 


Barrington, R. F. Bretherton, J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, F. Clouter (per 
J. M. Chalmers-Hunt), R.M. Craske, T. Melling, C. J. Randall (per 
J. M. Chalmers-Hunt), R. C. Revels, P. Sankey-Barker (per J. M. 
Chalmers-Hunt), P. Summers. 

I owe a special debt to the late Maj.-Gen. C. G. Lipscomb 
who, only a few days before his death, sent me a detailed report on 
Wiltshire butterflies. 


COLEOPHORA BINDERELLA KOLLAR — A NEW FOODPLANT. — 
Whilst collecting cases of Coleophora serratella L. which were 
feeding on the roadside Carpinus hedge to Finch Wood, Bonning- 
ton, Kent, on 21st. May 1981, I noticed a tricolorous case larva 
also feeding on the Hornbeam. It was reared on Hornbeam from the 
garden and the moth which subsequently emerged on 9th. July 
1981 was referred to the British Museum whereupon Dr. J. D. 
Bradley. kindly confirmed the species as Coleophora binderella. 
As far as I am aware Carpinus has not previously been recorded 
as a foodplant for this species in Britain. — N. F. HEAL, Fosters, 
Detling Hill, Nr. Maidstone, Kent. 


A NOTE ON TWO BRITISH TRACHYPHLOEUS SPP. (COL.: CURCU- 
LIONIDAE). — T- scabriculus L.: this is peculiar among our species in 
possessing a marked sexual difference in the anterior tibiae, one sex 
having strongly developed tooth-bearing digitate projections at the 
apex rather as in 7. spinimanus Germ., while in the other they are 
almost simple with much smaller teeth. Fowler (1891, Col. Brit. 
Isl., 5: 184) assigns the smaller teeth to the female, but that is in- 
correct, as may be easily proved by dissection; the large development 
of these structures is in fact a female character. Victor Hansen (1965, 
Danm. Faun., 69: 46) figures them for both sexes. Joy (1932, Pract. 
Handb. Brit. Beetles, 1: 180) makes no mention of a sexual difference; 
his figure of the tibia (2: 50, fig. 7) is of a male. Consequently a user 
of the book, unaware that such a disparity exists, might well find 
himself puzzled. 

T. digitalis Gyll.: some coleopterists, both here and abroad*, have 
tended to look on this as a small form of 7. spinimanus, and it is on 
the whole not well understood. The distinctions, not very fully stated 
in our literature, are slight but appear constant: digitalis is always 
smaller and of shorter form, with less numerous and less erect elytral 
setae which are much shorter, about twice as long as broad and thus 
scale-like — in spinimanus about four times, and thus bristle-like. 
The latter decisive character is figured by Hansen (/c. supra: 47, 
figs. e,f). Further, Mr. J. A. Parry informs me that the spermatheca 
is quite different in the two species. T. digitalis is little recorded with 
us and is perhaps mostly Kentish. It formerly occurred very sparingly 
with others of the genus in the chalk pit at Darenth; and I took one 
at the base of the cliffs at Freshwater, Isle of Wight (v.48), possibly 
a new locality. It is worth noting that males of digitalis are unknown, 
whilst those of spinimanus (known from mountain areas in France) 
are not found in Denmark (Hansen, /.c.: 49) and probably not in 


Britain. — A. A. ALLEN. 
*e.9. R. Frieser in Freude, Harde & Lohse, 1981, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 10:238. 


130 
LEPIDOPTERA IN IRELAND 


By the Rev. DAVID AGASSIZ * 


In the summer of 1981 my family and I spent our holiday in 
Ireland: a week in the Burren of Co. Clare, followed by a week 
each in Tralee, Co. Kerry and Roche’s Point, Co. Cork. It was not 
primarily an entomological trip, but several specimens were taken 
which seem worth recording. Four years previously I had followed 
the same tracks spending a week collecting in the Burren with Barry 
Goater & Dr. John Langmaid, after which I stayed for two weeks at 
Roche’s Point with my family. Records made then have not been 
published so they are included now. In both visits to the Burren the 
base was a caravan on Fanore Strand. The precise dates were for the 
Burren: 6 - 12 August 1977 and 24 - 31 July 1981; for Tralee: 1 - 6 
August 1981 and for Roche’s Point: 13 - 29 August 1977 and 7 - 13 
August 1981. 

For Co. Clare L include records of species which are not included 
by Bradley & Pelham-Clinton (1967), though there may well be 
other records, published or unpublished. Fanore is abbreviated F., 
other localities are specified. For one species, Dichomeris marginella 
Fabr. taken at Black Head, 1 1-vii-77 I have not traced any previous 
Irish record. Other species are: Nemophora minimella D. & S., F. 
‘77, Murroogh & Caher River ‘81; Rhigognostis annulatella Cutt., 
F. 25-vii-81; Agonopterix subpropinquella Stt., F. bred ‘81; Epagoge 
grotiana Fabr., Rinnamona ‘77; Olethreutes schulziana Fabr., 
Rinnamona ‘77; Cydia gallicana Guen., Caher River 30-vii-81; 
Scoparia subfusca Haw., F. ‘77 & ‘81 + Black Head ‘77; Mecyna 
asinalis Hubn., Ballyvaughan & Black Head ‘77; Perizoma alchemillata 
Linn., F. ‘81; Eilema griseola Hubn., Ballyvaughan ‘77; Axylia putris 
Linn., Ballyvaughan ‘77 & F. ‘81; Graphiphora augur Fabr., F. 
26-vii-81; Mythimna pallens Linn., F. ‘77 & ‘81; Mesoligia furuncula 
D. & S., F. & Black Head ‘77; Hoplodrina alsines Brahm, Black Head 
‘77 & F. ‘81 and Abrostola trigemina Werneb., F. ‘81. 

In addition, on both visits Paraswammerdamia spiniella Hubn. 
was recorded and I feel it must be this Blackthorn-feeding species 
rather than the Birch-feeding Swammerdamia caesiella Hubn. which 
was intended by Bradley & Pelham-Clinton when they recorded the 
latter. 

For the other localities I an including only such vice-county 
records as are not given by Beirne (1941), these are also supple- 
mentary to those I published previously (Agassiz, 1977). 

Records from North Kerry (vc. H2), Tralee: Psychoides filicivora 
Meyr.; Phyllonorycter nigrescentella Logan — mines; Plutella porrec- 
tella Linn., Coleophora benanderi Kanerva; Eulamprotes atrella 
D. & S.; Blastobasis lignea Wals.; Cnephasia conspersana Dougl.; C. 
stephensiana Doubl.; Gypsonoma dealbana Frol.; and Eurhodope 
advenella Zinck.. Also from Kerry Head Lobesia littoralis Humph. 


*10, High View Avenue, Grays, Essex. 


LEPIDOPTERA IN IRELAND 131 


& Westw. and from the Slieve Mish Mountains: Digitivalva pulicariae 
Klim. and Epinotia mercuriana Frol.. 

Records from East Cork (vc. H5). Two species are not 
included in Beirne’s list so these may be the first Irish records: 
Monopis imella Hiibn., Roche’s Point 9-vii-81 and Zeiraphera rat- 
zeburgiana Ratz. Rostellan 20-viii-77. Other species; all from 
Roche’s Point: Stigmella aurella Fabr. ‘77 & ‘81; Phyllonorycter 
messaniella Zell. mines *81; P. rajella Linn. ‘81; Digitivalva pulicariae 
Klim. ‘77 & ‘81; Schreckensteinia festaliella Hubn. ‘81; Coleophora 
discordella Zell. ‘77 & ‘81; C. trochilella Dup. ‘77; C. benanderi 
Kanerva ‘81; Hofmannophila pseudospretella Stt. ‘77 & ‘81; Agono- 
pterix ulicetella Stt. ‘77; A. nervosa Haw. ‘81; Caryocolum blandella 
Dougl. ‘77, Aproaerema anthyllidella Hubn. bred ‘81; Acompsia 
cinerella Cl. *81;, Anarsia spartiella Schr. ‘81; Brachmia rufescens 
Haw. ‘81, Eupoecilia angustana Hubn. ‘77; Cochylis pallidana 
Zell. larvae ‘81; Archips podana Scop. ‘77; Clepsis consimilana 
Hubn. ‘77; Bactra lancealana Hubn. ‘81; Epinotia tenerana D. & S. 
‘17, Epiblema roborana D. & S. ‘81; E. scutulana D. & S. ‘77; and 
Cydia splendana Hubn. ‘77. 


References 
Agassiz, D. J. L., 1977, Lepidoptera in the South of Ireland, Ent. 
mee. 189: 73H. 
Beirne, B. P., 1941. A List of the Microlepidoptera of Ireland. 
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, XLVII, pp. 53-147. 
Bradley, J. D. and Pelham-Clinton, E. C., 1967. The Lepidoptera of 
the Burren, Co. Clare, W. Ireland, Ent. Gazette 18: 115-153. 


———— 

ZYGAENA LOTI SCOTICA ROWLAND-BROWN ON MULL, 1981. — 
On 20th June, 1981, I revisited a locality for Zygaena loti scotica 
on the west coast of the Isle of Mull to which I had not been since 
the mid-1960s, when I paid three visits. On going to the chief haunt 
I found to my dismay that the areas of the hillside which were still 
free from bracken in the 1960s had been completely invaded by this 
tiresome fern and the flowery areas had completely disappeared. 
I realised this danger of course, but had hoped that the rock was 
too near the surface in the flowery areas for bracken to encroach 
any further. Z. purpuralis caledonensis Reiss and Z. filipendulae L. 
were also present in the 1960s. Neither of them could exist there 
now. I knew of a flowery bank not far away so I made for this spot, 
and to my great relief I found Z. loti scotica flying in good numbers. 
Their favourite flower was undoubtedly the Fragrant Orchid, Gym- 
nademia conopsea on which I was able to photograph the moth. No 
other burnets were there — too early no doubt — and the only other 
lepidoptera seen were a few Polyommatus icarus Rott. and Odezia 
atrata L. I went again to the site on 27th June on our return from 
spending a week on Iona, but all the burnets had gone. The area is 
very small, and bracken is threatening here too. The slope is steep 
and the rock is certainly very near the surface; but how long can 
this tiny colony last? — Rev. J. H. VINE HALL, “Rivendell”, 
3 The Green, Melmerby, Penrith, Cumbria CA10 1HG. 


132 
SYNCOPACMA LARSENIELLA (GOZMANY): 
A HITHERTO UNDER-RECORDED SPECIES 


By R. J. HECKFORD* 


As a result of making some genitalia slide preparations in 1981, 
I discovered that all my specimens of a Syncopacma which I had 
previously determined as cinctella (Clerck) in fact were Jlarseniella 
(Gozmany ). My specimens came from Cornwall, Devon and Somer- 
set. Goater (1974) does not record Jarseniella from either Hampshire 
or the Isle of Wight and Emmet (1981) does not record it from 
Essex, although both record cinctella. However neither state whether 
the records were confirmed by examination of the genitalia. 

As I could find little published about Jarseniella I hope that 
the following note is of some interest. 

Stainton (1867), in describing faeniolella (Zeller), recognized 
ligulella (larseniella) and vorticella (cinctella) as distinct species, but 
stated that they were not readily distinguishable from each other. 
Taeniolella differs from both in that the distinct white fascia on 
the upper surface of forewing extends to the under surface and 
forms a costal spot on the hindwing. 

Meyrick (1928) sank ligulella as a synonym of vorticella. How- 
ever Pierce and Metcalfe (1935) showed that Jigulella was a good 
species. Wolff (1958) then discovered that the type of Jigwlella 
in Zeller’s collection was a specimen of vorticella. He named the now 
unnamed species Jarseniella. Gozmany was writing a paper on the 
Syncopacma at the time and knew of this. Therefore he named the 
species larseniella (Wolff). However Gozmany’s paper was published 
first, so the species must be named Jarseniella (Gozmany ). 

Wolff illustrated only the male genitalia of the Syncopacma he 
described because of uncertainty of obtaining correctly determined 
females. He stated that Jarseniella “‘can hardly be separated from 
vorticella without examination of the genitalia.” I do not have any 
specimens of cinctella, but have compared my lJarseniella with 
cinctella in the British Museum (Natural History) and can find no 
macroscopic differences. 

The two species are readily distinguishable on the genitalia. I 
have bred both males and females from one small locality and they 
agree with Pierce and Metcalfe’s illustrations of Jarseniella, save 
in two respects in the male. Wolff’s illustrations of the male are 
more accurate. Pierce and Metcalfe show the pegs at the uncus in 
two straight lines. Wolff shows them: as two diamond shaped groups 
and my specimens agree with this. Also, Pierce and Metcalfe show 
the vinculum arms as broad and rounded, but they are long and 
narrow (as shown by Wolff) although depending on the mounting 
they can look similar to Pierce and Metcalfe’s illustration. 

I failed to make a description of the larvae but noted that 
generally they agreed with Meyrick’s description of taeniolella. 
I took several larvae, which were nearly full grown, at three localities 
at Plympton, Devon between 25th. and 28th. May 1979. They were 


*67, Newnham Road, Plympton, Plymouth. 


A HITHERTO UNDER-RECORDED SPECIES 133 


feeding between spun leaves of Lotus uliginosus. The adults emerged 
between 19th. and 23rd. June 1979: It seems that in the wild they 
emerge later, as the previous year I had taken several adults at one of 
the localities late in the afternoon on 21st. and 22nd. July. 

On 20th. June 1979 I found two larvae between spun leaves of 
Lotus uliginosus at Shapwick Heath, Somerset, whilst on a Nature 
Conservancy Council survey. These produced two adults on 10th. 
July 1979. My only specimen from Cornwall was taken at M.V.L. 
at Saltash on 11th July 1971. 

Dr. J. R. Langmaid has since dissected some of his cinctella and 
these have proved to be Jarseniella. They were taken in Hampshire, 
Petworth, Sussex and Ramsey, Essex. All of those which were bred 
were taken on Lotus uliginosus. Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton has one 
specimen from Hampshire and two females bred from L. uliginosus 
from Fingringhoe, Essex. 

I suspect that dissection of many presumed cinctella may show 
them to be Jarseniella. Perhaps larseniella is the commoner species. 
There are now confirmed records of this species from Vice-Counties 
Ze, 11, 13and 19: 

I am grateful to Messrs J. R. Langmaid and E. C. Pelham-Clinton 
for allowing me to refer to their unpublished records. 


References 


Emmet, A. M., 1981. The smaller moths of Essex, 158pp. London. 

Goater, B., 1974. The Butterflies and Moths of Hampshire and the 
Isle of Wight, xiv, 439pp. Faringdon. 

Meyrick, E., 1928. A revised handbook of the British Lepidoptera, 
914pp. London. 

Pierce, F. N. and Metcalfe, J. W., 1935. The genitalia of the Tineid 
families of the Lepidoptera of the British Islands, xxii, 1 l6pp., 
68 pls. Oundle, Northants. 

Stainton, H. T. et al., 1867. The natural history of the Tineina, 
10,ix,304pp, 8 col pls. London. 

Wolff, N. L., 1958. Further notes on the Stomopteryx group. Ent. 
Medadr. 28: 224-281,62 figs, 2 pls. 


wt 
ALOPHORA S._ S. HEMIPTERA (FAB.) (DIPT., TACHINIDAE ) 
IN ViC{69)" = On 2 July 1982 I was collecting diptera visiting 


flowers, mainly Umbelliferae, on the edge of Holker Moss (SD 
3579). During my visit I took two specimens of A. hemiptera, both 
females, and saw others but did not catch them. F. I. van Emden 
(Handbk. for the Identification of British Insects, X: Pt. 4 (a): 27) 
reports hemiptera as occurring from Yorkshire southwards. My 
record is not however the most northerly for Britain as T. H. Pennington 
(Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 113: 256) records the species from 
Stirlingshire and also draws attention to the record by Crowson et al. 
(Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 102: 71) of specimens taken in central 
Ayrshire. — Dr. NEVILLE L. BIRKETT, Kendal Wood, New Hutton 
Cumbria LA8 OAQ. 28.iv.1982. 


134 
OBSERVATIONS ON LEPIDOPTERA IN THE 
CEVENNES, EASTER 1961 


By J.S. E. FELTWELL, PhD., F.R.E.S., F.L.S., M.LBiol.! and 
G. N. BURTON, B.A., F.R.E.S.2 


Our study trip to the Cévennes in France (Gard, 30, & Hérault, 
34) for the week 11 - 20 April 1981 revealed some interesting 
observations on larval foodplants, dwarfs, predation and parasitism, 
and some general notes on butterfly abundance and behaviour. 


Foodplants 


1. Southern Festoon (Zerynthia polyxena D. & S.) 

In one riverside mulberry meadow regularly grazed each week 
by goats, we found about a dozen freshly-emerged Southern Festo- 
ons lazily flying about and resting on various plants. The plants in 
the meadow were very diverse and included: Salad Burnet (Poterium 
sanguisorba), Cowslip (Primula veris), Red Clover (Trifolium 
pratense), Spring Cinquefoil (Potentilla tabernaemontani), Jack by 
the Hedge (Alliaria petiolata), all of which were in flower, while 
others like Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) were pushing up. Scat- 
tered throughout the meadow were many groups of a very easily 
overlooked but distinctive member of the Birthworts (Aristolochia 
rotunda) on which the Southern Festoons were ovipositing; ova 
being laid on both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves and on 
the stems. The species was also observed in another riverside mea- 
dow, about two miles from the first. It was, again, ovipositing on A. 
rotunda, which was not uncommon in small patches. Almost every 
leaf had at least one ovum on it and the largest accumulation found 
was fifteen on one leaf. An effort, on the part of G.B., to rear a 
limited number of ova proved very difficult and ultimately failed, 
despite the generous help afforded by Mr. Robert Goodden (World- 
wide Butterflies) and Mr. J. S. Keesing (Living Collection Division, 
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). A sufficient supply of A. rotunda 
or A. clematitis was unobtainable and other Aristolochia spp. were 
not accepted with any real interest. 

2. Morocco Orange Tip (Anthocharis belia L.) 

Further South, near St. Guilhem-le-Désert, in Hérault, A. belia 
and Cleopatra (Gonepteryx cleopatra) were in abundance. Females 
of A. belia were observed ovipositing on the tall but thinly-branched 
yellow crucifer Biscutella lyrata. They seemed to prefer to deposit 
their eggs on the tightly-closed panicles and fluttered all the time, 
while depositing their single eggs very quickly. When ova were 
removed for rearing purposes, it was found that they fed quite 
happily on one of the normal foodplants of A. cardamines, Sisym- 
brium officinalis. We have not found this listed as a foodplant of 
A. belia. 


I Marlham, Henley Down, Catsfield, E. Sussex, TN33 9BN. 
2Mar-y-Mar, Minster Drive, Minster, Sheppey, Kent ME12 2MG. 


OBSERVATIONS ON LEPIDOPTERA IN THE CEVENNES, EASTER 1981 135 


3. Cleopatra (Gonepteryx cleopatra L.) 

A female of G. cleopatra was seen ovipositing on the leaves 
of an oak species which had already lost its early Spring flowers. 
We have been unable to identify leaves removed for the purpose 
and the two ova collected failed to hatch. 

4. Fritillaries. 

Not many fritillaries were on the wing. Only a single specimen 
of the Queen of Spain (U/ssoria lathonia L.) and a fair number of 
Violet Fritillaries (Clossiana dia L.) were seen, but a large number of 
Fritillary larvae were found feeding on the leaves of Ivy-leaved 
Toadflax (Cymbalaria muralis) and Rock Speedwell (Veronica 
fruticans). The larvae continued to feed avidly on C. muralis in 
captivity. Fifteen were reared through to the final instar; two 
died, eight proved to be parasitised and five pupated safely. The 
latter emerged in May, proving to be Mellicta deione Geyer the 
Provencal Fritillary. The parasite cocoons and resultant hymeno- 
ptera were submitted to Dr. Mark Shaw (Royal Scottish Museum) 
for identification. They were Apanteles melitearum Wilkinson (a 
regular parasite of Euphydryas aurinia Rott. and Melitaea cinxia 
L. in Britain and of Melitaea and Mellicta spp. in France.). A. 
melitearum is double-brooded on a single host generation. The first 
brood come out soon after the hosts break diapause, quickly emerge 
from the pupa and then re-parasitise the same host generation a 
couple of instars later. 


Dwarfs 


Small specimens of five species were seen on the trip. Both 
species of Orange Tip, in which dwarfs are often recorded, were 
seen; a small female A. cardamines L. was seen feeding on Honesty 
(Lunaria annua) but was unmeasured and a male A. belia proved to 
have wingspan of 15mm. (from centre of thorax to tip of forewing), 
— normal: 20mm. A Green Hairstreak (Callophrys rubi L.) had 
a wingspan of 10mm. (normal: 15mm.) and a Scarce Swallowtail 
(Iphiclides podalirius L.) one of 30mm. (normal: 40mm.). The 
Baton Blue (Philotes baton Bergstrasser) was very variable in size — 
ranging from 10 - 15mm. The underside colouring was equally 
variable. 


Abundance 


It is worth drawing attention to the abundance of certain but- 
terflies and moths, as the degree of abundance fluctuates from one 
year to the next. For instance, this Spring the Large White (Pieris 
brassicae L.) and the Orange Tip (A. cardamines) were extremely 
common compared with previous Springs. So too were two Medi- 
terranean species, the Southern Festoon (Zerynthia polyxena) and 
the Nettle-Tree Butterfly (Libythea celtis Laicharting) which feeds 
on the Nettle Tree (Celtis australis ). The latter has seen a steady 
increase in numbers over the last few years, such that it can now 


136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


be regarded as frequent rather than rare. The Scarce Swallowtail 
(Iphiclides podalirius) is still very common, while the Swallowtail 
(Papilio machaon L.) is always intrequent. A figure of at least SO: 1 
in favour of J. podalirius can be put on these two Swallowtails, 
although there is an abundance of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and 
Wild Carrot (Daucus carota) in the valley. } 

Two species which are rare in England were frequent in the 
Cévennes : The Camberwell Beauty (Nymphalis antiopa L.) found 
mostly flying in sheltered valleys, where there was an abundance 
of Willows, and the Large Tortoiseshell (Vymphalis polychloros L.), 
many specimens of which were bedraggled. 


Other items of interest 


1. In one of the Southern Festoon meadows we saw a Mallow 
Skipper (Carcharodus alceae Esper) which had been caught by a 
yellow spider lurking in the head of a Dandelion (Taraxacum sp.). 

2. We observed a fourth instar larva of Mellicta deione being 
parasitised by a small black hymenopteron (see above). The latter 
was securely fastened to the larva towards the anal end and the larva 
was writhing about in its efforts to dislodge the parasite, which 
remained in position for about thirty seconds, only flying away 
when the larva wriggled off the stone it was on in a wall and fell to 
the ground. 

3. On one occasion a Camberwell Beauty (V. antiopa) flew 
for some time along the road in front of our car and, with no par- 


ticular effort, maintained a speed of about 26k.p.h. (17m.p.h.). 
Heterocera 


The surprise at the MV lamp was the appearance of the large 
Saturniid Saturnia pyri D. & S. a species that, up to this year, has 
been rare. It has not always appeared at the MV lamp, being seen 
in previous years at lighted windows. Two males were attracted to 
the light on the 12th., two on the 15th., and three on the 17th. 
Only one female came to the light, on the 12th. Our neighbour, 
M. Patrick Ducros, who has operated the light in our absence, has 
only recorded the moth once in six years. One of us (J.F.) has only 
seen the large green larva once in the area, when it was floating down 
a swollen river in 1968. 

The Emperor moth (Saturnia pavonia L.) was out, but not at 
the light. M. Patrick Ducros recorded a pair in cop. at Cambulon on 
the 11th. April and a fresh female was found flying by day on the 
12th. This latter failed to attract males, although she was placed 
outside for almost a week. 

One of the other attractions at the light was the Double Lunar 
Stripe (Minucia lunaris D. & S.) which is always very common and 
exists in two colour forms, a slate blue and a grey. 

Although we ran the MV lamp every night, the cold, clear 
weather and full moon resulted in very limited catches, only one 


OBSERVATIONS ON LEPIDOPTERA IN THE CEVENNES, EASTER 1981 137 


other species being of interest. On the 14th. we caught a Noctuid 
which we were quite unable to identify. It appeared similar to the 
Middle Eastern tribe Armadini. It was finally identified by Mr. M. 
R. Honey (B.M.N.H.) as Aleucanitis cailino Lefebvre, a species 
whose range extends from the French Mediterranean littoral to the 
Southern Mediterranean and the Middle East (Syria). The species 
is not uncommon at Cabane Vieille as M. Patrick Ducros had taken 
several specimens in this and preceding years. 


Rhopalocera 


Overall we recorded 35 species, full details of which are given 
below. 


HESPERHDAE 


Pyrgus malvae malvoides Elwes & Edwards, quite common. 
P. onopordi Rambur, two or three only. 
Carcharodus alceae Esper, common. 


PAPILIONIDAE 


Papilio machaon L., two or three only; rare. 

Iphiclides podalirius feisthamelii Duponchel, common. 

Zerynthia polyxena cassandra Hiibner-Geyer, common in two 
meadows only. 


PIERIDAE 


Pieris brassicae (L.), very common. 

Artogeia napi (L.), very common. 

Artogeia rapae (L.), common, but less frequent than the preceding 
two species. 

Anthocharis cardamines (L.), very common in Gard and Herault. 

Anthocharis belia euphenoides Staudinger, very common in Hérault. 
Absent from Gard. 

Colias crocea Geoffroy in Fourcroy, a few only. 

Gonepteryx rhamni (L.), very common in Gard & Hérault. 

Gonepteryx cleopatra (L.), very common in Hérault, less so in Gard. 

Leptidea sinapis (L.), a few only. 


LYCAENIDAE 


Lycaena phlaeas (L.), fairly common. 

Heodes tityrus Poda, not uncommon in Gard; not seen in Hérault. 
Callophrys rubi (L.), common. 

Cupido minimus Fuessli, a few only. 

Everes alcetas Hoffmannsegg, two only in Herault. 

Celastrina argiolus (L.), common. 


138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


Pseudophilotes baton Bergstrasser, common. Size very variable 
(10-16mm.) 
Polyommatus icarus Rottemburg, two only in Gard. 


LIBYTHEIDAE 
Liby thea celtis Laicharting, quite common. 
NY MPHALIDAE 


Nymphalis polychloros (L.), quite common in Gard. Not seen in 
Hérault. 

N. antiopa (L.). Not uncommon in Gard. One only seen in Hérault. 

Inachis io (L.), common. 

Vanessa atalanta (L.), several seen in both Départements. 

Aglais urticae (L.), common. 

Issoria lathonia (L.), one only in Gard. 

Clossiana dia (L.), common in Gard. Not seen in Hérault. 

Mellicta deione Geyer, larvae very common in Gard on Cymbalaria 
muralis. 


SATYRIDAE 


Coenonympha pamphilus (L.), a few in both Départements. 
Pararge aegeria (L.), a few in both Départements. 
Lasiommata megera (L.), common. 


Acknowledgements 


We would like to thank especially for their help:— Mr. R. 
F. Bretherton, for his advice on foodplants; M. Patrick Ducros, 
for supplying information about his moth-trap captures; Mr. R. 
Goodden & Mr. J. S. Keesing, for providing Aristolochia spp.; 
Mr. M. R. Honey, for determination of Aleucanitis cailino; Dr. 
M. Shaw, for determination of and information about Apanteles 
melitearum. 


References 


Bretherton, R. F. 1966. A distribution list of the Butterflies (Rhopalocera) 
of Western & Southern Europe. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 17 (1): 1-94 

Feltwell, J. S. E. 1977. Check list of the Rhopalocera of the Parc National des 
Cévennes, Ent. Gaz. 28: 85-97. 

Gomez-Bustillo, M. R. & Ferndndez-Rubio, F. 1974-1978. Mariposas de la 
Peninsula [bérica, 1-IV. ICONA, Madrid. 

Herbulot, C. 1965, 1972. Lépidoptéres de France, Il, Wl. N. Boubee et Cie, 


Paris. 

Higgins, L. G. & Riley, N. D. 1970. Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Collins, 
London. 

Higgins, L. G. 1975. The Classification of European Butterflies. Collins, 
London. 


Fitter, R., Fitter, A. & Blamey M. 1974. The Wild Flowers of Britain and 
Northern Europe. Collins, London. 


159 
THE HISTORY OF EUCHROMIUS OCELLEA 
(HAWORTH) (LEP: PYRALIDAE) 
IN BRITAIN 


By BERNARD SKINNER* 


It was the capture of a specimen of Euchromius ocellea in 
November 1981 that prompted me to research the past history in 
Britain of this rare immigrant Pyrale. Since the first published record 
in 1812, several authors, namely South (1890), Donovan (1932), 
Beirne (1952) and Huggins (1958), have attempted to publish 
up-to-date accounts of this species’ history; without exception each 
of these accounts contains at least one or more important errors and 
it was because of this that I decided to compile a, hopefully, 
accurate list of all the twenty five British records. In each case, the 
original published record was checked, and where conflicting dates 
or localities appeared in print, then reference was made either to the 
data attached to the specimen or to the captor’s field diaries. 

Although the life history of ocellea remains unknown, there 
is little evidence to support the views expressed by earlier authors 
that the larva might be associated with stored food products and 
that its occurrence in this country is due to accidental importation. 
On the contrary, a number of the ocellea to visit this country have 
arrived in the company of recognised immigrant species, proving 
its status beyond doubt. On two occasions, in 1967 and 1981, it 
appeared on the same night as Tathorhynchus exsiccata (Lederer), a 
Noctuid species suspected of originating from either South-East 
Europe or North Africa, and of which only nine specimens have 
been recorded from the British Isles. 


The Records 

One in garden, early Spring circa 1812, London Suburbs, captor 
not named, (A. H. Haworth, Lepidoptera Britannica (1812) p.486). 

One while sallowing, mid March 1861, Glamorgan, captor not 
named, (H. T. Stainton, Ent. Ann. 1862: 110). 

One at light, first week of September 1865, near Dumfries, 
Mr Lennon, (G.J.Hearder, Ent. mon. Mag., 3: 139). 

One, 20th January 1867, St. Helens, Isle of Wight, J. Rogers, 
(A. E. Wright, Entomologist, 65:80). 

One while beating, February! 1869, Eastham Wood, near Liver- 
pool, Cheshire, T. J. Roxborough,? (C.S. Gregson, Entomologist, 
4. 249). 

Two, February 1869, Cheshire Coast, captor not named, (C. S. 
Gregson, Entomologist, 4: 263). 

One male at rest on grass stem, 4th August 1879, Folkestone 


*5 Rawlins Close, Addington, South Croydon, Surrey CR2 8JS. 


Repeatedly given as March. 


2One assumes that the erroneous reference to the county of Roxborough 


in Beirne (1952) derived from the name of the captor of the first Cheshire 
specimen. 


140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


Warren, Kent, S. Webb, (Webb, Ent. mon. Mag., 16: 101). 

One, 21st February 1899, New Forest, Hants, H. Ashby, (Ashby, 
Entomologist, 32:258). 

One at window light, 5th October 1921, Grange-over-Sands, 
Lancs, A. E. Wright, (Wright, Entomologist, 55: 38). 

One, 22nd May 1923, Charmouth, Dorset, W. D. Lang, (N. D. 
Riley, Entomologist, 57: 90). 

One disturbed during day, 11th September 1928, New Forest, 
Hants, E. S. Craske, (J. W. Metcalfe, Entomologists, 62: 78). 

One on the wing at night, 23rd January 1932, Timoleague, Co. 
Cork, G. E. Lucas, (C. Donovan, Entomologist, 65:67). 

One at light, 17th February 1950, Hawley, Hants, A. W. 
Richards, (Richards, Entomologist, 83: 278). 

One at m.v.l., 10th March3 1957, Maidencombe, Devon, F. H. 
Lees, (S. T. Stidston, Trans. Devon Assc. 90:202). 

One at m.v.l., 30th May 1958, Martyr Worthy, Hants, D. W. 
ffennell, (ffennell, Entomologist, 91: 262). 

One male at m.v.l., 7th September 1958, Dungeness, Kent, 
D. More, (H. C. Huggins, Entomologist, 92: 26). 

One at m.v.l., 13th September 1958, Maidencombe, Devon, 
F.H. Lees, (R. A. French, Entomologist, 92: 176). 

One at m.v.l., 13th June 1964, Mitcheldever, Hants, C. H. 
Dixon, (Dixon, Ent. Record., 76: 243). 

One, 3lst January 1966, Horrabridge, Devon, R. J. Revell, 
(H. A. Kennard, Trans. Devon Assc., 98:56). 

One, 30th January 1967, Torquay, Devon, H. E. Marshall, 
(R. A. French, Entomologist, 104:217). 

One at m.v.l., 3rd February 1967, Martyrworthy, Hants, D. W. 
ffennell, (ffennell, Ent. Gaz. 18: 56). 

One female at m.vJ., 23rd January 1969,4 Burlesdon, Hants, 
I. A. Watkinson, (B. G. Goater, Butts & Moths of Hampshire (1974), 
17S: 

ae at m.v.l., 14th October 1978, Usk, Monmouthshire, G. A. 
N. Horton, (Horton, Ent. Rec., 91: 26). 

One male at m.vlJ., 22nd November 1981, Wye, Kent, (B. 


Skinner). 


Acknowledgements 
My thanks go to R. F. Bretherton and the Rotharnsted Experi- 
mental Station for advice and confirmation of records, and to L. 
Christie and T. J. Dillon for extracting information from their 
private libraries. 


References 
Beirne B. P., 1952. British Pyralid and Plume Moths Pp. 68-69 
Donovan C., 1932. The Crambid, Eromene ocellea in co. Cork. 
Entomologist, 91: 123-5. 
South R., 1890. Additions to the British List of Deltoids, Pyralides, 
and Crambi, since 1859. Entomologist, 23: 300. 


3Recorded in error as the 12th February in Trans. Devon Assoc. 90: 202. 
4Recorded in error as 1970 in Proc. Brit. Ent. & Nat. Hist. Soc. 4: 11. 


141 
THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA 
TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1981, INCLUDING THAT 
OF THE MONARCH BUTTEREFLY: 
DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. 


By R. F. BRETHERTON®* and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT ** 


(Concluded from page 87) 
ANNEXE III 


The Monarch or Milkweed Butterfly (Danaus plexippus 
ingle 


The records listed below are essentially of sightings only, since 
few of the butterflies are known to have been caught. Almost half 
of them came from the numerous watchers in the Isles of Scilly 
who were primarily engaged in studying the simultaneous immi- 
gration of at least a dozen species of North American birds. We 
understand that, as with the birds, multiple sightings of the same 
butterfly were as far as possible eliminated from the daily totals; 
but in the limited areas of the islands repetitive sightings of the same 
insect must surely have been frequent during some 20 days of 
record spread over five weeks. The largest number mentioned as 
having been seen in one spot simultaneously was three or four 
round an apple tree on St. Agnes on September 26/7, though there 
are also references to “several” roosting collectively on various 
days among Monterey pines near the airport of St Mary’s. Some 
duplication may also have occurred as the Monarchs moved about 
on the mainland of Cornwall and South Devon and elsewhere. It 
is therefore not possible to estimate how many individuals are 
represented by more than 130 sightings listed. It is however safe to 
say that the immigration of 1981 was of at least the same order as 
those of 1933 (40 records) and 1968 (65), which were by much 
the largest since the species was first noted here in 1876. 

Four forerunners of the invasion were seen on September 24, 
curiously spread between the Isle of Man after a severe south- 
westerly night gale, Co. Kerry, St Mary’s, Scilly, and one observed 100 
miles further south at sea off Ushant, which perhaps did not reach 
Britain. On September 25 there were over a dozen sightings, with 
Scilly in the van but with singles in Cumberland, West Cornwall, 
South Devon, South Hampshire, Pembrokeshire, and even co. Wex- 
ford, all in near-coastal localities; in the three following days, Sep- 
tember 26 to 28 over 40 were reported, including nine in Pem- 
brokeshire, one in Dorset and a single presumably fellow travelling 
American Painted Lady (Cynthia virginiensis Drury) in Glamorgan. 
Weather maps and wind directions show September 24, 25, and 
daylight hours of 26 as the most likely period for actual arrivals of 


*Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE. 
** | Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent BR4 9LG. 


142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


Monarchs in south-west Britain; on the night of September 26 and 
until 30 there was a clear-cut influx of nocturnal immigrants, mainly 
Herse convolvuli and Rhodometra sacraria, which probably originated 
in Spain or North Africa, and came with a rather more 
southerly air stream. Further arrivals of Monarchs in October seem 
unlikely; a pronounced recovery in the number of sightings from 
October 4 to 7 is probably attributable to better weather and more 
observation over the week-end. 

Many reports indicate that the first instinct of Monarchs after 
arrival was to feed at almost any garden or wild flowers available; 
buddleia, michaelmas daisies, sedum, golden rod, fuchsia, hydrangea, 
heather, gorse are all mentioned as attractive to them. In Scilly a 
number seem to have settled down, and the records of them con- 
tinue until October 27. Their habit, noted by several observers, of 
roosting gregariously upside down on Monterey pines agreed with 
American experience of their preparations for hibernation in the 
south; a watch for possible survivors even in Scilly should be kept 
in the spring of 1982. Others, including that seen at sea between 
Scilly and Penzance on September 28, moved on. The paucity of 
October records in mainland Cornwall and South Devon may be due 
to outward movement, which reached far enough along the South 
Coast to provide four sightings in Sussex between September 30 and 
October 10; two seen in Merioneth on October | and 4 probably 
came north from Pembrokeshire. About the only example reported 
far inland, one seen near Thame, Oxfordshire there is doubt, as it 
had been suggested that this may have resulted from local rearing of 
larvae in captivity. 

The simultaneous presence of so many North American birds 
makes it clear that this compact invasion of Monarchs originated 
there, and not in the other possible sources in the Canary Islands 
or Madeira, from which, to judge from their associations with other 
immigrant species, a few examples may have come in other years. 
Meteorological information shows that some of the annual south- 
ward movement of Monarchs in North America must have been 
diverted, probably in the states of New Hampshire and New York 
on September 20 or 21 by very strong west and south west winds 
which blew in a broad arc round a very deep depression, which 
moved quickly across the north Atlantic and gave fronts which 
crossed Britain on September 24 and 25. This implies a flight of 
about 3,500 miles taking about three or four days. It is apparently 
not known how far Monarchs use mainly gliding flight or add 
substantially to wind speed in such migrations; but American evi- 
dence has shown that their flight is impaired at temperatures below 
50° F., so that they are unlikely to travel at high altitudes. Since 
on trans-Atlantic flight they cannot pause to feed, their net con- 
sumption of fat must be large, and this may diminish their powers 
of long survival after they have arrived; at least it explains their 
observed urgent desire for refreshment then. 

The invasion of 1981 differed somewhat from the last big 
influx, which was in 1968 (J. F. Burton, Animals 12: 122-6; R.A. 
French, Entomologist 105: 260). The four forerunners were noted 


IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 198] 143 


from August 9 to September 24, and the main arrivals, which began 
on October 2, were probably less concentrated in date and had their 
points of impact in south east Devon and Dorset, which provided 45 
of the 65 records. These included, however, two reports of ten seen 
together, on October 6 and in mid October; and the trail of records 
lasted until November 11. The internal spread was much wider. 
with single records far inland in Gloucestershire, Worcestershire 
and Yorkshire. 

Since then, two D. plexippus were reported in 1969 and singles 
in 1971, 1972, 1974 and in each year from 1977 to 1980, not 
all of which are above suspicion of being escapes or releases from 
captivity. There was a small but definite immigration in 1970, 
when seven or eight were seen, as well as two C. virginiensis, and 
another in 1973, of which there were over a dozen reports. As some 
of these records from 1969 to 1980 have not been published, they 
have been listed at the end of this note. 


The Record 


AT SEA. Off Ushant, 46° N 58° 7°020W, September 24, 3.30 pm., 
flying round s.s. Canberra, one; an American Purple Martin also 
seen (R. Burridge per M. Rogers); seen from m.v. Scillonian 
midway between Penzance and Isles of Scilly, September 28. 

CORNWALL, ISLES OF SCILLY. Daily numbers sighted by bird- 
watchers (per D. Hunt and R. D. Penhallurick): St Mary’s, 
September 24 (1); 25 (6 plus); 26 (5 plus); 27 (1 plus); 28 (2): 
30 (5); October 1 (1); 4 (1); 5 ( plus); 6 (2); 7 (4); 10 (1); 
Lis); 12:G); 13:(2);14 (1); 15: (1); 18 G); 221). St Agnes, 
25 (1); 27 (3); 28 (1); October 5 (1); 6 (1); 7 (1). Gugh, Sep- 
tember 25 (1). St Martin’s, October 5 (1). Tresco, September 
26 (1); 27 (2); 30 (1); October 4 (1); 12 (1). Other records, 
some probably included in the numbers above: St Mary’s 
September 24/27, one seen on several occasions (Prof. Harvey 
per D. Agassiz), 28. one seen on a tamarisk hedge by St Nicholas 
church, Old Town (M. J. Zealley per RDP); October 13 and 18, 
one seen beside the airport (M. Sell per R. I. Lorimer); 13, 
one watched by J. Randall near the airport, imbibing resin 
from a pine tree; other reports of these Monterey pines serving as 
a roost and base for flights during bright days (Archer-Lock, Ent. 
Rec., 93: 201); 27, one gliding along young pines: settled; flying 
into mature pines (Foggitt, Ent Rec., 93: 202). St Agnes, 
September 26/27, four reported around an apple tree, which 
also contained an American Magnolia Warbler (Foggitt, ibid. ). 
St Martin’s, September 26 or 27, one followed along the coast 
from opposite Plumb Island to White Island (K. & J. Jamieson 
per D. Hunt). 

CORNWALL, W. Kynance, September 25 (or possibly 24), a.m., 
one watched crossing the stream and settled on montbretia 
(Mr & Mrs Marrifield per RDP); 25, Nancledra, one watched on 
fuschia and buddleia (E. M. P. Simpson per RDP, and Smith, 
Ent. Rec., 93: 201); 26, Lizard Downs, about noon moving 


144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


south and feeding on Erica vagans (Major-Gen. P. G. Turpin 
per RDP); St Levan near Lands End, by Mr. Garceau (Smith, ibid., 
and RDP); 27 Ashton near Breage, on buddleia and hydran- 
gea (J. Fairbrass per RDP); Mylor Harbour, sighted from boat 
(J. Cook & M. Hillyer per RDP); Kennack, 28.9, before noon, 
flying and settling on a hedge with buddleia nearby; Hayle, 
before noon, flying over lucerne (Mrs C. Cook per RDP); 
Lamorna, seen for 4% hour about noon, mostly on escallonia; 
photographed; flew westwards (D. Tangye per RDP); Loe Pool, 
Porthleven, 3 p.m., flying along a path and among reeds 
(Major-Gen. P. G. Turpin per RDP); between Lizard and Housel 
Bay, 30, 3p.m., one seen from cliff path being blown along the 
cliff face towards Housel (Mr & Mrs R. J. Williams per RDP); 
Mount Hawke, late September, on a bush by the main street 
(Mrs Battersby per RDP); 29 or 30, Housel Bay, one seen 
flying south west on the cliffs at Housel Bay east of Lizard, 
finally turning inland and disappearing near the lighthouse 
(D. Wills per B. Elliot). 

CORNWALL, E. Near Black Head, St. Austell, September 27, about 
noon, one settled on heather (Dr G. Potts per G. M. Spooner); 
Nare Head, 6 p.m., settled on gorse, then flying off in relaxed 
flight and returning eastwards (G. P. Gill per RDP); 28, near 
Gorran Haven, a male picked up dying in the road (Miss F. 
Dunn per RDP); 30, Duchy Nurseries, Lostwithiel, a damaged 
female found on brambles and taken home, where it was still 
alive on November | (B. Jackson per RDP). 

CUMBERLAND, Sellafield, on coast north of railway station, Sep- 
tember 25, one female caught by F. Downton (Kydd, Ent. 
Ree:94:. 37): 

DEVON, N. Tunnels Beach, Ilfracombe, early October, one cap- 
tured by K. Wilson and retained (Western Morning News, 6.x. 
1981) Lundy Island, 25.9, one arriving over the sea at the 
landing beach, then again flying inland; seen frequently by 
other observers during the following week (C.W. Dee). 

DEVON, S. September 25, Noss Mayo, one seen at close quarters on 
buddleia and flying northwards (G. M. Spooner per RDH); 
25 or 26, one seen in Plymouth City Centre (per Plymouth 
City Museum); 26, Plymstock, about noon, one flying eastwards 
ahead of car (Dr. Q. Bone per G. M. Spooner); 27, Kingsbridge, 
one seen over michaelmas daisies, and another at Prawle Point 
among bracken (V. Tucker per RDP, and Archer-Lock, Ent. 
Rec., 93: 199); 27, near Slapton Ley, probably three insects 
in several hours, one of which frightened a stonechat from its 
gorse perch; another, found damaged on the beach, remained 
alive in Plymouth Museum for about two weeks (A. Archer- 
Lock, V. Tucker and other observers); ? 26 or 27, Arreton 
Gifford, one reported by telephone (G. M. Spooner per RDH); 
28, Prawle Point, four seen between 1 and 6 p.m. on the same 
ground as on 27 (P. J. Hopkin); Slapton, October 6, one seen 
(per RDP); no exact date, Newton Ferrers, two (per RDP). 


IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1981 —-145 


DORSET. Winspit, Worth Matravers, September 26, one seen and 
identified (Dr R. Green); undated, Portland Bill, two, and 
another nearby (per RDH). 

HAMPSHIRE, S. Lymington, September 25, a female caught flying 
in a neighbour’s garden and retained (A. Harmer); 27, one 
seen closely after flying in from the sea at Pennington Marshes 
(Mr & Mrs R. Allison per B. Goater); 30, Fareham, one at 
buddleia at 11.30 a.m. and the same one (or another) the 
following day (Mrs. J. Carpenter). October 13, one flying 
over the seawall, then NNE inland (G. R. Elliott). 

ISLE OF MAN. Ballakaighan, Castletown, September 24, in SW 
wind after severe south westerly gale, one, probably male, 
hovered briefly over golden rod, settled on a willow tree, and 
moved northwards over open farmland (Hedges, Ent, Rec., 93: 
202). 

[OXFORDSHIRE. Long Crenden near Thame, no exact date, one 
seen flying in a garden by Mrs B. Woodell (per Brian Wildridge; 
Guardian, 20.x.1981 refers). Possibly an escape.| 

SUSSEX, E. Pett, October 1, one (M. Cowell per CRP); Rottingdean, 
8, one (J. Woodman per CRP). 

SUSSEX, W. Kingston Gorse, Worthing, 30.9, one watched by 
Col. Searle on nettles for 2% minutes (Col. Searle per Church, 
Ent. Rec., 93. 202); Church Norton, Pagham Harbour, October 
10, one watched flying about churchyard and into adjacent 
clump of conifers (E. Rayner pers. comm.; Guardian, 21.x.1981 
refers). 


WALES 

CARMARTHENSHIRE. Pembrey, September 28, four seen on sedum 
and michaelmas daisies (Mrs Watson per J. Comont). 

GLAMORGAN. Penrice Castle, Gower, September 28, one American 
Painted Lady (Cynthia virginiensis Drury) seen on flowers 
and ground (Lipscomb, Ent. Rec., 93: 242). 

MERIONETHSHIRE. Dyfi N. N. R., October 1, one seen flying 
south west over the estuary (R. Bovey per J. Heath); 4, Pen- 
maen Pool, Dolgellau, one seen in a garden by Dr P. I. Clark 
(Kydd, Ent. Rec., 94: 37). 

PEMBROKESHIRE. Dale Fort Marine Field Station, Dale Point, 
September 25, one feeding at flower bed (M. Rodgers). St 
Ishmaels, September 26, one (N. Young per J. Comont); St 
Clears, one (R. Howells per JC); 27, Littlehaven, one (G. Brace 
per JC); 29, Skomer Island, one (Mrs R. Alexander per J. 
Heath); October 4, Gelliswirk, one (Mrs Rusper per JC); 5, 
Preseli, one landed on car near the ITV mast (Mrs Connor per 
JC) 7, Haverfordwest, one in garden (per JC). 


IRELAND 
CORK, W. Cape Clear Island bird observatory, September 29, one 
(per R. F. Haynes). 
GALWAY. Galway City, October 2, one seen in a garden (per 
R. F. Haynes). 


146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


KERRY, S. Inch Sound near Killarney, September 24, one resting 
on Marram grass, and seen again by others later that day (J. 
Kirsley ). 

WEXFORD, Gt. Saltee Island, September 25, one (per R. F. Haynes). 
The authors are especially grateful to R. D. Penhallurick of the 

Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro; to John Heath, National 

Biological Records Centre; to J. Comont, Haverfordwest, Dyfed; 

to D. Hunt, of Scilly, and R. F. Haynes, of Killarney, for their 

help and advice for the preparation of this list. It is, however, cer- 
tainly far from complete, and further records will be very welcome 
for later publication. 

1969 - 1980 


1969 NORFOLK, E. Ditchingham, 7.9. (per French). HANTS, S. 
Winchester, 9.9. (per French). 

1970 CORK, W. Fota Is., end May/early June (per French). 
CORNWALL, W. Ruan Minor, August, three or four seen on 
buddleia, one later on hydrangea (L. A. Bean in RDP, The 
Lizard, 1975: 24). DORSET. Weymouth, 25.9. (per French). 
SOMERSET, N. Ashcott, end Aug./early Sept. (per French). 
SUSSEX, W. Pagham, Sept, Ist week (Gammon in Rayner, 
Nat. Hist. of Pagham Harbour, 2: 65). 

1971 CORNWALL, W. Carlyon Bay, July, one seen on cliffs (Miss 
M. E. Matthews in RDP, ibid. ). 

1972 DORSET. Greenhill, 23.8 (per French). 

1973 SCILLY. St Mary’s Garrison Walk, 4.10, one seen by five 
people (French in C-H, BENHS 7: 58); 7/14.10, probably 
three (P.R.G. Marriott in RDP, ibid.), St. Agnes, mid 10 (R. P. 
Demuth, Ent. Rec., 86: 72); CORNWALL, W. Porthleven, 
20.9, on cliff, identified by A. J. Moore (French in C-H, ibid; 
Lieut. Comdr. P. A. E. Bland in RDP, ibid.) St Ives or Carbis 
Bay, early 10, one said to have been seen (RDP, ibid.). CORN- 
WALL, E. between Halton Quay and Weir Quay, flying over 
Tamar (Dr. F. H. N. Smith in RDP, ibid.); Fowey School, 19.9., 
mid-day, female caught and photographed, now in BM (Nat. Hist.) 
(J. T. O’Neill in RDP, ibid.). DEVON, N. Porlock, 30.9, female 
caught (H. M. Chappel in C-H, ibid.). HANTS, N. Kingsclere, 
early July, one seen by Mrs D. Freeman (C-H, ibid.). SURREY. 
Oxted, 19.10, one photographed by Mrs J. Batchelor (C.-H., 
ibid.) CARDS. Yspyty Ystwyth, 16.9, 2 p.m., caught (J.J. 
Richards per French). 

1974 KENT, W. Eltham, 15.9, at flowers (A. Palmer, per de Worms, 
Ent. Gaz. 26: 38). 

1977 GLOS, S. Ryeford, 17.9, one seen and identified (G. H. 
Mansell, pers. comm. ). 

1978 SURREY. Epsom, 11.9, male seen in garden by Mrs. Y. 
Stevens (P. Holdaway, Ent. Rec. 91: 27). 

1979 ISLE OF WIGHT. Yaverland, 6.7, photographed on escallonia 
in garden (J. Churcher in RFB & C-H, Ent Rec., 92: 95). 

1980 WESTMORLAND. Grange-over-Sands, 12.10, one seen in 
garden by Mr and Mrs Bellorby (DWK in RFB & C-H, Ent. 
Rec., 94: 48). 


Plate III 


Charaxes gallagheri van Son. 1. Final instar larva (Actual length 19mm). 
2 Pupa (Actual length 18mm.) 


147 
A CONSOLIDATED HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF 
CHARAXES GALLAGHERI VAN SON 1962 
(LEPIDOPTERA : NYMPHALIDAE); ITS HABITS, 
HABITATS AND EARLY STAGES 


By J.C. O. CHITTY* 


Since the first discovery in 1956 of this very distinct species a 
fairly comprehensive portfolio of knowledge concerning its life- 
cycle, habits and habitats has been built up. It has also become 
apparent that, although its range of flight and seasonal appearances 
are limited, the species is widespread in Zimbabwe/Rhodesia and 
can be relied upon to appear with the greatest regularity in its 
chosen habitats in proximity to its foodplant. 

Much of the information concerning this insect has been pub- 
lished piecemeal over the years and references to some of the litera- 
ture on the subject are given at the end of this paper. However, it 
has occurred to me that a consolidation or summary of the gradual 
acquisition of knowledge of gallagheri, particularly of the early 
stages, might be of general interest to lepidopterists. Historically, 
the first known capture was a female taken by B. D. Barnes in 1934. 
However, this specimen was erroneously identified as Ch. aubyni 
australis van Someren & Jackson (1957), to which it bears a super- 
ficial resemblance, by van Someren & Jackson in 1957. 

The original male from which the new species was described was 
caught by R. J. Gallagher, settled on mud, on 19th March, 1956. 
The specimen was sent to Dr. G. van Son at the Transvaal Museum, 
Pretoria, who named it for its discoverer. 

The capture of another male on the same day by T. W. Schofield 
only a few miles away in the Sabi Valley remained unrecorded for 
some years owing to the failure by Schofield to appreciate that this 
specimen was of a then undescribed species. 

These two simultaneous first records of a hitherto unknown 
species occurring within 10 miles of each other can only be described 
as an astonishing coincidence. It is also notable that both specimens 
were taken settled on mud. Virtually all subsequent captures have 
been either in trapnets or on trees in proximity to the foodplant, or 
on the wing. 

The next known record was of a male trapped on 6th March, 
1961, at Mapembi, near Odzi, by that veteran naturalist Harold 
Cookson. This locality is within 15 miles of the first captures. All 
three are at an altitude of approximately 900 metres in msasa 
savannah country studded with granite kopjes. Later in 1961 a new 
locality was discovered some 250 km away at Christon Bank, 30 km 
from Salisbury towards Mazoe. On 5th December, 1961, I netted 
a male settled on a twig about 3 m above ground at the summit of 
a granite kopje about 1,500 m above sea level. Further males were 
taken at the same spot during that month. Thereafter, many males 
were taken by a number of collectors both by handnets and in traps, 


*P.O. Box 1037, Salisbury, Zimbabwe. 


148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


at Christon Bank and certain other locations. There were, however, 

no known female captures until one was trapped by, appropriately 

enough, Harold Cookson at Mapembi on 31st March, 1962 in the 
vicinity of his earlier male capture. This specimen was used for the 

description of the female of the species by Dr. G. van Son, in 1963. 

However, it is believed that the females had apparently been re- 

corded from Christon Bank by Dr. C. B. Cottrell prior to Cookson’s 

captures. 

Over the next few years, further females were taken in all 
areas where males had been recorded but their numbers were very 
small by comparison with the males. 

Extensive collecting of the species since 1962 has revealed the 
very constant nature of its habits which, in brief, are set out below: — 
(1) The species is double-brooded, appearing on the wing in mid- 

March until late April and again from mid-November until 

late December. 

(2) The habitat is granite kopje country, normally associated with 
the foodplant, at altitudes of between 900 m and 2,000 m. 

(3) Its distribution is widespread, records extending from near 
Salisbury, eastwards through Melfort to Umtali, south via 
Odzi to Zimbabwe and on to Botswana. 

(4) The species is slowflying, bearing little resemblance in mode of 
flight to its near-congeners Ch. chittyi Rydon, 1980 and Ch. 
guderiana Dewitz (1879) both of which can be observed flying 
in company with gallagheri at Christon Bank. 

(5) The males exhibit quite remarkably constant preferences for 
the same perches year after year on the same trees where they 
will sit, with wings half-open sunning themselves at about 3 m 
from the ground, rarely taking flight unless disturbed. 

(6) The females are comparatively rarely seen except in proximity 
to banana bait and, as with many other Charaxes species, do not 
have the male habit of returning to the same perch after flight. 
Some years were to pass before the foodplant and early stages 

of the butterfly were to be discovered. In October, 1966, having 

observed the behaviour of a number of females at Christon Bank, 

I sent Dr. van Son at the Transvaal Museum in Pretoria a sample 

of the bush which I believed to be the foodplant. This was identified 

by the South African National Herbarium as Diospyros natalensis 
ssp. nummularia (Brenan) (Ebenaceae). However, despite thorough 
searching over an extended period I was unable to find any larvae 
with which to substantiate my belief that this indeed was the food- 
plant. Confirmation was only to come some years later when that 
wizard of Charaxes breeding Mr. Ivan Bampton, having been shown 
the location and the actual bush which had been identified by Dr. 

Van Son, had little or no difficulty in finding, in May 1975, what 

were almost certainly gallagheri larvae, probably 3rd instar, on that 

and other examples of nummularia in the vicinity. 

Three larvae were left in my care in May, 1975 and it was thus 
necessary for them to be brought through the winter, either as 
larvae or pupae, before reaching the imago stage as the November/ 
December brood. A further three larvae, two from Christon Bank 


(NYMPHALIDAE); ITS HABITS, HABITATS AND EARLY STAGES 149 


and one from Zimbabwe (Lake Kyle) were received from Ivan 
Bampton in August of the same year. In the event this episode 
ended in failure, all the larvae dying before pupation in spite of 
regular supplies of fresh food on an almost daily basis. Behaviour 
indicated a semi-hibernatory period during the mid-winter months 
when little or no growth or feeding took place. It is reasonable to 
assume that these larvae should have pupated in November emerging 
later as the November/December brood. This experience indicated 
quite clearly a diapause probably in the 4th instar stage between 
June and September when very little feeding or growth takes place. 
This is in contrast with later experiences with the summer brood 
when larval growth remains strong throughout the warm weather 
prior to emergence in March/April. 


In February, 1976, a further 10 larvae were secured by Bamp- 
ton from both Christon Bank and Lake Kyle (Zimbabwe) areas and 
again left in my care. Nine were successfully brought through to 
the imago stage. Of these, four were males, all of which emerged 
first, and five were females. This would seem to indicate that, in 
nature, females are in numbers at least equal to, if not greater than, 
males although apparently much scarcer to the collector, and that 
there is a preponderance of earlier male emergences. Photographs 
of final instars and pupae were taken and have been used by Mr. 
G. A. Henning (1977) as the basis for his published description of 
the early stages of the species. 

Subsequently, in November 1976, I was successful in bringing 
through to the imago stage two further larvae, also collected by 
Bampton at Christon Bank. The discovery of the egg stage came 
subsequently to the above series of events and the ovum has been 
described by Henning (1977). 

Finally, one can only comment that it seems almost incredible 
that a species so distinct, so constant in its habits and so easy of 
capture when these are known, can have remained unknown and 
undescribed for more than half a century of entomological explora- 
tion in this country. Perhaps the answer may lie in the comparative 
difficulty of access to the summits of the granite kopjes which are 
its normal habitat and to its very definite reluctance to move more 
than a short distance away from the foodplant. It is certainly true 
that the development of Christon Bank for residential purposes, 
however much this may be regretted in relation to the potential 
threat to the fauna and flora of the area, has provided easy access 
to some particular spots yielding some remarkable entomological 
records. 

The following is the description of the ova and final instar larva 
as given by Mr. Graham Henning in 1977:— 

Ova: Usual Charaxes shape, yellowish white with brown ring 
if fertile. They are laid singly on both the upper and 
undersides of the leaves of the foodplant. 

Final Instar Larva: Headshield green, with a faint, light green 
facial margin; horns long, with the upper two-thirds 
dark pinkish brown; dorso-medial spines black. Body 


150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


green with broad dorso-lateral somite bars on segments 
6, 8 and sometimes 10.The somite bars are pinkish-white, 
anteriorly edged with black spotted with blue; the 
dorsosomitic spots on segments 6 and 8 are blue. 
Lateral ridge green and anal processes short and square. 
Pupa: Plain green in colour. 
The imago has been illustrated in so many publications already 
that a further description seems unnecessary. 


Acknowledgements 


I would like to thank Messrs. W. H., S. F. & G. A. Henning for 
reading the manuscript and Mr. I. Bampton for the provision of the 
early stage material. 


References 


Henning, G. A. 1977. Observations on the Early Stages of Ethiopian Charaxes 
with notes on Life Histories (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Ann. Transv. 
Mus. 30 (19) : 219 -230 

Pennington, K. M. 1978. Pennington’s Butterflies of Southern Africa. Edited 
by C. G. C. Dickson, with the collaboration of D. M. Kroon. 1 - 669, 
198 pls. Johannesburg, Ad. Donker. 

Van Someren, V. G. L. 1966. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepi- 
doptera : Nymphaldae). Part HI. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.). 18: 
45-101, 5 maps, 16 pls. 

Van Son, G. 1962. New African Butterflies, 1 J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 25 : 
140 -148. 

———— 1963. New African Butterflies, 2. Novos Taxa ent. 29: 1-11. 

——-——-—— 1979. The Butterflies of Southern Africa. Part IV. Nymphalidae : 
Nymphalinae. Revised and edited by L. Vari. Transy. Mus. Mem. 22: 1 - 
286, 76 pls. 


LARVAL VARIATION IN THE PINE BEAUTY: PANOLIS FLAMMEA 
HBN. — The larva of the Pine Beauty, Panolis flammea Hbn. is 
normally dark green dorsally and laterally, with a series of five 
longitudinal white stripes, and pale green ventrally with three thin 
cream stripes. A form in which the dark and pale green is replaced 
by dark and light brown is also known to occur. Whilst rearing 
this species I obtained evidence to suggest that the brown form is 
genetically controlled and is inherited as a unifactorial autosomal 
recessive. I also noted that the two types of larvae behave differently, 
in that when not feeding they take up different positions on the 
foodplant, Pinus sylvestris. Thus, the green larvae tended to rest 
lying along the needles, whilst the brown larvae rested on the pine 
twigs. The difference in behaviour has obviously evolved to increase 
the camouflage of the respective forms, and it would be interesting 
to hear if anyone else has noted similar behavioural differences in 
other species which show the same type of polymorphism, e.g. 
the Pine Hawk, Hyloicus pinastri Linn., or the Bordered White, 
Bupalus piniaria Linn. — (Dr.) MICHAEL E.N. MAJERUS, Dept. 
of Genetics, Downing Street, Cambridge. 


THE DELICATE: MYTHIMNA VITELLINA HBN. IN MAY. — 
Several rather faded M. vitellina appeared in my light trap at Chyen- 
hal near Penzance, Cornwall on the 30th and 31st May 1982. — 
M. W. F. TWEEDIE, Barn House, Rye, Sussex TN31 7PJ. 


——$————————— 


151 
A SCUITLE BEY (@IPTERAs PHORIDAE) THAT 
APPEARS TO BE A PARASITOID OF A SNAIL 
(STY_LOMMATOPHORA: ZONITIDAE) AND IS ITSELF 
PARASITISED BY A BRACONID(HYMENOPTERA). 


By R.H. L. DISNEY* 


OBSERVATIONS 


On 7 June 1980 while collecting snails from Druids Coombe, 
Somerset (Grid ref. 31/006 378), with a party of colleagues led by 
Dr. R. A. D. Cameron, I mentioned the possibility of finding shells 
occupied by the puparia of Sciomyzidae as opposed to snails. I 
was rewarded by being passed two shells of Vitraea crystallina 
(Muller) collected by John Hall. Both shells contained identical 
puparia lodged in the last whorl, in an identical orientation (Fig. 1). 
Unlike the puparium of a Sciomyzid, however, there were con- 
spicuous respiratory horns protruding into the space just inside the 
aperture of each shall (Fig. 1). The specimens were placed in rearing 
tubes and subsequently each produced a male Phorid belonging to 
the species Megaselia fuscinervis (Wood), the first emerging on 26 
June and the second on 29 June 1980. 


Fig. 1. Puparium of Megaselia fuscinervis inside shell of Vitraea crystallina 
(scale line = 1 mm). 


Fig. 2. Empty puparium of Megaselia fuscinervis, with detached dorsal plate 
bearing respiratory horns. (Scale line = 1 mm) 


*Malham Tarn Field Centre, Settle, North Yorkshire, BD24 9PU. 


152 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


Further collections of small snails, and their shells, were made 
on the Malham Tarn Estate, North Yorkshire in July and September 
1980 as follows. 

In July collections were made for the Westside Wood (Grid ref. 
34/8867). The only species of snail shell found to harbour puparia 
of M. fuscinervis were Vitraea crystallina and V. contracta (Wester- 
lund). 21 shells of V. crystallina were collected with empty puparia 
and 8 shells with live puparia. Only 1 shell of V. contracta with an 
empty puparium was collected. All the puparia were identical to 
those collected in Somerset and were positioned in the same way in 
the shells (Fig. 1). Of the 8 live puparia 7 were kept alive in rearing 
tubes and one was preserved. From the 7 puparia 2 females and 
1 male M. fuscinervis were reared. Two of the puparia gave rise to 
a single Braconid each and two died. The Braconids have been iden- 
tified by Mr. T. Huddlestone (British Museum, Natural History) 
as Aspiloba inops (Foerster). Stelfox and Graham (1950) refer to 
this species as Panerema inops but Fischer (1970) gives Panerema as 
a synonym of Aspilota. 

In July collections were made from the Tarn Close ungrazed 
limestone grassland (Grid ref. 34/894 671) and again puparia of 
M. fuscinervis were only found in shells of V. crystallina and V. 
contracta. Two shells of V. crystallina had empty puparia and 1 
had a live puparium. One shell of V. contracta had a live puparium. 
A further collection was made on 4 September. One shell of V. 
crystallina had an empty puparium and I had a freshly dead snail 
along with a larva. The larva was preserved in alcohol and sub- 
sequently mounted on a slide in Berlese’s Fluid. Although it proved 
to be the penultimate instar its cephalopharyngeal skeleton showed 
clear affinities with the remains of this structure in the remnants of 
the last instar larvae extracted from shells containing puparia of 
M. fuscinervis (see below). 

All live Vitraea snails from Westside Wood and Tarn Close were 
examined for larvae and then placed in rearing tubes. It was con- 
sidered unlikely that early larval instars would be easily detected 
through the shell. It had been the moving black cephalopharyngeal 
skeleton that revealed the presence of the one larva that was found. 
It was considered worthwhile, however, to keep shells known to 
have been harbouring live snails at the time of collection to see 
if any might subsequently be found to contain detectable larvae 
or puparia of M. fuscinervis. This experiment was unsuccessful as 
the snails died and were found to be infested with nematodes. 
These occurred in two sizes. The larger measured 1.7 — 2.0 mm 
in length and 0.1 mm maximum breadth, and had the anterior 
fifth tapered to a truncated point but the tail end more-or-less 
rounded. The smaller, presumed juveniles of the larger, measured 
1.0 — 1.33 mm x 0.05 mm and had a more pointed tail end. In- 
festation of a dead Vitraea seemed to be initiated by the smaller 
nematodes and the larger ones only appeared later. By the time the 
snail was nearly completely consumed large numbers of small ones 
were observed leaving the shell. The shell with the larva of M. 


HE SCUIILE PLY 153 


fuscinervis in it also contained a few small nematodes. Shells of 
Vitraea found in the field with some remains of a dead snail still 
present were mostly infested with both sizes of nematode. In future 
experiments it will clearly be necessary to isolate individual snails 
in single tubes and to take precautions to exclude material likely 
to be contaminated with nematodes. 


THE PUPARIUM AND LARVA OF Megaselia fuscinervis 


The puparium of M. fuscinervis is illustrated in Fig. 2. It is 
unusually thin-walled, apart from the plate which detaches at the 
time of adult eclosion. This plate is so shaped that it precisely 
occludes the last whorl of the Vitraea shell, like an operculum in 
a prosobranch mollusc. By being positioned a little way back from 
the rim of the shell aperture (peristome) the respiratory horns are 
able to protrude forward while still being within the shell (Fig. 1). 
The puparium is generally brownish in colour with a dark brown 
detachable plate and the almost black, more-or-less straight, res- 
piratory horns. The posterior spiracular processes are closer together 
than is usual in the genus Megaselia, and thus avoid any risk of 
being against the walls of the shell. 

At high magnification the puparial integument is seen to be 
covered in evenly-spaced pointed denticles (resembling the bases of 
the micro-setae found in some species of Megaselia). The whole 
puparium is boat-like, with the anterior and posterior ends curving 
dorsally (Fig. 1). In order to prepare this drawing the specimen was 
slide-mounted in Dimethyl Hydantoin Formaldehyde Resin. This 
renders the shell more translucent without actually dissolving it. To 
prepare Fig. 2 a specimen was soaked in Berlese’s Fluid to dissolve 
the shall and the extracted, empty puparium was then mounted on 
a slide in Berlese’s Fluid. 

The larva proved to belong to the penultimate instar but was 
evidently nearing moult, as the mouth hooks of the final instar 
were already forming above the functioning pair. This makes for a 
confusing picture. Discernible characteristics include the bifurcation 
of both the dorsal and ventral wings of cephalopharyngeal skeleton 
posteriorly and a conspicuous fenestration of the anterior bridge 
linking the anterior edges of the dorsal wings. The moutn hooks 
each have a single, down-curved, anterior tooth. 

The larva was situated in the shall with its posterior end to- 
wards the aperture of the latter and its mouth-hooks probing the 
remains of the snail. The larval remains in a shell occupied by a 
puparium are to be found amongst the residue of the snail in the 
apex of the shell. 


DISCUSSION 


Megaselia fuscinervis adults have previously been recorded in 
Britain in the months of April, May, June and July (Wood, 1908, 
Parmenter, 1965, 1966, Disney, 1978). Otherwise the natural 
history was unknown. Recently, however, Dr. R. Szadiewski has sent 
me a specimen he had reared from forest soil in Poland in July 1980. 


154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


The observations presented above clearly indicate that M. 
fuscinervis puparia are not uncommon in shells of Vitraea crystallina 
and they also occur in shells of V. contracta. The precise positioning 
of the puparium and its modifications indicate that this is no acci- 
dental association. The finding of a larva consuming a snail showing 
no obvious signs of putrefaction further suggests that M. fuscinervis 
larvae are parasitoids of Vitraea snails in a manner reminiscent of 
of Sciomyzid larvae in larger snails (e.g. Berg, 1964). Furthermore 
the apparently invariable infestation of dead Vitrea by nematodes 
suggests at the least that these nematodes would be likely to demo- 
lish dead Vitraea before they could be exploited by the larvae of 
M. fuscinervis. Whether these nematodes will actually attack and kill 
healthy snails is not known. 

The parasitisation of M. fuscinervis puparia by Aspilota inops 
provides the first host record for this Braconid. Stelfox and Graham 
(1950) give capture dates for this species in July, August and Sep- 
tember. 


Acknowledgements 


I am grateful to the Shell International Petroleum Co. Ltd. for 
a grant to support my investigations of Phoridae. 


References 


Berg, C. O. 1964. Snail control in Trematode diseases: the possible 
value of Sciomyzid larvae — snail-killing Diptera. Advances in 
Parasitology 2: 259-309. 

Disney, R. H. L. 1978. Some scuttle flies (Dipt. Phoridae) from 
North Wales. Nature in Wales 16: 25-31. 

Fischer, M. 1970. Die Alysiini der Steiermark. Mitt. Abt. Zool. Bot. 
Landesmuseum. Joanneum Graz. 34: 144. 

Parmenter, L. 1965. Notes on the distribution of Phoridae (Diptera) 
in Britain. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Nist. Soc. 1965: 35-42. 

Parmenter, L. 1966. Megaselia (Megaselia) largifrontalis Schmitz 
Dipt., Phoridae) new to the British List and some other 
Phoridae taken in April to July 1965. Entomologist 1966: 
257-260. 

Stelfox, A. W. and Graham, M. W. R. De V. 1950. On Panerema 
inops Forst. and allied species of the genus Aspilota (Hym., 
Braconidae, Alysiinae), with descriptions of two new species. 
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 86: 289-293. 

Wood, J. H. 1908. On the British species of Phora (Part II). Ento- 
mologist’s mon. Mag. 44: 215-218. 


BLOMER’S RIVULET: DISCOLOXIA BLOMERI CURTIS AT 
WESTON-SUPER-MARE. — _ This species was of regular occur- 
rence here prior to the advent of Dutch Elm disease. As I had not 
noticed it for several years I was pleased to see a fresh specimen in 
my moth trap on May 20 last, so hope that it is about to revive in 
numbers again. — C. S. H. BLATHWAYT, Amalfi, 27 South Road, 
Weston-super-Mare, Somerset.21.v.1982. 


ISS 


Editorial 


With this issue Mr. P. J. Renshaw relinquishes his duties as 
Treasurer, and we take the opportunity on behalf of all our subscri- 
bers to offer him our gratitude for having so ably managed the 
finances of the Record over the past nine years. He is succeeded 
by Mr. P. J. Johnson to whom we extend a hearty welcome and to 
whom all subscriptions should now be sent. 


Current Literature 


The Rewell Wood: A Survey of its Southern Habitats — A West 
Sussex Wildlife Recording Group Report by E.C.M. Haes and 
others. 17 drawings, 133pp., wrappers, ring binder (1981). 
Price £1.50 plus 40p p. & p. from M. Edwards, Lee-side, Carron 
Lane, Midhurst, Sussex. 

Many authors have contributed to this enterprising report which, 
apart from various non-entomological disciplines, treats of the 
Thysanura, Orthoptera, Mecoptera and Dermaptera (by E. C. M. 
Haes) and Hemiptera (by W. Eley et al.) albeit briefly; then the 
Coleoptera (11pp.), Diptera (12pp.) and Hymenoptera (19pp.) 
(by M. Edwards, W. Eley et al.) and Macrolepidoptera (21 pp.) (by 
S. Church et al.) 

Among noteworthy species listed are: Hemiptera Heteroptera, 
Aradus depressus; Coleoptera, Saprosites mendax, Tomoxia bigut- 
tata, Mordella aculeata, Strangalia aurulenta, Dirhagus pyamaeus, 
Elater cinnabarinus, Epitrix atropae; Diptera, Evibrissa vittata; 
Hymenoptera Aculeata, Crossocerus exiguus, Arachnospila_ wes- 
maeli, Laslioglossum brevicorne, Osmia_pilicornis; Lepidoptera, 
Apatura iris, Hamearis lucina, Polyploca ridens, Odontosia carmelita, 
Ptilodontella cucullina, Acronicta alni, Lampropteryx suffumata, 
Trichopteryx polycommata and Dasychira fascelina, though one 
suspects the latter is an error for D. pudibunda. — J. M. C.-H. 


Garden Wildlife by Derek Jones and others. 152pp., numerous 
colour and b/willustrations. Boards. Ebury Press 1981. £7.95 
This large-format volume is very much intended for the general 

reader with a strong interest in “nature”. A number of specialists 

have contributed including three well-known entomologists: J. F. 

Burton, W. R. Dolling and M. Tweedie. 

There are chapters on the garden environment, birds, mammals 
and reptiles and a welcome seven chapters on invertebrates. Whilst 
there is some practical advice the book concentrates on providing 
interesting backgrounds to the creatures encountered in the garden. 
(much more solid practical advice is to be found in the “‘Back- 
garden Wildlife Sanctuary Book” reviewed in this Journal 93 : 228). 
Although a number of sweeping generalisations are made the text 
is readable, informative and well balanced — comments which can 
rarely be made about books intended for the ‘“‘mass”’ market. The 
book is pleasantly illustrated by Phil Weare. — PAUL SOKOLOFF. 


156 


Obituary 
Charles Herbert Dixon 


Bertie Dixon who was born on the 2nd of May 1890, sadly 
died on the 10th March 1982. He farmed at Micheldever, Hants 
for most of his working life, and entomology took up the greater 
part of his spare time. His fine collection of British moths containing 
many rare and interesting species, including a remarkable drawer 
displaying parasites bred from doomed larvae and pupae, has been 
presented to the Hampshire County Museum. His collecting was 
concentrated on the Macrolepidoptera of the British Isles including 
Eire. He kept meticulous diary records of all specimens taken for his 
collection, as well as daily recordings of species found in his M.V. 
trap at Micheldever, and these records will also be held by the 
Museum. 

A feature of his lifetime’s work in entomology was the authen- 
ticity of his material: his collection contains only specimens which 
he himself had caught or reared, and was formed with scrupulous 
care and accuracy. Much of his collecting was carried out in the 
company of his great friends the late R. C. Edwards and Baron de 
Worms, and his work was often mentioned in the latter’s reports 
in The Record, and he also made a substantial contribution to 
Goater’s The Butterflies and Moths of Hampshire and Isle of Wight, 
in which he recorded for V.C.12. He was an inspiration to my 
sons and myself, as in recent years he imparted to us some of his 
great knowledge, and we shall greatly miss his advice and expert 
eye on our own entomological activities. — David Owen. 


Notes and Observations 


PALPIFER SEXNOTATUS MOORE (LEP.: HEPIALIDAE) IN 
BRITAIN. — In January 1981, three tubers of the arum lily Arisaema 
speciosa were procured from a Kent plant merchant. One of these 
did not develop and was found to contain a larva of the above 
species, which spun up at the beginning of May to produce an 
imago at the end of the month. The larva as first seen was 15mm 
long, with shape similar to that of a fully fed Tortricid larva, and of 
a greyish-white colour with pink suffusion and pale brown chitinous 
mouth parts. When about full grown, the larva was 55mm in length 
and similar in appearance to that of Hepialus humli L., except for 
the colour since it still retained its pink suffusion. Due to shortage 
of the original pabulum, the larva was transferred to tubers of 
Arum maculatum and finally Desiree potato. Prior to pupation, the 
larva formed a substantial cocoon of yellow silk 50mm long which 
was located vertically in the soil. The top of the cocoon was sealed 
with a few strands of silk just below the surface, and consisted of 
a tube 10mm long and 5mm in diameter, which led to a gradually 
widening pupal chamber of maximum diameter 9mm. At emergence 
time the pupa worked its way to the surface of the soil, so that the 
final segments alone remained within the cocoon. 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 157 


A. speciosa occurs in the temperate Himalayas and the plant 
merchants advised me that the tubers were imported to Britain 
from India via Holland. As the plant is nearly hardy in southern 
Britain and popular with gardeners, further records of P. sexnotatus 
might be expected in the future. Record cards in the British Museum 
(Nat. Hist.) indicate that the type specimen of P. sexnotata came 
from Darjeeling, and the B. M. collection includes specimens from 
several parts of India. My thanks are due to Dr. Gaden Robinson 
and Dr. John Bradley for their help in identifying this insect and 
providing access to the relevant museum records. Ref.: R. H. S. 
Dictionary of Gardening, vol. 1, 2nd edn., 1956. — P. J. BAKER, 
Mount Vale, The Drive, Virginia Water, Surrey. 

LAGIA ATRIPES MULS. & GUIL. (COL.) IN THE NEW FOREST, 
ETC. — There seem to have been but few references to this beetle 
in our literature since it was added to our list by me in 1948 (Ent. 
mon. Mag., 84: 287); the only one I have seen being in Buck, 1954, 
Handb. Ident. Brit. Ins., 5 (9) : 3, where its differences from the 
common L. hirta L. are clearly set forth. (At the time of my record 
I had not seen the male.) L. atripes is now known to occur in a 
second East Kent locality — Ham Street Woods, where my late friend 
A. M. Massee first took it — besides the original one, Blean Woods. 
There are also two previously unpublished records for the New 
Forest, Hants., mentioned by Buck (/.c.) on my authority but without 
details, to which I would now draw attention. They were communi- 
cated by Dr. Massee and relate to a ? taken by him in New Park 
Inclosure, 27.v.38, and ao by the late H. W. Daltry in Wilverley 
Inclosure, 3.vi.36. Both must previously have passed as large examples 
of hirta. The existence of the rarer species in Hampshire in the decade 
before it turned up in E. Kent is of interest in making the hypothesis 
of a recent arrival from the Continent far less likely than might have 
appeared originally. 

In the year after bringing forward the species I received an in- 
teresting letter from Mr. Angus Fraser of Tankerton, near Whitstable, 
in which he reported having taken both sexes of atripes recently, 
not only at Blean but also at Tankerton, on the sea front on open 
waste ground, some 4 miles north of Blean. (There is no question here 
of mistaken identity, as the rest of the letter amply proves.) This 
last capture seems very strange for an insect that otherwise gives 
every indication of being an inhabitant of woodland; and unless others 
were noted there subsequently, affording evidence of breeding on the 
spot, I think they must be regarded as stragglers “‘out of their 
element”. Almost certainly, by now, the beetle occurs in other E. 
Kent woods besides the two already noted. — A. A. ALLEN. 

LARVAE OF ANARTA MYRTILLI L.: BEAUTIFUL YELLOW 
UNDERWING (LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) AND AN ADULT BOREUS HYE- 
MALIS L. (NEUROPT.: BOREIIDAE) ON WINTER SNOW IN THE 
SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS. — _ During spring and summer months, 
the finding of insects on high altitude snow is a fairly regular occur- 
rence both in the Scottish mountains and the Alps, though little has 
been written on the subject (see Masutti, L., 1979, Insetti e nevi 
stagionale. Riflessioni su reperti relativi alle Alpi Carniche e Giulie. 


158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


Boll. Ist. Ent. Bologna, 34: 75-94). In the majority of cases the 
insects are winged adults whose presence on the snow can often be 
attributed to transport by wind or thermals. Sizeable aggregations 
are frequently observed on buttresses and cols above gullies or 
steep valleys which funnel the wind upwards (Bruce, W.S., in Thorn- 
ley, A., 1896. On some Coleoptera from the summit of Ben Nevis, 
collected by Mr. W. S. Bruce. Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist., 5: 28-31). 
The two cases described below are apparently of a different nature 
and therefore perhaps worthy of notice. 

While walking on the Scottish mountains during the winter, 
one seldom observes any insect life. However, whilst walking near 
Ben Macdui (Cairngorms, NO 005965) about ten larvae of Anarta 
myrtilli were seen, still living and moving, on the snow between the 
point where the Allt Carn a’ Mhaim joins the Luibeg Burn (560m.) 
and just below Sron Riach (1100m). A couple of others were acci- 
dentally kicked out of Calluna which was projecting through the 
snow. The temperatures over the preceding few weeks had been 
exceptionally low, my walk taking place during a comparitively 
mild spell with freezing conditions perhaps only attained above 
800m. on that particular slope. One wonders whether the larvae, 
which are known to overwinter, had been “tricked” into premature 
activity by the rapid rise in temperature. 

My other observation concerns a single female snow flea, B. 
hyemalis, found sitting (inactive though still alive) on ice on the 
ridge west of Am Bodach (Glencoe, 900m., NN 163582). Though I 
frequently encounter Boreus in the Highlands, I have never pre- 
viously done so at such a high altitude. It seems likely to me that 
it was carried up to the ridge by the very strong winds of the day 
before. — A. D. USTON, 99 Clermiston Road, Edinburgh, EH12 
6UU. 

THE RECENT SPREAD OF APION CERDO GERST. (COL.) IN 
S. E. ENGLAND. — _ It is perhaps not yet widely known among 
coleopterists, except those living in the south-east of the country, 
that this weevil — for long restricted in our area to northern England, 
southern Scotland, and Ireland — has of late been turning up rather 
frequently in Kent and East Sussex. These captures seem to have 
begun with a specimen taken by Mr. E. G. Philp, of Maidstone 
Museum, on the sandhills at Deal (1963, Ent. mon. Mag., 99: 71) 
and confirmed later by Mr. Colin Johnson, whose very useful paper 
on this species and its allies (1965, Entom.: 80-2) greatly facilitates 
their correct recognition. At the end of this work it is suggested that 
quite possibly the southern records of A. cerdo may be erroneous; 
apart from Mr. Philp’s to which this does not apply, I have seen 
none such published, but if there are any much earlier ones I agree 
that this is indeed likely. Since the species is now certainly breeding 
in the south-east — but not, apparently, in any midland county 
which might suggest a link with the northern populations — it is 
probably safe to conclude that the recent appearance of A. cerdo 
in Kent and Sussex is due not to a southward spread from the 
northern centres but to an invasion from the Continent. 

From the following data (given in somewhat compressed form) 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 159 


one may trace, roughly, the north- and south-westerly progress of 
this Apion from its presumed arrival at a point on or near the coast 
in the Deal area shortly before 1962. East Kent: Deal, vii. 62; Brook, 
near Wye, vi.63; Dungeness, vii. 64; Chiddingstone, vii. 69; again at 
Deal, vii. 69; Wittersham (Rother Levels), ix. 69; Sandwich Bay, viii. 
78 in some numbers on Vicia cracca, all records of E. G. Philp, who 
has found it also more recently in a good many other E. Kent 
localities. East Sussex: Milton Street (bank of R. Cuckmere), xi. 73; 
Little Horsted, vi. 74; Friston Forest, frequent, vi. 75-78; Plashett 
Wood, vi. 78 on Lathyrus pratensis (probably) in numbers; all 
records of P. J. Hodge, who tells me that A. cerdo appears now to be 
general in his part of the county, equally with its nearest relative A. 
subulatum Kby. On 21.vi70 I swept a? cerdo from a clump of the 
tufted vetch in the Devil’s Dyke area of Brighton Downs; but it was 
getting late and there was no time to investigate further, and in any 
case the insect was passed as subulatum until much later. Mr. Hodge 
points out that this is farther west in Sussex than any of his cap- 
tures, and also that the species has by now probably reached Surrey. 

Finally I can report A. cerdo from S. E. London and W. Kent, 
where I took it last year: Woolwich Common, | 2? , 31.v.81, and 
Crockenhill, near Swanley, 2 $ ¢ ,4.viii.81. In both places it was 
swept from mixed leguminous plants, including in the latter locality 
alittle V. cracca. 

I am obliged to the above-named gentlemen for sending me their 
records and suggesting that I publish them. — A. A. ALLEN. 

JOHN ABBOT’S DRAWINGS AND NOTES FOR A PROPOSED SUP- 
PLEMENT TO SMITH AND ABBOT, ‘“THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE 
RARER LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS OF GEORGIA”’ (1797). — Since 
completion of my paper on ‘“‘Smith and Abbot” (93:213-218) I have 
had relevant correspondence with Mr. J. E. Traue, Chief Librarian, 
The Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, N. Z. We agree that the 
Turnbull Library set of Abbot drawings is quite probably the one sent 
by Abbot to William Swainson in 1818 and is not, as Parkinson 
(Turnbull Library Record, 11, 1978, 26-36) supposed, the “‘book 
of Drawings” shipped to Swainson in 1835. The Turnbull set was 
intended to be published as a supplement to “Smith and Abbot,” and 
Abbot also supplied Swainson with manuscript “Notes to the Draw- 
ings of Insects” as he had done when collaborating with Smith. 
(Actually Abbot furnished a number of customers with sets of draw- 
ings and notes which he ‘advertised’ as supplemental to the Smith 
volumes, but these appear to have been the only ones meant to be 
published as such.) 

The identity of the drawings with those sent in 1818 is suggested 
by their number, 103 (one of the total of 104 to match “Smith and 
Abbot” having been lost; Swainson, Taxidermy, 1840, 99-100) 
and their relatively small size, 34.5 x 21 cm. As explained in my 
previous paper, Swainson objected that the drawings were not as 
highly finished as those used by Smith, and chiefly that they were 
“much smaller in size so that they can never be bound uniformly 
with that work.” In addition to his plans for publication, Swainson 
wished to bind his original Abbot drawings to match a book which 


160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


averages 41.5 cm. in height. Abbot promised a larger set, and could 
hardly have made the same ‘error’ again. 

Another proof is the content of the Turnbull drawings (Parkinson, 
1978). In their correspondence, Swainson initially agreed to Abbot’s 
idea of including drawings of “‘some of the other Genera of Insects” 
in the set of Papilio and Sphinx, writing on the 25th October 1817 
that “A few drawings of the other Genera of Insects would also be 
welcome, if accompanied by their metamorphos.” The Turnbull 
drawings do indeed depict other insects, and not all Lepidoptera. 
These must have heen the drawings Swainson complained about on 
the 28th January 1819 when he wrote (contradicting himself): 
“T only wish to have drawings of the Papillios & Sphinxes which are 
not in Smith.” 

Perhaps the replacement set was never provided, for when re- 
porting the abandonment of the project in Taxidermy, Swainson 
mentioned only the short set of 103 drawings. The location of the 
1835 “book of Drawings” is unknown, and it is uncertain whether 
these figured in the publication scheme at all. At least we know from 
the drawings and notes in the Turnbull Library (Parkinson, 1978) 
what the two supplementary volumes to “Smith and Abbot” would 
have contained had Swainson been satisfied with Abbot’s efforts at 
the time. 

In his article Parkinson mentions the manuscript ‘‘Notes” as “in 
a hand which may be Abbot’s.” I have obtained photocopies which 
prove that the notes are certainly in Abbot’s distinctive hand, and in 
character are much like the observations used by Smith. — RONALD 
S. WILKINSON, 228 Ninth Street, N. E., Washington, D. C. 20002. 


SWIMMING BEHAVIOUR IN HYPERA RUMICIS (LINNAEUS) 
(COL: CURCULIONIDAE). — During May 1981 I tested a few 
species of weevils (Curculionidae) for swimming ability, and among 
some other species I discovered that Hypera rumicis (Linnaeus) 
was capable of swimming quite efficiently. When a few adults of the 
weevil were placed in a small water filled plastic dish they were, 
after a brief period, observed to swim through the water fairly rapidly 
by making a definite breast ‘stroke action’ with all six legs. The 
actual swimming was performed by extending the forelegs first in 
a wide arc then the mid and hind pairs were brought into action at 
the same time, thus providing the necessery forward movement. 
Progress through the water was mainly by alternating movements 
of each pair of legs, but the greatest effectual stroke was made by 
the forelegs. The specimens of H. rumicis were also capable of 
performing the same swimming stroke while on their backs. Move- 
ment through the water was quite rapid in either position and this 
was especially noticeable when the temperature of the water was 
raised slightly. 

The swimming action in H. rumicis was very similar to that 
of Ceutorhynchus viduatus Gyllenhal previously reported by me, 
(1978, Entomologist’s Gaz. 29: 76) and it also appears to resemble, 
to some extent the motion and style performed by Litodactyvlus 
leucogaster (Marsham), as described recently in a paper dealing with 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 161 
the general biology of this species by G. R. Buckingham and C. A. 
Bennett., (1981, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 74: 451-458.). 

This adaptation in Hypera rumicis is interesting and rather 
intriguing as it is a weevil which is not usually associated with 
aquatic habitats or found in really damp situtations. 

In my experience of the species in West Cumbria I nearly always 
find it on Curled Dock, Rumex crispus L., and to a lesser extent 
on Broad leaved dock, R. obtusifolius L. where the plants grow in 
comparitively dry habitats and away from water. However, it is 
interesting to note that H. rumicis is known to feed and develop 
on the Great Water Dock, Rumex hydrolapathum Huds., so it would 
be very worthwhile to discover if the same swimming ability is also 
developed in individuals colonising this plant as well. 

Swimming in certain species of Curculionidae is not uncommon, 
and a number of members in the subfamily Ceuthorhynchinae are 
known to be well adapted for a semi-aquatic life. One example is 
Eubrychius velutus (Beck) which is known to possess a very efficient 
plastron respiration system as described by W. R. Thorpe and D. J. 
Crisp, (1949, J. exp. Biol. 26: 219-260) and this adaption enables 
the adults to stay submerged for long periods. 

At the same time as I tested H. rumicis for swimming I also 
experimented with three other members of the genus, H. dauci 
(Olivier), H. nigrirostris (Fabricius) and H. plantaginis (Degeer). 
When these species were placed in water they made no attempt 
to perform any recognizable swimming stroke, but just merely 
floundered about in the water. 

This would appear to be the first recorded observation on the 
swimming behaviour in H. rumicis and also the first on a member of 
the subfamily Hyperinae. — R. W. J. READ, 43 Holly Terrace, 
Hensingham, Whitehaven, Cumbria, CA28 8RF. 

THE USE OF THE TERM ‘POCK-MARK’ IN ENTOMOLOGY. — 
Subscribers with a medical background will have been interested 
in Mr. Chalmers-Hunt’s note in the March/April 1982 issue of 
the Record. 

I wonder if they, as I, have searched unsuccessfully for cases 
of Coleophora varicella (sic.) on the bodies of their patients who 
have previously suffered from chickenpox? — DR. J. R. LANGMAID, 
38 Cumberland Court, Festing Road, Southsea, Hants PO4 ONH. 

SENTA FLAMMEA CURTIS (THE FLAME WAINSCOT) AT WYE, 
KENT. — Two Senta flammea appeared on separate nights in early 
June 1982, in the trap I run at Wye College. Since a number of other 
migrant species were appearing at the same time, I assumed that the 
S. flammea had arrived from France on the southerly winds which 
had been blowing for several days. However, when a Mythimna 
obsoleta Hbn. also appeared, and bearing in mind that two Areno- 
stola phragmitidis Hbn. had turned up the previous summer, I began 
to suspect that these Phragmites feeders might be of local origin, and 
therefore sugared and ran a Heath trap in the largest reed bed in the 
area. I was rewarded by finding six flammea and five M. obsoleta (one 
at sugar, the rest at light). So it seems rather likely that both species 
exist as breeding populations in the Wye area. — M.A. ENFIELD, 


162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


New Cottage, Warren Farm, Boughton Aluph, Ashford, Kent TN25 


4HW. 
DEFOLIATION IN NORTHAW GREAT WOOD, HERTFORDSHIRE, 
1982. — Over a 25/30 acre area the oaks, birches and hornbeams 


in Northaw Great Wood are as bare as at midwinter. The chief cul- 
prits were Hybernia defoliaria Clerck, Apocheima pilosaria D. & S., 
Operophtera brumata L. and, of course, Tortrix viridana L. On a 
recent visit, at the foot of every tree trunk 20 or 30 larvae were 
laboriously ascending — to nothing. Adjacent woodland has been 
comparatively unharmed. — R. LOVELL-PANK, 33 The High- 
lands, Hatfield Road, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 1HU. 7.vi.1982. 

CURIOUS BEHAVIOUR OF TWO EGG-LAYING AGLAIS URTICAE 
L.— On the 14th June 1982, I saw two A. urticae on a nettle bed, 
which from where I stood on a path I at first thought were in cop. I 
slowly approached them through the nettles and was surprised to 
find two females egg-laying on the same leaf. Their abdomens were 
less than a half inch apart and their heads about an inch apart. 
Nettles cannot be at a premium in this area, since this particular 
bed follows the river Nene near Northampton for at least a mile 
and is several yards wide all the way. — D. STOKES, 97 Mendip 
Road, Northampton NNS 6BA. 

TROPIDIA SCITA (HARRIS) (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) IN VC 69. 
— [took a temale specimen of this rather uncommon species on the 
edge of Holker Moss (SD 3579) on 3 June 1981. It has previously 
been recorded from just south of this area in VC 60 by Skidmore 
(Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 98: 184) who captured the species at 
Storrs Moss near Silverdale on 17 June 1956. I also have taken the 
species in that locality on 23 May 1964. — Dr. NEVILLE L. 
BIRKETT, Kendal Wood, New Hutton, Cumbria, LA8 OAQ. 


28.iv.1982. 
APPARENT. EXCESS IN NUMBERS OF FEMALE ANTHOCHARIS 
CARDAMINES L. (ORANGE-TIP) IN DUMFRIESSHIRE. — On the 


22nd May 1982, just north of the small village of Tynron, Dum- 
friesshire, I came across several dozen of this butterfly on a small 
willow marsh which was well carpeted with Lady’s Smock (Car- 
damine pratensis). The curious fact about this colony was the 
ratio of at least 15 females to each male, and I wish to make it 
clear that I was not confusing female Orange-tips with Green- 
veined Whites. Returning to the site ten days later not a single 
Orange-tip was to be seen, and I found much to my regret that all 
the Lady’s Smock had been cropped by sheep. — R. H. MILLER, 
Oakmere, South Street, Garlieston, Wigtownshire. 


THE CLOUDED YELLOW: COLIAS CROCEUS (GEOFFROY) IN JUNE 


1982. — A single butterfly was seen on the Sth June by the road that 
runs parallel to the South Downs at the village of Westmeston, East 
Sussex. — D. Dry, 26 Manor Avenue, Hassocks, West Sussex BN6 8NG. 


THE PAINTED LADY: CYNTHIA CARDUI L. IN JUNE 1982. — On the 
4th June, while walking along the lane here opposite my house, | observed 


a Painted Lady sunning itself on the grass verge. — T. NEWNHAM, The 
Victory, Staplefield, Haywards Heath, Sussex RH17 6EU [We have also 
received reports of the Painted Lady having been seen this June in Kent, 


Surrey, Dorset, Cornwall and Devon. Editor]. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 163 


EARLY APPEARANCES OF CALLOPHRYS RUBI L. AND PYRGUS 
MALVAE L IN WORCESTERSHIRE. — _ Several Callophrys rubi 
were seen on the Malvern Hills on 25th April 1982, an excep- 
tionally early date for this species in this part of the country. Pyrgus 
malvae was seen by Mr Tom Parker at Trench Wood near Droitwich 
on 26th April this year, and there was another sighting of this species 
in Wyre Forest on the following day. — J. E. GREEN, 25 Knoll Lane, 
Poolbrook, Malvern, Worcs WR14 3JU. 

FURTHER KENTISH RECORDS OF THE DOTTED RUSTIC: 
RHYACIA SIMULANS HUFN. — Continued spread of this species 
is evidenced by 1981 m/v appearances at Dungeness on 9th July 
and at my home on an exceedingly exposed area of the North 
Downs on 4th. Aug., Sth Aug., 15th Sept. (2), and 24th. Sept. 
Migratory insects frustratingly avoid Detling Hill, however the re- 
gularity of reported sightings of this species elsewhere in the county 
must surely indicate it now to be firmly established as a resident. — 
N. F. HEAL, Fosters, Detling Hill, Nr. Maidstone, Kent. 


Current Literature 


Collins Handguide to the Butterflies of Africa by R. H. Carcasson, 
embracing more than 100 colour plates illustrating some 350 
species and, in many cases, their early stages, together with 
some line-drawings of the anatomical structures of Lepidoptera, 
and a map of the world’s faunistic regions, etc. The softback 
edition has XIX + 109pp., the hardback XIX+188pp., the latter 
containing a “simplified provisional check-list of the butter- 
flies of the Afrotropical region.” Publishers: Collins, St. James’s 
Place, London, 1981. Price: paperback £4.95; hardback £7.95. 
This beautifully-illustrated little book is — to quote its author — 

“meant to be no more than an introduction to the study of African 

butterflies.” It is clearly a labour of love and as such it has consider- 

able intrinsic merit, even if one disagrees with the use of English 
names for the species figured in it, in preference to the Latin ones 
which all serious students of African butterflies should try to me- 
morize from the start, as most African butterflies do not have 

English names and the ones they do have tend to differ in the 

popular books dealing with them. 

The book contains a few systematic oddities, such as: Amauris 
albimaculata (on p. 72) being unnecessarily emended to A. albi- 
maculatus (as if Dr. Butler, who described it, did not know his 
Latin genders!) the genus Bebearia (on p.45) being made a sub- 
genus of Euphaedra — an action not supported by van Son/Vari 
in Pt. IV of “The Butterflies of Southern Africa” (1979: 116-117); 
the exclusively Afrotropical genus Sallya being made a subgenus 
of the Neotropical Eunica (on p. 57), even though their early stages 
are quite different; and the sinking of the Afrotropical genus Ely- 
mniopsis (on p.65) to synonymy with the Oriental E/ymnias, despite 
the fact that Dr. L. D. Miller (1968) maintained the former as a 
distinct species in his authoritative monograph on the higher clas- 
sification of the Satyridae. No mention is made by Dr. Carcasson, 


164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 

in his book, of the ‘Noble Swallowtail” (Papilio nobilis) being 
found in Tanzania, even though its type-locality is stated to be 
“German East Africa, Paré’’ by Aurivillius in his ‘“‘Rhopalocera 
Aethiopica” (1898:464), and I myself have collected it in the Kahé 
Forest, south of Moshi, in northern Tanzania. Finally, in the index, 
I see that y comes before x! 

In his “simplified provisional check-list of the butterflies of the 
Afrotropical region”, at the end of the hardback edition of his 
book, Dr. Carcasson would have done better if he had brought the 
tribal groups of his ‘“‘Nymphalinae” in line with the more up-to- 
date arrangement of van Son/Vari’s in Pt. IV of “The Butterflies 
of Southern Africa” (1979), and if he had placed all the species of 
the various genera, especially those of the larger genera such as 
Charaxes, Acraea. etc., in alphabetical order rather than in the 
higgledy-piggedly disorder that one finds them in at present! 

Despite these criticisms, I really must recommend students 
of African butterflies, and anyone visiting Africa who is interested 
in its butterflies, to purchase a copy of Dr. Carcasson’s book, since 
he is an acknowledged expert on African Lepidoptera, and his book 
contains invaluable information about them — A. H. B. RYDON 
The Life of the Meadow Brown by W. H. Dowdeswell. 

165pp., paper. Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., London. 

LOSIS e595: 

There are few books on a single butterfly and for that reason 
alone “The Life of the Meadow Brown” is welcome. It begins with 
a short section on the biology of the species, the following chapters 
giving an extensive account of the ecological genetic work which 
has been undertaken by Dowdeswell and others since 1938 — 
Beginning an ecological study; The mainland stabilizations; The 
meadow brown in Europe; Studying island populations; The signi- 
ficance of spotting; Conclusions and implications. 

Professor Dowdeswell’s knowledge and experience of the 
genetics of the underside hindwing spotting of these butterflies is 
clear. His accounts of the research findings of other workers are 
not so satisfactory. For example, Scali did not include Roumania in 
the western group of european populations as a result of his work 
on the enzyme phosphoglucomutase (p. 134). There are other 
errors, most of them small. Schrank described the genus Maniola, 
not Linnaeus (p. 6). More seriously, there is little mention of the 
morphological variation, either wing markings or genitalic structures, 
on which much as been written and which offers many interesting 
research possibilities in the field of population biology. 

While this little book is well written and presented, those in- 
terested in butterflies who purchase it expecting a text on ‘the life 
of the meadow brown’ will be disappointed: it is an account of 
ecological genetics research. The meadow brown just happens to 
be the organism which proved most suited to the problems posed. 
Dowdeswell writes more on the ‘background to a piece of biological 
research’ than on the significance of such phenomena ss sympatric 
evolution, character displacement and hybrid zones. For this reason 
the book is probably at a level too elementary for undergraduate 
and postgraduate research students of biology. In spite of these 
criticisms, it is well worth reading. — G. T. 


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CONTENTS 


A Review of British Butterflies in 1981. Dr.C. J. LUCKENS . 125 
Lepidoptera in Ireland. Rev. D. AGASSIZ... 130 
Syncopacma larseniella (Gozmany): A Hitherto Under-Recorded Species. 
R. J. HECKFORD ss 132 
Observations on Lepidoptera in the Cevennes, Easter 1981. Dr. J. S. E. 
FELTWELL and G. N. BURTON se: 134 
The History of Euchromius ocellea apie (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) 
in Britain. B. SKINNER Se ise 
The Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1981, 
including that of the Monarch Butterfly: Danaus plexippus L. 
R. F. BRETHERTON and J.M.CHALMERS-HUNT .. 141 
A Consolidated History of the Discovery of Charaxes “gallagheri Van 
Son, 1962 (Lep.: Nymphalidae); its Habits, Habitats and Early 
Stages. J C10. CHimmy. 147 
A Scuttle Fly (Dipera: Phoridae) that Appears to be a ’ Parasitoid off a 
Snail (Stylommatophora: Zonitidae) and is itself Parasitised ue a 
Braconid ities aaa Dr. R. H. L. DISNEY as sl 
Editorial “ 155 
Notes and Observations: 
Coleophora binderella Kollar — a New Foodplant.N.F.HEAL ... 129 
A Note on Two British Trachyphloeus Spp. (Col.: Curculionidae). A.A. 
ALLEN * 129 
Zygaena loti scotica Rowland-Brown on Mull, ‘1981. “Rev. J. H. VINE 
HALL 131 
Alophora s.s. hemiptera (Fab. ) (Diptera: Tachinidae) in VC 69. Dr. N. 
L. BIRKETT .. 133 
Larval Variation i in the Pine Beauty: Panolis flammea Hbn. Dr. M. E. 
N. MAJERUS 150 
The Delicate: Mythimna vitellina Hbn. in May. M. W. E. TWEEDIE 150 
Blomer’s Rivulet: Discoloxia blomeri Curtis. C.S.H.BLATHWAYT 150 
Palpifer sexnotatus Moore (Lep.: Hepialidae) in Britain. P.J. BAKER 156 
Lagia atripes Muls. & Guil. (Col.) in the New Forest. A.A. ALLEN 157 
Lavae of Anarta myrtilli L.: Beautiful Yellow Underwing (Lep.: 
Noctuidae) and an Adult Boreus hyemalis L. (Neuropt.: Boreiidae) 
on Winter Snow in the Scottish Highlands. A. D. LISTON a) AS 
The Recent Spread of Apion cerdo Gerst (Col.) in S. E. England. 
A. A. ALLEN x 158 
John Abbot’s Drawings and Notes for a Proposed ‘Supplement to 
Smith and Abbot, “The Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopte- 
rous Insect of Georgia” (1797). Dr. R. S. WILKINSON 159 
Swimming Behaviour in Hypera rumicis (L.) (Col.: Curculionidae) 
R. W. J. READ “s 160 
The Use of the Term ‘Pock-mark’ in Entomology. Dr. J. R. 
LANGMAIDD . - 161 
Senta flammea Curtis: “Flame Wainscot at Wye, Kent. M. A. 
ENFIELD __... ee a =. 6 
Defoliation in Northaw Great. ‘Wood, Herts., 1982. R. LOVELL- 
PANK 162 
Curious Behaviour of Two Egg-laying ‘Aglais urticae es D. ‘STOKES 162 
Tropidia scita (Harris) (Dipt., Syrphidae) in VC 69. Dr. N. L. 
BIRKET. =. 162 
Apparent Excess in Numbers of Female Orange-tips. ‘R.H. MILLER 162 
The Clouded Yellow in June 1982. D. DEY . - 162 
The Painted Lady in June 1982. T. NEWHAM - 162 
Early Appearances of Green Hairsteak and Grizzled Skipper it in 
Worcestershire. J. E. GREEN ee 163 
Further Kentish Records of the Dotted Rustic: Rhyacia ‘simulans 
Hufn. N. F. HEAL . Be ae vee eslGS 
Obituary: C. H. Dixon oes ext iis ap 156 
Current Literature ... a be 33 ae 1) ase 163, 164 


Printed by Frowde & Co (Printers) Ltd Orpheus St. London SE5 8RR 


Vol. 94 Nos. 9-10 September/October 1982 ISSN 0013-8916 
ee 
SI 104 


Et - 


THE 
ENTOMOLOGIST’S 
RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E:S. 


with the assistance of 


A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. P. J. CHANDLER. B.SC., F.R.E.S. 
NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B:SC., F.R.E.S. 
S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. J. HEATH, F.R.E.S., F.L.S. 

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WANTED — Livestock of the Large Heath (Coenonympha tullia) 
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WANTED — Preserved or live larvae of Agriopis marginaria (dotted 
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EPIERUS COMPTUS (ERICHSON) 165 


EPIERUS COMPTUS (ERICHSON) (COL.: HISTERIDAE) 
NEW TO BRITAIN 


By DAVID R. NASH* 


Whilst engaged in a long-term survey of the Coleoptera of 
Grovely Wood, an area of mature woodland near Salisbury, Wilt- 
shire (SU 03) on August Ist, 1980, I took from under the bark 
of a fallen, mature beech, a single example of an Histerid beetle 
whose size and general facies I did not associate with any of our 
native, subcortical species. Having arranged to stay with my friend 
Mr. C. Johnson of Manchester Museum almost immediately upon 
my return from Wiltshire, I did not have time to study the beetle in 
detail, but took it with me for his comment. He suggested the 
beetle was Epierus comptus (Erichson), a determination with which 
I fully agreed after studying the specimen upon my return to Essex. 
As Manchester Museum had no comparative material, I sent the 
beetle to M. Jean Thérond of Ntmes who kindly verified the deter- 
mination. A search of the beech trunk in August, 1981, failed to 
reveal further specimens. There can be little doubt, however, that 
the species is truly indigenous since the locality is totally isolated from 
any possible source of importation. Although the beetle appears 
to be of rare occurrence throughout its range, it seems surprising 
that it has not been found in the New Forest which lies only some 
20 km or so to the south-east of Grovely Wood. 

In its typical microhabitat, Epierus comptus should not be 
confused with any of our other native subcortical Histeridae, its 
relatively large size (2-3mm), broad oval shape and multidenticulate 
front tibiae separating it easily from Teretrius, all Abraeinae and 
Paromalus. Apart from the structure of the tibiae, in colour, size and 
general form it bears quite a striking superficial resemblance to 
Carcinops pumilio (Erichson), a species which, although a member 
of the Denrophilinae and easily distinguished on the subfamilial 
characters given below, was described by Stephens in his ‘Manual’ 
(1839, p.152) as an Epierus before the creation of the genus Car- 
cinops by Marseul in 1855. Carcinops pumilio, however, has seven 
striae on each elytron and the elytra are normally broadest at the 
humeral callosity and thence usually distinctly narrowed to the 
apex. The elytra and pronotum unite to form a slight, but evident, 
external angle, and the anterior tibiae are dilated with two distinct, 
widely-separated teeth on their outer margin, and a very large 
terminal hook on their inner margin. Epierus comptus has only six 
striae on each elytron and the insect is more-or-less evenly rounded 
from the anterior pronotal angles to the pygidium, the sides of the 
pronotum uniting with those of the elytra to form an almost unin- 
terrupted curve. The anterior tibiae are gradually widened from 
base to apex and are armed with many small spines on their outer 
margin and have only a small terminal spine on their inner margin. 
The whole insect is also plainly somewhat broader. 


*266 Colchester Road, Lawford, near Manningtree, Essex CO11 2BU. 


166 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


In view of the confusion which exists in most British works 
concerning the taxa within the Histeridae, it would seem important 
to define clearly the position of Epierus within the family and the 
taxonomic characters which determine this position. 

Following Wenzel (1944) and the majority of modern workers 
on the Histeridae (but not Witzgall, 1971), the genus Epierus is here 
considered to be located within the Tribalinae and not the Histerinae. 
The Tribalinae may be characterised as follows: prosternal lobe 
present; protibiae multidenticulate i.e. with fine spines on their 
outer margin; antennal cavities situated in the anterior thoracic 
angles and at least partially closed beneath by the prosternal alae; 
labrum with setigerous punctures (unlike all Histerinae); antennal 
scape ‘normal’ i.e. not expanded or angulate as in, for example, 
Hetaerius. The subfamily is closely related to the Dendrophilinae, 
but the members of the last named taxon may be recognised by their 
completely open antennal cavities which are usually situated just 
anterior to the procoxae, the deeply and longitudinally incised 
prosternal alae (for reception of the antennal funicle), and their 
paucidenticulate protibiae. 

The Tribalinae is composed of two tribes — Onthophilini and 
Tribalini. In Europe, the Onthophilini is only represented by the 
genus Onthophilus which contains three species easily recognised 
by their longitudinally keeled elytra and pronota. The Tribalini, on 
the other hand, is represented by two genera in Europe — Tribalus 
and Epierus, which may be recognised by their multidenticulate 
protibiae and the absence of a marginal stria on the frons. All of the 
European species appear to be rare and to have a predominantly 
southern distribution. In view of the discovery of a species belonging 
to a tribe whose known distribution would appear to militate against 
the occurrence of any of its species with us, it would appear useful 
to provide a key which includes not only Epierus comptus, but also 
others of the tribe which might occur in Britain. 


Key to European Tribalini 


1. Elytra with short, indistinct traces of dorsal striae. First ventral 
segment between hind coxae without deep longitudinal 
striae. Brown to black; antennae and legs reddish. Length 1.3 


-1.8mm_ ...... Tribalus minimus Rossi (Under stones near 
water, especially by rivers. Southern Europe. ?Middle 
Europe). 


— Elytra with entire, distinct dorsal striae. First ventral segment 
between hind coxae with a deep, longitudinal stria on each 
side. Black; antennae and legs brown-red. Found under 
bank Veryeraie 222 eae: Epierus Erichson. 

Elytra with six striae which are more deeply impressed than in 
the following species. Prosternal striae slightly diverging 
towards the front. Frons not impressed between the eye 
tubercles? Length 2 = 3mm" = =o comptus (Erichson) 
(South and south-west Europe;? Middle Europe.) 

—  Elytra with a well-formed seventh subhumeral stria and the two 

innermost striae on each elytron united to form an archin 


i) 


EPIERUS COMPTUS (ERICHSON) 167 


the scutellary region. Prosternal striae strongly diverging 
towards the front. Frons impressed between the eye tuber- 
ClesslenotMe STM... «hc a. + italicus (Paykull) (South- 
east Central Europe; most frequent in southern Europe.) 

The above key is based freely upon that of Witzgall (op. cit.) 
who questions the occurrence of Tribalus minimus and Epierus 
comptus in middle Europe. Winkler (1924-1932) in his ‘Catalogue’, 
however, gives the distribution of the three species as follows: 
T. minimus — Mediterranean, China; E. comptus — Austria, Hun- 
gary, southern Europe and the Caucasus; F. italicus — Italy, Austria, 
Hungary, and the Balkan Peninsula. M. Thérond (in Jitt.) informs me 
that E. comptus appears to be of truly southern distribution in 
France, as he has recorded it during a lifetime’s collecting from only 
two departments viz. du Val and the Maritime Alps. He also has 
specimens from Syria and Iran. 

There are probably only three or four Palaearctic species of 
Epierus, the genus having its main centre in the Neotropical region 
with 56 described species. It is also known from North America 
(11 spp.)., the Oriental and Indo-Malaysian region (11 spp.), and 
New Guinea (3 spp.). Two species — &. antillarum Marseul and E. 
pulicarius Erichson, have recently been recorded in association with 
the fauna of bat guano in Cuban caves (Decou and Thérond, 1977). 


Acknowledgements 


My sincere thanks go to M. Jean Thérond of the Musée 
d’Histoire Naturelle, Nimes for his generosity in supplying reprints, 
much helpful correspondence, and confirmation of the identity of 
the Epierus. I also thank Mr. C. Johnson of Manchester Museum for 
providing the initial tentative determination. Finally, I thank the 
Earl of Pembroke for allowing me to study on the Wilton Estate 
and his Estate Manager Mr. R. H. Mellish for his unfailing help and 
courtesy. 


References 


Arnett, R. & Wenzel, R. L., 1962. Fascicle 26 — Histeridae in 
Arnett, R. H. The Beetles of the United States, 4th printing, 
1973, pp. 369-378. American Entomological Institute. 

Decou, V. & Thérond, J., 1977. Histérides hypogés de Cuba. Résul- 
tats des expéditions biospéologiques Cubano-Roumaines a Cuba, 
pp. 403405. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania, 
Bucuresti. 

Stephens, J. F., 1839.A Manual of British Coleoptera. London. 

Wenzel, R. L., 1944. On the classification of the Histerid beetles. 
Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser. 28 (no. 2, publ. no 545): 51- 

* 151. Chicago. 

Winkler, A., 1924-1932. Catalogus Coleopterorum regionis palae- 
arcticae. Vienna. 

Witzgall, K., 1971. Histeroidea in Freude, H. et al. Die Kafer Mit- 
teleuropas 3: 156-189. Goecke & Evers. Krefeld. 


168 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


THE SCARCE SWALLOW-TAIL: 
IPHICLIDES PODALIRIUS (L.) IN BRITAIN 


By RONALD S. WILKINSON * 
II: Haworth’s Prodromus and Lepidoptera Britannica 


In the initial part of this survey of recorded captures and sight- 
ings of podalirius in Britain (Wilkinson, 1975), I discussed the very 
meager evidence of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. John 
Ray reported in the posthumous Historia Insectorum (1710) that 
“in Etruria invenimus, atque etiam, ni male memini, in Anglia’’; 
he had encountered podalirius during his Italian travels in the 
1660s, and also, unless his memory failed, in his home island. John 
Berkenhout was more decisive in the first volume of his Outlines of 
the Natural History of Great Britain and Ireland (1769); podalirius 
was indeed a British insect, ‘““Rare, in woods.” Berkenhout’s un- 
substantiated statement was perpetuated in second (1789) and third 
(posthumous, 1795) editions. Haworth eventually suggested a 
possible source for the assertion. 

Although no authentic or even supposed British specimens 
were known to the community of aurelians as the new century 
approached, the London naturalists were spurred on to find poda- 
lirius by their reading of such contemporary writers as Donovan and 
Lewin, who perpetuated the hope of its capture. Much had been 
learned about the lepidopterous fauna, but this knowledge was 
chiefly about the environs of London and the southeastern counties, 
and naturalists were very aware that little of the rest of Britain had 
been entomologically explored. One such view was that of the 
jeweller and collector John Francillon who wrote in 1785 to the 
Manchester manufacturer John Leigh Philips in hopes of securing 
native podalirius, virgaureae, daplidice, palaeno, lathonia and other 
gems, arguing that “‘as you are at such a great Distance from London, 
I think you must meet with specimens we have not got .. . as I 
find if I go only 20 or 30 miles from London I am sure to meet 
with something new, therfore I think my argument holds good the 
further the Distance” (British Library, Add. Mss. 29533, f. 63v.) 
The climate of opinion was enthusiastic indeed in the golden age of 
British entomology; surely in time podalirius and other desirable 
insects would be traced to their haunts in those vast areas distant 
from the metropolis. 

But not until the publications of Adrian Hardy Haworth was 
fresh evidence introduced to suggest that podalirius really could 
be found in Britain. Haworth (1768-1833) was an accomplished 
botanist whose collateral pursuit of entomology led to the foun- 
dation of the third Aurelian Society and the publication of a check- 
list as well as a classic study of the British Lepidoptera. His seem- 
ingly curious treatment of the Scarce Swallow-tail in Prodromus 
Lepidopterorum Britannicorum (1802) and Lepidoptera Britannica 


*The American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York 10024. 


SCARCE SWALLOW-TAIL IN BRITAIN 169 
(1803 [-28]) is explained by the complicated printing history of 
these titles. In the text of the Prodromus, podalirius is among the 
asterisked species which Haworth had “not yet absolutely seen 
alive,’ but the species name was not printed in italics, as were those 
“desiderata to the cabinet” of British insects belonging to the 
Aurelian Society. Perhaps the reason is typographical; podalirius, 
as the first entry in the check-list, has its name in large and small 
capitals. 

In fact we know that the Aurelian Cabinet did not have a sup- 
posed British podalirius. While the main text of the Prodromus was 
in press, Haworth obtained so much additional information that 
an addendum with a preface of its own was printed and added to 
the primary check-list. Haworth explained that in the interim 
“Real British specimens of the whole [list] have been recently and 
carefully examined . .. except only Pap. Podalirius and Bomb. 
Pinus, which are admitted upon the assurance of two . . . Entomolo- 
gical friends, that they once beheld alive and at large both of these 
rarities in Britain.” 

At that time Haworth was well along in the writing of the first 
volume of Lepidoptera Britannica. When the volume was published 
in 1803, the textual entry for podalirius (which had, according to 
Haworth, been printed some time before) did not include such an 
assurance by entomological friends. Haworth referred only to the 
two classical references to podalirius as British: “Exemplarium 
absolute Britannicum nunquam vidi. Locus in Lepidoptera Britan- 
nica authoritatibus Berkenhouti et Raii (quae ultima satis ambigua 
est) praecipue pendet” (p. 6.) But Haworth was able to add new 
and welcome information before the volume was issued. In the 
preface, sent to the press last and dated July 1803, he announced 
that “Since the body of this work was printed, my friend the Rev. 
Dr. Abbott of Bedford has informed me that he took in Maylast, 
near Clapham Park Wood in Bedfordshire, a specimen of Papilio 
Podalirius in the winged state: and that he also took in June last, in 
White Wood near Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire, the Papilio Daplidice 
(in a faded state) and likewise Papilio Lathonia. These are three 
extremely interesting species, and there is not a British specimen of 
any of them now extant, except the above. 

‘“Podalirius . . . has not been seen alive in Britain, since the time 
of Ray; unless Berkenhout possessed it, which he probably might, 
because I have heard of his giving a high price for a rare Swallow- 
tail Papilio, said to be taken in Cambridgeshire, which was probably 
the identical specimen of Podalirius that he has described in his 
Synopsis .... 

“An ingenious and practical Aurelian friend has informed me that 
he took two sorts of swallow-tailed Papilios, near Beverley in 
Yorkshire, five-and-twenty years ago, but no specimens of them 
are now extant; a fire which unhappily destroyed great part of his 
property, having consumed them likewise. Now, as we have only 
two swallow-tailed species in Great Britain, one of the above in all 
probability was Podalirius. | know Machaon .. . breeds near Beverley 
yet....” (Haworth, 1803, xxvi-xxvii.) 


170 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


Haworth’s fortunate friend “the Rev. Dr. Abbott’? was Charles 
Abbot (1761?-1817), cleric and sometime Fellow of New College, 
Oxford, who took the degree of D. D. in 1802. Like Haworth, 
Abbot was a botanist and Fellow of the Linnean Society; his Flora 
Bedfordiensis was published in 1798. An Abbot specimen of poda- 
lirius is still extant, in the Dale Collection, Hope Department of 
Zoology (Entomology), University Museum, Oxford. It is in some- 
what poor condition, with antennae missing, and is labelled “Clap- 
ham Park wood May — 1803? Nr. Bedford Dr. Abbot? Mus. Abbot” 
in the hand of James Charles Dale (1792-1872), a respected figure in 
nineteenth-century British entomology (Walker, 1907). The question 
marks imply that at some time Dale had doubts about the pro- 
venance of the insect which he obtained as part of Abbot’s cabinet 
(purchased in 1817: Dale, 1830). 

The Abbot specimen is the only podalirius in the Dale Col- 
lection, which was bequeathed by Charles William Dale to Oxford 
with the diaries and records kept by his father and himself. One of 
the manuscripts mentions the capture. J. C. Dale compiled an 
“entomological calendar” from Abbot’s original notes (Walker, 
1907), and I am informed by Miss Pamela Gilbert, British Museum 
(Natural History), that the page containing the records for 1803 
includes the entry “May-? Papilio Podalirius? Clapham-Park wood 
Bed’s —.” Again those troublesome question marks appear. The elder 
Dale seems to have had no problems with the attribution of Abbot’s 
1803 capture of daplidice and lathonia; the specimens are in the 
Dale Collection ex Abbot, and bear Dale labels without question 
marks (Walker, 1907). Perhaps Abbot had not specifically labelled 
his podalirius as being the May 1803 capture described to Haworth. 

At any rate, in late 1838 or early 1839 Dale assured Peter 
Rylands that he then possessed the Abbot podalirius to which 
Haworth referred, “a ¢ not in very fine order” (Rylands, 1839), 
presumably the same specimen now in the Dale Collection. And 
Dale, one of the more knowledgeable collectors of the period, cited 
the Abbot capture as part of the extensive information about 
podalirius which he furnished to Rylands and which the latter 
claimed would ‘‘convince any unbiassed person that podalirius ought 
to be entered in the British Fauna.” Rylands (1839) also revealed 
that “Mr. Haworth told Mr. Dale that ‘Dr. Abbott had informed him 
[Haworth] by letter of his having seen podalirius two or three 
times’ previous to the capture.” 

There is no reason to suppose that Charles Abbot’s claims were 
spurious — or, to phrase that conclusion in a more guarded manner, 
we have no evidence that he deceived his entomological friends. 
Certainly he recorded a number of Lepidoptera which were con- 
sidered exceptional prizes, and all within a relatively brief period of 
time; his good fortune was not limited to the capture of podalirius, 
daplidice and lathonia (Haworth, 1802, 1803). However Abbot was 
considered to be a trustworthy naturalist, and his colleagues called 
attention to his successes as examples of the progress of British 
entomology. One may argue that those were more credulous times, 
in which entomologists accepted one another’s records without the 


SCARCE SWALLOW-TAIL IN BRITAIN iL 7/il 


more careful scrutiny which would characterize the Victorian era. 
That was often true, but even so, Abbot must be considered in- 
nocent in the absence of proof to the contrary; and, as we shall see, 
a number of other collectors quite certainly did take podalirius in 
England after his death. 

In his 1803 preface, Haworth chose not to name the “‘ingenious 
and practical Aurelian friend” who captured “two sorts of swallow- 
tailed Papilios’’ near Beverley, Yorkshire a quarter of a century 
before. But he continued to believe his friend’s account; writing of 
podalirius, Samouelle (1819) reported that “Mr. Haworth is yet in 
hopes of receiving indigenous specimens from Yorkshire.” Haworth 
returned to the subject of podalirius in 1828 when preparing a 
postscript to be published with the sheets of the fourth part of 
Lepidoptera Britannica, which had been printed a number of years 
before. /nter alia, Haworth related that “Mr. Rippon of York has 
informed the writer that he saw the wing of a P. Podalirius found 
in Yorkshire” (p. 588.) 

Rippon’s identity has been a mystery until now, and indeed he 
has led two historians (the late P. B. M. Allan and myself) on a 
merry chase. He appears in the recently discovered manuscript 
‘articles of incorporation’ of Haworth’s Aurelian Society as “John 
Rippon, Precentor’s Court, York,” the twelfth Aurelian to sign the 
document. So quite probably John Rippon was the “Aurelian 
friend,” and he certainly was the Rippon of the podalirius wing. 
J.C. Dale (1830) credited the Beverley captures and the account 
of the wing to “Mr. Ripon?” several years before Haworth’s death, 
and we may suppose that Dale was not corrected by his old friend, 
for Rylands (1839) unhesitatingly named “Mr. Rippon, of York”’ as 
the collector at Beverley, ca. 1778, and one suspects from the first 
paragraph of Rylands’ paper that he had his information from Dale. 
The circumstances of the supposed captures were repeated again 
and again in the literature, but the actual facts are scanty enough. 
We now know Rippon’s given name and address, but nothing has 
been discovered about his collecting activities and the specimens 
which were consumed by fire. Hopefully a search of local records 
will reveal more.' 

By the time Haworth wrote his 1828 postscript he was able to 
record several more captures of podalirius. These properly belong 
to a third part of this survey, which will begin with the curious 
adventures of the Rev. Frederick William Hope and conclude at 
mid-century. 


1John Rippon of York was not John Rippon, D. D. (1751-1836), Baptist 
divine and compiler of the famous collection of hymns, who served his Lon- 
don parish for nearly 64 years and who appears in the Dictionary of National 
Biography. Our Rippon was not Precentor of York Minster, and the Dean of 
York, who graciously conducted a search of the appropriate records, dis- 
covered no official affiliation with the Minster. Precentor’s Court, earlier 
called Precentor’s Lane, opens into High Petergate, and evidently Rippon 
occupied one of the private residences in the Court. 


172 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


References 


Abbot, C. 1798. Flora Bedfordiensis. Bedford. 
Aurelian Society. Rules and regulations for the establishment 


and continuance of the . . . society. Ms., June 1801 et seg. 
Newington District Library, London. 

Berkenhout, J. 1769. Outlines of the natural history of Great 
Britain and Ireland. 1. London. 

Dale, J. C. 1830. Notice of the capture of Vanessa Huntera, for 
the first time in Britain, with a catalogue of rare insects cap- 
tured. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3: 332-334. 

Francillon, J. to J. L. Philips, 4th February 1785. Add. Mss. 29533, 
British Library, London. 

Haworth, A. H. 1802. Prodromus lepidopterorum Britannicorum. 
Holt. 

weneenencnennennnnnnnne . 1803 [-28] . Lepidoptera Britannica. London. 

Ray, J. 1710. Historia insectorum. London. 

Rylands, P. 1839. Statement of the claims of Papilio podalirius 
to rank as a British insect. Naturalist, 4: 227-229. 

Samouelle, G. 1819. The entomologist’s useful compendium. 
London. 

Walker, J. J. 1907. Some notes on the Lepidoptera of the “Dale 
Collection” of British insects, now in the Oxford University 
Museum. I: Rhopalocera. Ent. mon. Mag. 43: 93-101, 130-134. 

Wilkinson, R. S. 1975. The scarce swallow-tail: [phiclides podalirius 
(L.) in Britain. I: The evidence before Haworth. Entomologist’s 
Rec. J. Var., 87: 289-293. 


THE BRIMSTONE: GONEPTERYX RHAMNI L. APPARENTLY 
IMBIBING AT HYDRANGEA FLOWERS. -— _ On September 6th, 
1980, Iwas surprised to see a female brimstone butterfly alight upon 
a sterile flower of the head of a Hortensis type Hydrangea with pale 
blue flowers, and probe for some time the calyx tube. This beha- 
viour was repeated on several flower heads before the insect moved 
on to the bright pink flowers provided by a hedge of Lathyrus 
latifolius, the everlasting pea, which over the years has been noted 
as the most favoured flower attraction for this species here in my 
garden. Two days later the visits were repeated. 

So far as I am aware Hydrangea flowers of this type do not pro- 
duce nectar, neither were the flowers wet, nor host to aphides. 
Work by D. Ilse quoted in The Pollination of Flowers by Proctor 
and Yeo, 1973, showed that the brimstone’s natural flower pre- 
ference was for those coloured blue, and that approach was visual 
rather than olfactory. 

This explains the visit to the Hydrangea, but what is not clear 
are its lengthy visits with apparent feeding. Regarding colour selec- 
tivity, violet and purple are also attractive to the brimstone, accord- 
ing to Ilse, while few visits are made to red, orange and yellow 
flowers. In my garden another pink flower commonly attracting the 
brimstone is Sedum spectabile, although I associate this more with 
Aglais urticae, the small tortoiseshell, which Ilse finds most attracted 
by flowers of yellow or blue colouration, and which also use a visual 
approach — B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Bexley, Kent. 


BUTTERFLIES IN EASTERN SWITZERLAND 7/3} 


BUTTERFLIES IN EASTERN SWITZERLAND 1980, 
WITH A NOTE ON EREBIA PLUTO DE PRUNN. 


Dr. C. J. LUCKENS* 


In mid-August 1980 Dr. T. W. Tolman and I, accompanied 
by my two older sons, spent several days at Pontresina in the En- 
gadine. The weather was unremittingly wet as we travelled through 
France but, apart from one unsettled day, we had beautiful weather 
for the duration of our stay in Switzerland. 

In spite of the late date in the Alpine butterfly season, we 
saw a good variety of species, including many that we had met 
with there over a month earlier the previous year. 

The two Erebias, melampus Fuessl. and tyndarus Esp. for 
example, were swarming in the pastures of the Val Roseg on August 
17th and many were in excellent condition. Flying with them were 
Coenonympha gardetta de Prunn. and the fritillaries Fabriciana 
niobe L., Argynnis aglaia L., Brenthis pales D. & S., B. napaea 
Hoffmannsegg, and Clossiana titania Esp. | observed a female titania 
ovipositing on the dry moss at the base of a drystone wall where 
Viola ssp. grew among the crevices. Aricia nicias Meig. was locally com- 
mon at the foot of one stony slope and we saw many Colias phico- 
mone Esp. and Cyaniris semiargus Rott. — all of these being butter- 
flies we had encountered in early July 1979. Other species seen 
included a few Polyammatus eros Ochs. and Erebia montana de 
Prunn. (usually at the edge of the screes) and excellent numbers of 
Heodes virgaureae L. of a small bright form which frequented the 
woodland clearings. 

In one such clearing, in 1979, we had found Euphydryas inter- 
media Menetries and I was very keen to look for the early stages of 
this local species. To my surprise and delight I found a batch of 
very young Euphydryas larvae on a small web at the tip of a Loni- 
cera leaf on one of the first bushes investigated. After this early 
success no more were found in spite of intense search by my sons 
who were spurred on by promises of generous rewards. Approach- 
ing the Roseg Hotel near the head of the valley Parnassius phoebus 
F. became quite common, favouring especially the rocky ground 
beside the river. 

This beautiful butterfly was also conspicuous on the higher 
slopes of the Albula Pass which we visited on three occasions — the 
18th, 20th and 21st August. The 20th was the day of rather un- 
certain weather and we were forced to descend to the meadows 
around Preda to escape the cold misty rain at the top of the pass. 
Here Erebia pronoe Esp. was found and a few Erebia manto D. & S. 
(not the high altitude f. pyrrhula but similar to the type) as well as 
Palaeochrysophanus hippothoe L. C. titania and a single fresh 
Mellicta athalia Rott. 

The other two days were brilliantly sunny and we spent most 
of our time at around 6000ft a little way down the north side of the 
pass. Colias palaeno L. was flying swiftly over the Vaccinium- 


*Swallowfield, Manor Road, Durley, Hants, SO3 2AF. 


174 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


covered slopes and a few of those netted were surprisingly still in 
fresh condition. A pair of Vacciniina optilete Knoch was also noted. 
On a patch of alluvial mud we encountered a swarm of the little 
alpine blues Agriades glandon de Prunn. and P. eros and we were 
able to select a small series of each of these species. These mud 
visitors were almost exclusively male however, and we had to work 
hard to find the females on the nearby grass slopes. The dark, 
violet-suffused females of B. napaea were also frequent in this 
riparian habitat. Still higher up on the scree slopes a few E. pronoe 
and one or two Erebia gorge Huebner flew with worn but very active 
Pontia callidice Huebner, but the prize was the large sooty Erebia 
pluto de Prunn. We risked multiple fractures pursuing these mag- 
nificent butterflies over the unstable grey stones. Pluto had the 
habit of inconsequentially skipping down as if to investigate the 
waiting net only to veer off suddenly when just beyond range. 
Then the stones would clatter and ring under foot as the unequal 
chase began! One female however settled a few feet in front of me 
on the scree and curving her abdomen she deposited an ovum 
on the underside of a small rock. I marked this and then searched 
carefully all around but the nearest living blade of grass I could 
detect was at least ten feet away. Occasionally pluto would ap- 
proach the grassy areas at the edge of the rock slides but as soon 
as the insect found itself away from the scree it would show signs 
of alarm and a much faster flight pattern would be maintained 
until it found itself once more over the bare stones. 

I have noticed a very similar habit among the males of Erebia 
lefebvrei Boisd. on the screes of the Sierra del Cadi in Spain. This 
Erebia occupies the same ecological niche in the Pyrenees and 
adjacent Sierras of northern Spain as does pluto in the Alps. Both 
butterflies are intensely dark and therefore perhaps share the facility 
of quickly absorbing heat reflected from the pale rock surfaces of 
scree. Rapid transfer of energy in this way may be essential to ef- 
ficient flight at the high, relatively cool altitudes that both species 
frequent. eR Meebo 

LEPIDOPTERA AT CANNA IN 1982. — The arrivals of the 
migrants here has been as follows: Cynthia cardui L., first seen on 
9th June; a number of larvae found later, Vanessa atalanta L., first 
seen 11th June; others seen later, and larvae found; now frequent 
around buddleia in the garden. Autographa gamma L., first seen 
9th June, others later; a pupa found on a thistle. Nomophila 
noctuella D. & S., in trap on 29th July. 

All the resident butterflies have flourished in the hottest and 
driest summer I can remember here; this particularly applies to 
Pieris napi L., Argynnis aglaja L., Boloria selene D. & S., Pararge 
aegeria L. and Hipparchia semele L. On the other hand, moths have 
been less numerous, and trap catches disappointing. The only in- 
teresting capture has been a specimen of Deilephila elpenor L. 
on 25th June. Recently there has been an outbreak of Cerapteryx 
graminis L., and visitors repeatedly report seeing Abraxas grossu- 
lariata L. which has been common this year. — J. L. CAMPBELL, 
Farm Office, Isle of Canna, Hebrides. 


SAWF LIES FROM WHITLAW MOSS N.R. 175 


SOME SAWFLIES FROM WHITLAW MOSS NATURE 
RESERVE, SOUTHERN SCOTLAND, WITH A SPECIES 
NEW TO BRITAIN (HYM..: SYMPHYTA) 


By ANDREW D. LISTON* 


Abstract 
30 spp. of sawfly are recorded from Whitlaw Moss National 
Nature Reserve in Southern Scotland. Pristiphora micronematica 
Malaise is an addition to the known fauna of the British Isles. 
7 other rare or local species are discussed. 


Fig. 1. Penis valve of male Pristiphora micronematica Malaise 


Introduction 


On 22.5.81 and 3.7.81 Mr. J. M. Nelson and the author visited 
Murder and Blackpool Mosses (NT 505285 and NT517290) in order 
to sample the sawfly fauna. Aided by good weather during these 
Visits, several noteworthy species were found. 

The two mires form part of the Whitlaw Moss National Nature 
Reserve, situated in Roxburghshire and Selkirkshire. Their interest 
lies in their wide range of rich-fen communities fed by base-rich 
ground water. These range from closed Salix carr (mainly cinerea 
with some pentandra) to open bryophyte-rich carpets and tall-herb 
communities. Though the reserve was created primarily to safeguard 
the unique plant communities, several interesting insect species 
have since been found there: for example, Coniosternum tinctinervis 
Becker (Diptera, Scathophagidae) and Hydroporus glabriusculus 
Aube (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) were first found in Britain at this 
locality (Nelson, 1972; Sinclair, 1976). 

A considerable boreal element appears to be present in both 
flora and fauna: e.g. Dactylorchis purpurella and Corallorhiza 
trifida (Orchidaceae), certain Carex spp. (Cyperaceae) and a large 
number of insects. This can be explained partly by the relatively 
high altitude (274m.) and partly by the relict nature of the mosses. 
Pristiphora micronematica Malaise, here introduced to the British 
list, together with Phyllocolpa acutiserra, P. excavata and Nematus 


*99 Clermiston Road, Edinburgh EH12 6UV 


176 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


monticola are all species with markedly boreal distributions. The 
other sawflies have wider distributions, occurring throughout most of 
northern and central Europe. All of the boreal sawfly species so-far 
recorded at Whitlaw are associated with the Salix, particularly 
S. pentandra which itself is a typically northern plant. Of the species 
feeding on the plants in the herb communities, most are widespread, 
but a few are more characteristically southern in distribution 
(Allantus calceatus, Perineura rubi). \t is interesting that all of the 
sawflies found at Whitlaw occur in Finland (Saarinen, 1950) and 
most reach at least as far north as southern Lapland. 

All but three specimens were captured during the visits made on 
22.5 and 3.7.81, mostly by sweeping. The three others were trapped 
in orange bowls during May 1980 by Mr. Nelson. The material is 
now in the author’s collection. 


Species new to Britain 


Pristiphora micronematica Malaise, 1931 
= Lygaeophora leucostoma Lindqvist, 1952 
1 $ from Salix 22.5.1981. 


Full descriptions of both sexes of this species are given by 
Lindqvist (1952), as L. leucostoma Lindqvist. The British specimen 
was at first thought to be the male of the related P. lanifica 
(Zaddach & Brischke), recently added to the British list on the basis 
of some females from Edinburgh (Liston, 1981). Further examina- 
tion showed that it could not possibly be a male Janifica, but that it 
was likely to be a representative of micronematica Malaise. It corre- 
sponds well with Lindqvist’s description of Jewcostoma, and the 
structure of its penis valve confirms its identity. The sawfly will 
key to the “C Groups” in Benson (1958). P. breadalbanensis 
(Cameron) and its close allies bear a superficial resemblance to 
micronematica, but examination of the penis valve (Fig. 1) will 
safely separate the latter. 

Below are summarised the most important external characters 
for the separation of P. lanifica and P. micronematica as set out 
by Lindqvist and checked as far as possible against the specimens 
available to me: 

lanifica (Z. & B.) ? and &. Always with pale marked mesopleura. 
Underside of abdomen usually with several sternites pale marked. 
Mesopleura as densely sculptured as lateral lobes of mesonotum. 
Claws bifid. 3rd and 4th antennal segments subequal in length. 

micronematica Malaise ¢ and 3. Mesopleura always completely 
black. Underside of abdomen completely black except for hypopy- 
gium. Mesopleura feebly sculptured and more shining than lateral 
lobes of mesonotum. Claws with small inner tooth. 3rd antennal 
segment much shorter than 4th. 

Differences in the saw and sawsheath of the female and the 
penis valve of the male are also useful (see figures in Lindqvist, 
1952). Lindqvist (Lc.) records that the femora of most of his Finnish 
specimens are black. Those of the Scottish male are completely 


SAWFLIES FROM WHITLAW MOSS N.R. 177 


pale. Variation of this sort is widespread in the Nematinae and 
seldom of significance. 

Benson’s (1958) “C Groups” of Pristiphora comprise an 
ecologically fascinating assemblage of smaller, unrelated species- 
groups whose only common characteristics are their boreal and 
arctic-alpine distributions and their (usually) sculptured mesopleura. 
Benson’s synthetic groupings of Pristiphora species are nevertheless 
very convenient. More formal division of the genus into several 
genera or subgenera (eg. Konow, 1902 & 1904: Lindqvist, 1c.) has 
invariably proved inadequate because such groupings have mainly 
been based on arbitrary ranges of similarity in genitalia. Neither 
the importance of other morphological characters nor the value of 
biological data have been taken into account, and one often finds 
that species with very similar saws for example, can not possibly 
be closely related. I can see no useful purpose in the retention of 
these so-called subgeneric names, which in the past have been 
applied to mere species-groups. Though Lindqvist (/.c.) was able 
to define his subgenus Lygaeophora in both sexes using fairly 
distinctive features (Liston, 1981), I follow Smith (1979) in treating 
it as synonymous with Lygaeonematus Konow, which itself is best 
treated as a synonym of Pristiphora Latreille. In such a large genus 
as this, synthetic groupings of species such as adopted by Benson 
(1958) are less cumbersome than the use of subgeneric names of 
doubtful validity. 

Malaise (1931) described micronematica from Kamtchatka. 
Lindqvist (1952) erected a new species, leucostoma, for Finnish 
specimens which had previously been called micronematica by 
various authors. Lindqvist (1971) realised that his leucostoma 
was a form of micronematica and synonymised the species. Since 
the publication of Lindqvist’s (1952) revision, P. micronematica 
has been recorded under the name J/eucostoma in northern 
Canada by Benson (1962). Further records indicate that 
micronematica occurs in Swedish Lapland, Norway and_nor- 
thern Russia (Kontuniemi, 1965). It appears to be the commonest 
species of the group in Finland, and is particularly abundant in the 
southern provinces. It is therefore not a particularly surprising 
addition to our fauna. Perhaps micronematica will be found to be 
a more widespread species in Britain than the less easily overlooked 
P. lanifica (Z. & B.). 

Hellén (1975) wrongly synonymised micronematica with 
lanifica, but there are numerous biological differences apart from 
those morphological ones mentioned above. The larva of microne- 
matica, briefly described by Lindqvist (/.c.), is a solitary leaf-edge 
feeder on smooth-leaved boreal Salix spp. Those of Janifica are 
semi-gregarious leaf-edge feeders on rough-leaved Salix (Liston, 
in press). 

Species of special interest 
Empria pumila (Konow) 


12 22.5.81. Benson (1952) records this species in various 
southern English counties, Ireland, Perthshire and Invernesshire. 


178 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


Allantus truncatus (Klug) 

12 May 1980 (Nelson), trapped in orange bowl placed in Phrag- 
mites. 1 3 3.7.81. Benson (1952) records this species as uncommon 
in S. England, and notes that Cameron took it at Rannoch, Perth- 
shire. The Whitlaw female has an entirely black abdomen, thus 
causing it to resemble A. melanarius (Klug), but it does not seem to 
differ in any other way from typical white-banded C. European 
truncatus females. Conversely, the male, which normally has a com- 
pletely black abdomen, in this case has its Sth tergite white-marked. 


Amauronematus fallax (Lepeletier) 
1? 22.5.81. Probably local throughout Britain and Ireland, but 
there are no previous records for Scotland south of Perthshire. 


A. fasciatus (Konow) 
12 22.5.81. Local and scarce north to Invernesshire, and in 
Ireland (Benson, 1958). 


Phyllocolpa acutiserra (Lindqvist) 

12 22.5.81. Single previous British specimen is from Isle of 
Rhum (Benson, 1958). Whitlaw seems a surprising locality for this 
species, but the saw of the specimen is unmistakable. P. acutiserra 
is typically arctic-alpine, occurring in Norway, Finland, Scotland, 
Austrian Tirol, North Russia and Canada. Vikberg (1970) records 
Salix lapponum, S. glauca and S. hastata as foodplants, but the range 
is probably wider. 


P. excavata (Marlatt) 
12 22.5.81. Previously in Yorkshire, Roxburghs., W. Lothian, 
Midlothian, Stirlings., and Ireland. 


Nematus monticola (Thomson) 

12 22.5.81. Previously known from Malham Tarn (Yorks.), 
Clydesdale (Benson, 1958) and Moor House NNR in Westmorland 
(Nelson, 1971). Rare in Europe at widely separated localities from 
northernmost Lapland (Inari) to the Yugoslavian Mts. (Kosovo). 


Other species 


Trichiosoma lucorum (L.), Dolerus cothurnatus Lepeletier, D. 
aeneus Hartig, D. niger (L.), Empria alector Benson, Allantus cal- 
ceatus (Klug), Eutomostethus luteiventris (Klug), Monophadnoides 
geniculata (Hartig), Perineura rubi (Panzer), Tenthredo moniliata 
Klug, 7. velox F., Sharliphora amphibola (Forster), Pristiphora 
pallidiventris (Fallén), P. sp. near quercus (Hartig) (Betula “race” 
Amauronematus tillbergi Malaise, A. histrio (Lepeletier), Euura 
mucronata (Hartig), Phyllocolpa coriacea (Benson), Pontania col- 
lactanea (Forster), P. bridgmanni (Cameron), P. viminalis (L.), 
Nematus bergmanni Dahlbom. 


SAWFLIES FROM WHITLAW MOSS N.R. 179 
Acknowledgements 


I thank Mr. J. M. Nelson (Nature Conservancy Council, Edin- 
burgh) for making my visits to Whitlaw possible, for collecting 
specimens and for advice on the manuscript. Dr. K. P. Bland and 
Dr. M. R. Shaw also kindly gave me specimens collected during 
the second visit. 


References 


Benson, R. B. 1951. Hymenoptera Symphyta. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects, 
6 (2a): 1-49. 

Benson, R. B. 1952. Hymenoptera Symphyta. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects, 
6 (2b): 51-137. 

Benson, R. B. 1958. Hymenoptera Symphyta. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects, 
6 (2c): 139-252. 

Benson, R. B. 1962. Holarctic Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Bull. Br. 
Mus. nat. Hist., Ent., 12: 379-409. 

Hellén, W. 1975. Die Nematinen Finnlands IV (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). 
Gattung Pristiphora Latreille. Notulae Ent., 55: 97-128. 

Konow, F. W. 1902. Die Nematiden -Gattung Pristiphora Latr. (Hymenoptera, 
Tenthredinidae), soweit dieselbe bisher aus der palaearctischen Zone 
bekannt ist, systematisch und kritisch bearbeitet. Ann. Mus. Acad. Kye 
St. Petersb., 7: 161-187. 

Konow, F. W. 1904. Revision der Nematiden-Gattung Lygaeonematus Konow. 
Z. syst. Hym. Dipt., 4: 193-208. 

Kontuniemi, T. 1965. Die Sdgewespen des ostlichsten Fennoskandiens und 
einiges uber ihre Chorologie. Ann. Ent. Fen., 31: 246-263. 

Lindqvist, E. 1952. Uber alte und neue Lygaeonematus-Arten (Hym., Ten- 
thredinidae). Notulae Ent., 32: 80-119. 

Lindqvist, E. 1971. Einige von R. Malaise aus Kamtschatka beschriebene 
Nematinen (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Notulae Ent., 51: 124-129. 

Liston, A. D. 1981. Pristiphora (Lygaeophora) lanifica (Zaddach, 1882) new 
to Britain (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), Ent. Gaz., 32: 181-184. 
Liston, A. D. in press. Neubeschreibung der Larve von Pristiphora lanifica 

(Zaddach) (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Ann. Ent. Fenn. 

Malaise, R. 1931. Entomologische Ergebnisse der schwedischen Kamtschatka- 
Expedition 1920-22. 35. Beitrag (Tenthredinidae). Arkiv. Zool., 33A(8): 
168 


Nelson, i M. 1971. The Invertebrates of an area of Pennine Moorland within 
the Moor House Nature Reserve in Northern England. Trans. Soc. Brit. 
Ent., 19: 173-235. 

Nelson, J. M. 1972. Coniosternum tinctinervis Becker, a Scatophagid Fly 
new to Britain (Diptera). Ent. Gaz., 23: 247-248. 

Saarinen, A. 1950. A check-list of the sawflies of Eastern Fennoskandia. 
Suom. Hydnt. Aikak., 16: 71-83. 

Sinclair, M. 1975. Hydroporus glabriusculus Aube (Col., Dytiscidae) new to 
the British Isles.Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 111: 117-121. 

Smith, D. R. 1979. in Krombein, K. V., et al., Catalog of Hymenoptera 
in America North of Mexico. 1: 3-137. Smithsonian Institution, Washing- 
ton DAG: 

Vikberg, V. 1970. The genus Pontania O. Costa (Hym., Tenthredinidae) in 
the Kilpisjarvi district, Finnish Lapland. Ann. Ent. Fenn., 36: 10-24. 
_————__—_— 

G. R. SUTTON. — As we go to press, we hear of the sad news of 
the death on the 3rd of June, in the Southend General Hospital after 
a brief illness, of Mr. Gresham Rhodes Sutton of Westcliffe-on-Sea, 
Essex. Born on the 21st of May 1898, Mr. Sutton was thus 84 
years of age at the time of his death. His interests were in the lepi- 


doptera and coleoptera. — J. M. C.-H. 


180 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


ARGYRESTHIA TRIFASCIATA STAUDINGER, 1871 
(LEP.: YRPONOMEUTIDAE) IN BRITAIN 


By A. M. EMMET* 


Mr. R.A. Softly took an example of this species in a Heath 
actinic light-trap on or about the 3rd of June, 1982 at Hampstead. 
The trap is situated on the top balcony of a block of flats, facing 
south and overlooking the British Rail station of Hampstead Heath 
(map reference TQ 274856). It is some 40 feet above ground level 
and 20 or 30 feet away from the crowns of sycamores and a poplar. 
Although canopy-feeders come to this elevated trap (Microthrix 
similella (Zincken), seldom encountered anywhere, turned up once 
on the 7th of July, 1980), in certain weather conditions small 
low-flying species also occur in numbers; for example, as many as 
30 Lyonetia clerkella (Linnaeus) have appeared on a single night. 
It follows that the unusual siting of the trap is not necessarily of 
significance for this capture. 


Fig. 1 Argyresthia trifasciata, Hampstead vi.1982. Enlarged approx. x 8. 


The trap is run regularly by Mr. Softly for recording purposes. 
When a species of Microlepidoptera turns up which belongs to a 
family with which he is not familiar but is distinctively enough 
marked to be readily identifiable, he retains it for reference to a 
fellow entomologist. Argyresthia trifasciata fell into this category; 
it is described by Frey (1880: 385) as a charming little creature 
which is extraordinarily easy to recognise. Mr. Softly showed it 
to me and when I expressed the opinion that it was an Argyresthia 
new to Britain, he left it with me for further research. I described 
it over the telephone to the Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz, who is specia- 
lising in the Yponomeutidae, and he at once suggested that it was 
A. trifasciata. | then sent the moth to the British Museum (Natural 
History), where Dr. J. D. Bradley confirmed the determination. 

The species was discovered by Anderegg in the Swiss canton of 
Valais and described by Staudinger (1871:425). It has since been 
found also in the French Alps and in Ardéche, a department in the 
extreme south-east of the Massif Central -(Lhomme, 1939-46). 


*Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. 


ARGYRESTHIA TRIFASCIATA STAUDINGER 181 


According to Lhomme, the foodplants are Juniperus sabina, J. 
phoenicea and J. thurifera. All three occur in Britain as naturalised 
introductions, having been first imported in 1548, 1683 and 1752 
respectively. However, only J. sabina thrives; it is to be found in 
many gardens and is commonly stocked by nurserymen (Dallimore 
& Jackson, 1923: 259). Fresh supplies are probably obtained 
periodically from the Continent and A. trifasciata may have been 
accidentally imported on its foodplant. This explanation has already 
been offered for the presence of Gelechia sabinella Zeller (Gelechi- 
idae) which feeds on the same foodplant (Agassiz, 1978). There is 
a nursery stocking juniper species only a quarter of a mile from the 
site of the trap, which may have been the source of this specimen; 
its supplies are obtained from a grower in Hertfordshire but it is not 
yet known whence the latter firm acquires its stock. 

Lhomme does not say how the larva feeds. We have five species 
of Argyresthia in Britain which have our native juniper (J. 
communis) as their host plant; two feed in shoots, two mine needles 
and one feeds in late summer in green berries. One of these methods 
of feeding is likely for A. trifasciata. The adults fly in France from 
late April until June, possibly rather too early for the larva to have 
mined young shoots. The species is not listed as a leaf-miner by 
Hering (1957), but this may be due to absence of information and 
is not conclusive. This leaves the fruits as marginally the most 
likely pabulum. 


Description of the imago 

Wingspan c. 9mm. Head with vertex rough-haired, white. Antenna 
whitish, annulated black, the annulations obsolescent beneath; 
labial palpus pale golden. Thorax and tegulae glossy golden. Fore- 
wing glossy golden; white fasciae at one-fifth and two-fifths, both 
direct, and one at three-fifths, inwards-oblique; irregularly-shaped 
subapical and tornal white spots tending to coalesce to form a 
fourth, inwards-oblique fascia; subcircular white spots on costa at 
one-half and at apex; cilia concolorous with wing. Hindwing pale 
grey. 

The species should follow Argyresthia ivella (Haworth) and be 
given the log book number 409a (Bradley & Fletcher, 1979). 

Mr. Softly, at whose request I am writing this paper, has pre- 
sented the specimen to the British Museum (Natural History). He 
is to be congratulated on making this interesting and attractive 
addition to the British list. My thanks are due to the Rev. D. J. L. 
Agassiz and Dr. J. D. Bradley for making and confirming the deter- 
mination respectively. I also thank Dr. Bradley for the photograph, 
and Mr. E.S. Bradford for preparing it for publication. 


References 
Agassiz, D. J. L., 1978. Gelechia sabinella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: 


Gelechiidae), a species new to Britain. Entomologist’s Gaz. 
29: 136-138. 


182 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


Bradley, J. D. & Fletcher, D. S., 1979. A recorder’s log book 
or label list of British butterflies and moths, 136pp. London. 

Dallimore, W. & Jackson, A. B., 1923. A handbook of Coniferae, 
570pp, 120 text figs, 31 pls. London. 

Frey, H., 1880. Die Lepidopteren der Schweiz, xxvi. 454pp. Leipzig. 
Hering, E. M. 1957. Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von 
Europa, 1 & 2, 1185pp., 3, 221pp., 725 figs. s*’Gravenhage. 
Lhomme, L., 193946. Catalogue des Lepidoptéres de France et 

de Belgique, 2(2): 173487. Le Carriol, par Douelle (Lot). 
Staudinger, O., in Staudinger, O. & Wocke, M. F., 1871. Catalog 


des Europaeischen Faunengebeits, Xxxviii, 426pp. Dresden. 
—————— 


AGONOPTERIX ASTRANTIAE HEINEMANN IN HAMPSHIRE. — 
On 9th June 1982 I found six larvae of this species on Sanicula 
europaea in a beech wood near East Meon. The moths emerged 
from 25th - 27th June, and this is the first record of astrantiae in 
Hampshire. During the last instar many of the larvae bite partially 
through the upper part of the leaf stalk causing the leaf to wither, 
and then continue to feed in the wilting folded leaf. This may explain 
why so few larvae had previously been found, because the leaf then 
droops below the level of the healthy leaves of the foodplant neces- 
sitating careful parting of the leaves in order to find the larvae. 
This habit was observed independently this year by H. N. Michaelis. 
— Dr. J. R. LANGMAID, 38 Cumberland Court, Festing Road, 
Southsea, Hants PO4 ONH. 


Low NUMBERS OF LEPIDOPTERA IN 1981. — My impression in 
Cumbria is that 1981 was about the poorest year for Lepidoptera on 
record. Admittedly owing to advancing years I did far less hunting around 
than I used to do; but it is certainly indisputable that when I was out and 
about I could find very few specimens of even the commoner species. 
For instance, on a visit to an area of limestone grassland near the Fairy 
Steps, Beetham, where there is usually an abundance of Lepidoptera, 
in warm sunshine on July 12th the scarcity was most depressing. I ex- 
pected to find Aricia artaxerxes salmacis Stephens still out in good num- 
bers, but saw just one. Usually in this area of what used to be South West- 
morland, this butterfly is out from about June 15th to July 20th. Other 
butterflies were very scarce, but two moths helped to save the situation, 
Zygaena filipendulae L. and Phothedes captiuncula Treits., both of which 
were in good numbers. I even got a photograph of P. captiuncula sitting 
on a leaf — I had almost despaired of ever managing to photograph this 
moth, for when it is not wildly flying it usually dives deep down in the 
grass and is disturbed at the slightest touch of the vegetation — a most 
elusive insect. 

The same story of paucity is true of my Mercury Vapour Trap, which 
I have admittedly operated only spasmodically. But on nights which I 
selected for operation the results were very sparse, and there were no 
surprises except negative ones! For instance, I never saw one Amathes 
xanthographa D. & S. Perhaps the nearest to a positive surprise was a 
Dasypolia templi L. on October Ist. Does my experience tally with that 
of most other Lepidopterists? — Rev. J. H. VINE HALL, “‘Rivendell”’, 
3, The Green, Melmerby, Penrith, Cumbria CA10 1HG. 


FLYING CROOKED 183 
FLYING CROOKED 


By J. S. PHILLPOTTS* 


The butterfly, a cabbage white 

(His honest idiocy of flight) 

Wili never now, it is too late, 

Master the art of flying straight, 

Yet has — who knows as well as I? — 
A just sense of how not to fly: 

He lurches here and here by guess 
And God and hope and hopelessness. 
Even the acrobatic swift 

Has not his flying crooked gift. 


Robert Graves 


The enormous area of a butterfly’s wings must be there for 
some better purpose than advertisement to its mate. It also adver- 
tises itself to all the birds in the neighbourhood and is often attacked 
by them. 

One advantage of these large wings is that they allow the butter- 
fly to use relatively slow, deliberate wing beats, which are under 
excellent control. A meadow brown will fly through the close stems 
of tall grass without touching them and butterflies can sail straight 
through fruit cage netting and out the other side without hesitation. 
Both these feats require co-ordination between eye and wing of a 
high order. 

This leads on to a flying butterfly’s tactics as it is attacked by 
a bird. Like the slow flying enemy aeroplanes in the last war it is 
more manoeuvrable than they are ‘it lurches here and here by 
gues’ and they miss it over and over again. When they do manage 
to strike from above it closes its wings in the bird’s face and the 
bird may remove a symmetrical portion of both wings or leave a 
mark as it tries to obtain a better grip and the butterfly escapes. 
(E. B. Ford, Butterflies, plate 10f and p.244). In attacks from the 
side only one wing is used for protection and a piece may be re- 
moved. The bird frequently attacks from the rear where the body is 
least well protected by the wings (apart from in front, which has its 
own disadvantages) but even then it usually escapes by its flying 
crooked gift. If only small areas of wing are missing it can avoid 
capture but if sufficient had been removed its agility is reduced and 
eventually it is caught and brought to the ground to be torn to 
pieces and eaten. Small butterflies are obviously at more risk from 
aeriel attacks from birds, and in fact they usually fly near the ground. 

These tactics give good defence against birds, which fly fast. (Do 
herons ever take butterflies on the wing? With their long necks and 


*11 Little Warren Close, Guildford, Surrey. 


184 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


beaks they might well do so if their paths coincided) but they are 
not so good against bats whose slower flight has something of the 
same character as the butterflies’, and perhaps this is one reason why 
so few butterflies fly at night. 


Summary 


Butterflies’ large wings have obvious disadvantages but two 
chief advantages:— 
(1) To attract mates. At a distance sight is often a better 
advertisement than scent, though this is disputed. 
(2) As a defence against attacks by birds. The mechanism of 
the latter is discussed. 


Acknowledgements 


I should like to thank E. B. Ford and Collins Publishers for 
permission to quote from Butterflies. I also acknowledge Robert 
Graves’ permission to include the poem “‘Flying Crooked”’ from his 
Collected Poems. 


TWO FURTHER RECORDS OF BARYPEITHES SULCIFRONS 
(BOHEMAN) (COL.: CURCULIONIDAE) FROM WEST CUMBRIA. — 
My first record of Barypeithes sulcifrons (Boheman) from Cumbria 
was based on one dead specimen found at Silecroft, (1979, Ento- 
mologist’s Record, 91: 27). I can now add two further localities for 
this species from the county. Several live adults were taken by 
general sweeping along the edge of a field near Kirksanton Haws, 
SD13/79 on June 16th 1980. The vegetation at this site consisted 
mainly of grass, with a good deal of Rumex acetosella L. and R. 
acetosa L. My second locality was on Black Come, SD13/84. On 
March 13th 1982 I found one specimen resting on the undersuface 
of a small flat stone lying among short grass turf and Bilberry, 
Vaccinium myrtilis L., at about 411 metres on a steep south east 
facing slope, above Black Crags. 

Some remains of dead specimens of B. sulcifrons were also 
found at the base of other bulberry plants growing close by. It 
is possible that these individuals may have fallen prey to some large 
spiders which were observed under stones in the immediate vicinity. 

On a previous visit to Black Combe I collected a few other 
interesting beetles and among these was the typical montane weevil, 
Otiorhynchus nodosus (Muller, O. F.). On 4th April, 1980, I took a 
few individuals from under small stones and also at the base of 
heather, Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull, in an area of boulders and sparse 
vegetation near the summit at about 480 metres. O. nodosus was 
recorded from the county by F. H. Day, (1923, Trans. Carlisle 
Nat. Hist. Soc., 3: 99) and specimens in the Day collection held in 
the Tullie House Museum at Carlisle are from Grisedale Pike, (NY12), 
Cumrew Fell, (NY55) and Crossfell. So far I have not discovered 
any published records of O. nodosus from the extreme west of the 
county. — R. W. J. READ, 43 Holly Terrace, Hensingham, White- 
haven, Cumbria CA28 8RF. 


BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA, 1981 185 


A REVIEW OF THE INDIGENOUS BRITISH 
MACROLEPIDOPTERA FOR 198] 


PAUL SOKOLOFF* 


This review is intended to complete the quartet of annual 
reviews covering the butterflies, microlepidoptera, macrolepidoptera 
and immigrants. 1981 will be remembered for the generally dismal 
nature of the season for larger moths, but a number of features 
deserve mention — the publication of two new books, the discovery 
of a Geometrid moth new to Britain, and the coming of the Wild- 
life and Countryside Act 1981. This act probably represents the 
most sinister development to affect entomologists for many years. 
Five species of moth are “protected” — Thetida smaragdaria F. 
(Essex emerald); Zygaena viciae D. & S. (New Forest burnet); 
Pareulype berberata D. & S. (barberry carpet); Acosmetia caliginosa 
Hbn. (reddish buff) and Siona lineata Scop. (black-veined moth). 
Fines of up to £1000 can be levied for each specimen taken or 
possessed illegally. Offending entomologists therefore risk almost 
certain penury and possible incarceration from the injudicious use 
of their nets in certain localities. A more objective view of the Act 
is given by Stubbs (1982 a and b) and Lonsdale (1982). 

Two major publications dealing with the macrolepidoptera 
were launched in 1981, the first being “An Identification Guide to 
the British Pugs” — a much needed volume featuring excellent 
colour plates, informative text and genitalia drawings. The second 
was a limited edition of ‘‘The Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not 
Figured by Buckler”, by G. M. Haggett. 35 colour plates illustrate 
some 78 species or sub-species, with detailed text. Both were pub- 
lished by the BENHS. A number of interesting papers have appeared 
in other journals — a detailed discussion of genetic explanations for 
all-female broods of Philudoria potatoria L. is worth reading (Maje- 
rus, 1981a). Dr Majerus also discusses the genetics of the attractive 
form subroseata of Cyclophora albipuncata Hufn. (Majerus, 1981b). 
Foodplant and parasite differences between our two copper under- 
wing species Amphipyra pyramidea L. and A. berbera svenssoni 
Fletch. are dealt with by Shaw (1981). Of passing interest to British 
entomologists are two Danish papers (Kaaber, 1980 and 1981) on 
the bionomics and systematics of some Danish Eupithecia species. 
These detailed, illustrated papers conclude that Eupithecia goosen- 
siata Mab. is only a sub-species of E. absinthiata Clerck, and that 
E. fraxinata Crewe is a sub-species of E. innotata. 

From a field entomologist’s point of view the year as a whole 
could be described as “poor”, although little weight can be given to 
such subjective descriptions. The only quantitative data that can be 
offered stem from a static trap in Kent which yielded 9.6% fewer 
species than 1980 and 9% fewer individuals. Some correspondants 
were pleased to report depressed numbers of Noctua pronuba L. 
and Apamea monoglypha Hufn., although some species were noted 
*4 Steep Close, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS. 


186 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 
in enhanced numbers — for example Mormo maura L. in Southern 
Counties and Tyria jacobaeae L. in Northern England. Clostera 
anachoreta D. & S. became newsworthy in 1979 when a significant 
number of individuals and larvae were captured at Dungeness, Kent. 
More were seen in 1980, and many thousands of bred larvae were 
released at Dungeness that year. Very few were reported in 1981, 
all during August with no reports of first brood specimens of this 
supposedly bivoltine species. Because of the numerous releases it 
is impossible to assess the status of this species but presumably 
it can be classified as temporarily established following an immi- 
gration in (?) 1978. In a broadly similar category is Deltote bankiana 
F. which was noted again from Sandwich in Kent. 

In times of general ecological doom it is pleasing to see insects 
extending their range and colonising new habitats. [daea vulpinaria 
H.-S. continues to spread into Kent and Essex from the Thames 
Estuary, often occurring in new localities in considerable numbers. 
The foodplants of this species were reviewed by West (1980). 
Lithophane leautieri Boisd. continues to occur in new localities 
throughout Southeast England, and northwards to Warwickshire 
where a second specimen was noted in 1981. The early larvae of this 
species are reputed to require the flowers of Cupressus macrocarpa, 
and the spread of the moth has been linked with the progressive 
maturation of planted macrocarpa specimens. Associated with the 
same foodplant is Eupithecia phoeniceata Rambur whose easterly 
spread along the south coast is well documented. The moth is now 
reported well established in Eastbourne, Sussex. There are scattered 
records for Kent (although none for 1981), and a single specimen 
recorded from Tilbury, Essex, in August 1981. 

Rhyacia simulans Hufn. continues the southerly extension of 
its range into Kent, being recorded from many localities in Northern 
Kent, with a single specimen from Dungeness. Aporophyla nigra 
Haw. is also advancing into Kent from Surrey, although at a more 
leisurely pace, occurring in good numbers in a few localities. Other 
notable captures during 1981 include a gravid female Catocala fraxini 
L. in Hampshire, Schrankia costaestrigalis Steph. from Dartford, 
Kent (the first record here for around 70 years) and Hypena crassalis 
Fab. from the same locaility, far away from its normal bilberry 
habitats. An article by Brian West on the foodplants of Campto- 
gramma bilineata L. provoked a brief correspondance, and as a 
result five new natural foodplants for this common species were 
reported. One wonders how much useful, unpublished information 
on larval foodplants still languishes in the diaries of entomologists. 
Nola confusalis larvae were also noted feeding on lime-blossom in 
Norfolk. Hemaris fuciformis L. was noted in many of its known 
localities in Southern England, but no reports of H. tityus L. reached 
the reviewer’s ears. Surprisingly for such a poor year a number of 
species were recorded on rather perverse dates ranging from a 
Phlogophora meticulosa L. on 17th January to Miltochrista miniata 
Forst. on 16th September. 

Three species were added to the British list in 1981: two of 
these being accidental imports — Antichloris eriphia Fab. (Ctenuchi- 


BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA, 1981 187 


dae) bred from banana and Palpifer sexnotatus Moore (Hepialidae) 
bred from tubers of arum lily. However the most outstanding 
discovery of the year was the feathered beauty, Peribatodes secun- 
daria D. & S. in a Kentish woodland popularly known as “Ham 
Street”. The moth was noted in considerable numbers and one 
wonders how such a large moth resident in such a well-worked 
locality escaped attention. All credit to Bernard Skinner whose 
illustrated paper on this species (Skinner, 1981) separates secundaria 
from its congener P. rhomboidaria D. & S. 

It is hoped that future years will produce a more balanced 
coverage of the country, and correspondants are invited to send 
details of interesting 1982 observations as soon as convenient. My 
thanks to those entomologists who provided comments on 1981, 
in particular, N. Birkett, R. G. Chatelain, F. H. Clouter, N. F. Heal, 
S. M. Jackson, M. Parsons. 


References 


Kaaber, S., 1980. Om artsretten for Eupithecia goosensiata Mab. 
og E. fraxinata Crewe. Lepidoptera NS.3:307-311 

Kaaber, S., 1981. Eupithecia innotata Hufn. og dens danske former. 
Lepidoptera NS. 4: 4149 

Lonsdale, D., 1982. The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Bull. 
Amat. Ent. Soc., 41: 123-130 

Majerus, M. E. N., 1981a. All female broods of Philudoria potatoria. 
Proc. Trans. Br. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc. 14: 87-92 

Majerus, M. E. N., 1981b. The inheritance of Cyclophora albipunc- 
tata Hufn. form subroseata Woodforde. Entomologist’s Gaz. 
32: 161-164 

Skinner, B., 1981 Peribatodes secundaria D. & S. in Kent: a species 
new to Great Britain. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 93: 181-182 

Shaw, M. R., 1981. Possible foodplant differences of Amphipyra 
pyramidea L. and A. berbera svenssoni Fletcher and a note on 
their parasites. Entomologist’s Gaz. 32: 165-167 

Stubbs, A. E., 1982a. The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. 
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 94: 57-59 

Stubbs, A. E., 1982b. The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. 
Bull. Amat. Ent. Soc. 41: 130-138 

West, B. K., 1980 Sterrha vulpinaria H.-S. and a second natural larval 
foodplant. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 92: 31-32 

West, B. K., 1981. Larvae of Yellow Shell in nature on Cardamine 
flexuosa. ibid. 93: 198 


LS—=S—— 

THE STRIPED HAWKMOTH IN DEVON IN 1980. — A single 
specimen of Hyles lineata livornica Esper was taken by a Robinson 
M V light trap (125 watt) operated by Mrs. L. J. Craik at “‘Aber- 
lemno”, Down Road, Tavistock, Devon on 4 June 1980. It was 
photographed and released. The record should be added to the 
comprehensive records (two other specimens in Britain in 1980) 
given by Bretherton & Chalmets-Hunt in Ent. Rec. 93 47-54. — 
Dr. J. C. A. CRAIK, Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory, 
P.O.Box 3, Oban, Argyll, PA34 4AD. 


188 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


SOME NOTES ON BREEDING 
CONISTRA STAUDINGERI DE GRASLIN 
(LEP NOCTUIDAE) PROM THEE PYRENEES 


By B. GOATER* 


The hamlet of St. Marsal lies in the foothills of the Pyrénées 
Orientales a few km. to the north of Amélie-les-Bains Palada. On the 
night of 15-16 April 1981 I obtained at m.v. light there a female 
Conistra which I identified as C. rubiginea Denis & Schiffermuller. 
Knowing that this species is given to considerable variation in the 
south of France, I kept the moth in a plastic box provided with 
scored twigs of apple (Malus), and fed her nightly with sugaring 
mixture. On 28 April, it was observed that a number of eggs had 
been laid during the previous night on the twigs; more were de- 
posited during the next few nights, and the young larvae started to 
hatch on 10 May. By 14 May, 50 had been found and transferred to 
another box where they were provided with apple leaves. They took 
to these readily, preferring the withering leaves that were starting to 
rot, and growing into what seemed to me to be typical, hairy, 
sluggish larvae of C. rubiginea, a species I had bred before from 
Surrey. Unfortunately, therefore, I neglected to observe closely and 
to take detailed notes of the structure and progress of the larvae, 
except to record from time to time that they were continuing 
to thrive. On 23 June, the first of them began to spin cocoons 
in vegetable debris on the surface of soil with which they had 
been provided, and even the stragglers had done so by the end 
of the month. The larvae remained unchanged in their cocoons 
until mid-August at least. Four moths emerged on 25 September, 
and a few (never more than five) almost daily until 21 October, 
the last during the fourth week of the month when I was away. 

The moths that emerged, 51 in all, were extremely variable, and 
it soon became apparent that they were not C. rubiginea but C. 
staudingeri de Graslin, a species known from Portugal, Spain, E. 
Pyrenees, S. E. France and Switzerland. C. staudingeri is a smaller 
species than C. rubiginea, the wingspan in my series ranging from 30- 
32mm. compared to 34-36mm. in C. rubiginea. It is thus about the 
same size as C. ligula Esper, and indeed some specimens could easily 
be mistaken for it, though the forewing is slightly narrower, the 
costa straighter and the anterior half of the termen very straight, 
whereas in C. ligula it is very slightly concave and in C. rubiginea it is 
convex. The underside of the forewing possesses features which are 
helpful in distinguishing the three species: 

In C. rubiginea, the ground colour is pale straw; the discal area 
is suffused with fuscous except along the veins and contains a large, 
blackish discal spot measuring c.1 x 2mm; the fringe is strongly 
chequered and there is a row of small dark terminal dots opposite 
the dark components of the fringe; the postmedian line is represen- 
ted by a series of elongate fuscous spots. 


*22 Reddings Avenue, Bushey, Herts WD2 3PB. 


CONISTRA STAUDINGERI DE GRASLIN 189 


The hindwing, too, is pale straw coloured, with a fine, wavy 
postmedian line which is most conspicuous anteriorly, a series of 
large, fuscous, subterminal spots and a large, broadly crescentic 
discal spot. 

In C. staudingeri, the ground colour is greyish buff and is 
devoid of contrasting markings; there is a delicate fuscous discal 
suffusion which fades abruptly at the almost invisible postmedian 
line and anteriorly about 2mm. before it, so there is a highly charac- 
teristic square-shaped pale area here, continuous with the pale ter- 
minal region, which just includes the very small, narrow discal spot; 
the whole wing is highly glossy. 

The hindwing is finely freckled and is marked by a weakly 
undulate postmedian line, a few indistinct markings in the subter- 
minal region and a large, crescent-shaped discal spot. 

In C. ligula, the ground colour is reddish tinted, the whole of 
the basal region of the forewing to the postmedian line evenly suf- 
fused fuscous, and the outer part of the wing suddenly paler at the 
evenly curved postmedian line which runs from costa to dorsum. 

The hindwing is heavily freckled reddish fuscous, the dark, 
narrow postmedian line moderately distinct, but the discal spot 
small and weakly developed. 

My bred series of C. staudingeri may be classified as follows: 

i) forewing deep fuscous brown, markings indistinct; costa 
sometimes with two small pale patches and up to six blackish dots, 
median line sometimes just visible as a strongly elbowed darker line, 
and dark patch in dorsal region of reniform stigma also sometimes 
just visible — ab. obscurior Oberthur (23 specimens) 

ii) forewing very deep glossy reddish brown, without markings 
except for indications of pale and dark spots on costa (1 specimen) 

(iii) forewing light reddish chestnut with fine, broken crosslines 
and speckles moderately distinct, with dark dorsal dot in reniform 
stigma and indication of elbowed median line — ab. vaccinioides 
Oberthiir (10 specimens) 

iv) forewing coloured and marked much as in C. rubiginea, the 
ground colour rather darker, in one specimen heavily suffused 
reddish fuscous in median area — ab. multiscripta Warren (3 speci- 
mens) 

v) greyish fuscous, with yellowish tint, markings distinct, includ- 
ing small round orbicular stigma and reniform stigma, which con- 
tains a blackish dorsal spot — ab. scortina Staudinger (1 specimen) 

vi) deep blue-grey, the area between antemedian and post- 
median lines intensely suffused black; thorax deep reddish black 
(1 specimen) 

vii) forewing dove-grey, markings reddish, moderately distinct; 
fringe reddish; thorax reddish — ab. eos Oberthtir (7 specimens) 

viii) forewing darker grey, markings fuscous, with little tint of 
red; fringe dark fuscous; thorax dark fuscous — ab. livina Staudinger 
(4 specimens) 

ix) an individual resembling ab. vaccinioides, but with forewings 
reduced to one third the normal area (1 specimen). 

The pupa (described from exuvia) of C. staudingeri is c. 14mm. 


190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


long, short and broad, rounded anteriorly and tapered posteriorly, 
the integument reddish chestnut, thin and highly glossy, with very 
fine puncta on abdominal segments and striae on wing cases; spira- 
cles small, slightly raised; cremaster with two fine, closely set spines, 
the tips of which curl outwards. It is enclosed in a firm, oval cocoon 
of silk interwoven with fragments of soil and vegetable débris. 

This work was carried out under MAFF licence No. PHF 30/37 
issued under the Import and Export (Plant Health) (Great Britain) 
Order 1980 and the Plant Pests (Great Britain) Order 1980. 


THE LARVA OF PERIBATODES SECUNDARIA D.& SS. — A 
morning’s hard beating in Orlestone Forest, Kent on Ist May 1982 
produced one small larva of this moth from Norway Spruce. I 
believe this to be the first record of the larva in the wild in this 
country. — R.G.CHATELAIN, 65 East Drive, Orpington, Kent. 


PHYLLONORYCTER DUBITELLA (H.-S.) AND COLEOPHORA 
LIMOSIPENNELLA (DUP.) IN SOUTH YORKSHIRE. — During a 
visit to Denaby Ings, near Mexborough on 17th July 1981 I collec- 
ted a few Phyllonorycter mines from Salix caprea and from these 
three moths emerged in late July and August. As they appeared 
to be P. dubitella | made a search for further mines in October and 
November. They were not common for I found only about a dozen 
and from these seven moths were reared in March and April 1982. 
These latter moths had all the strigulae a golden colour without any 
trace of white, strongly edged inwardly with black and in this 
respect did not agree with the description in Bradley, Jacobs & 
Tremewan (Ent. Gaz. 20: 18) who state ‘pattern pure white’. How- 
ever Ffennell (Ent. Gaz. 21: 252) commented that his moths showed 
considerable variation in the amount of white, in some specimens 
this being much reduced both in area and brightness. I sent speci- 
mens to the Rev. D J. L. Agassiz and I am grateful to him and to 
Dr. I. Watkinson for confirming their identity. According to Agassiz 
(Proc. Brit. Ent Nat. Hist. Soc. 13: 81) dubitella has previously been 
recorded only as far north as Worcestershire and Huntingdonshire. 

In late June 1981 I found two cases of C.limosipennella on elm 
at Sprotbrough, near Doncaster and on Ist June 1982 I found twelve 
cases at the same locality on a roadside sapling elm. On an adjacent 
leaf to one of these cases was the excision made at the base of the 
leaf by the larva for its final case with the vacated overwintering 
case attached to the edge of the cut-out on the underside. Although 
there is evidence of larval feeding on this leaf it is not possible 
to determine whether this occurred before or after the excision of 
the final case. In his notes on the pre-hibernation history of this 
species Emmet (Ent. Rec. 92: 1334) drew attention to the gap in 
our knowledge of the larval habits in spring prior to the final cases 
appearing in midsummer. Uffen in Emmet (1979:81) gives the dis- 
tribution as ‘south-east England’ and this record appears to be the 
most northerly to date. — H.E. BEAUMONT, 7 Brampton Road, 
West Melton, Rotherham, South Yorks., S63 6AN. 


WINDSOR FOREST DIPTERA 191 


FURTHER NOTABLE DIPTERA 
FROM WINDSOR FOREST 


By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.* 


The present contribution is a longer sequel to my short paper 
(Allen, 1965, with an addendum in 1968) recording some Syrphidae 
and other flies from this classic locality — in which I expressed 
the intention of adding to it in future years. Little was known of its 
Diptera at that time beyond a few remarkable discoveries made by 
the late H. Donisthorpe while investigating its Coleoptera, together 
with sporadic records by others. Since then, however — though no 
doubt much still remains to be done, even in the better-worked 
groups — great advances have been made. Mr. P. J. Chandler in 
particular has worked the Forest in recent years and published his 
captures in two papers listing the flies of certain families found in 
the Middle Thames area, bringing together also most of the pre- 
vious records or captures of note from Windsor Forest (Chandler, 
1971-2). (The second of these is devoted entirely to the Empididae.) 

At about the same time, my late friend G. Shephard and I were 
enabled to make a series of collecting-trips to the Forest, with the 
kind assistance and support of the Nature Conservancy who desired 
information on the state of its insect fauna. Coleoptera being our 
primary object much of the time, Diptera had often to take second 
place; and, while I regard the results in that Order as quite satis- 
factory, it is likely that many further interesting species might 
have been found had we been able to give more time to it. The 
Nematocera (other than Bibionidae) and the more obscure and 
difficult Acalypterate families were not, or hardly, collected; and 
Mr. Shephard concerned himself only with the more conspicuous 
forms. Our visits extended over the better parts of the summers 
of 1971-3, but had perforce to be rather erratic and at times 
few and far between. We were fortunate, however, in meeting 
with most of the dipterous specialities of the area known from an 
earlier period; in the Syrphidae (the most prominent family) the 
principal exceptions are Psilota anthracina Mg. and a few species 
recorded by me in 1965 but not found by us in the 1970s. 

I have not thought it necessary to list here species already 
dealt with in 1965, unless there is something noteworthy to add. 
Naturally, many of our captures were of such species. Those in- 
cluded are marked by brackets round the entry heading, indicating 
that, unlike the remainder, they are not additional to those already 
published by me. This being only a selection, and for reasons of 
space, I in general omit all that appear not to be either uncommon 
or very local — whether or not there happens to be a previous 
record for the area. I have tried to avoid merely repeating or ‘re- 
hashing’ many of Mr. Chandler’s records, which the present notes 
are designed as far as possible to complement. All our captures 
at Virginia Water (in the southern end of the Great Park) were on 


*49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


192 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


the Berkshire side. With one or two exceptions, nomenclature 
follows the 1976 Check List. 

The following abbreviations are used: — H. Hill = the forest 
north of the Winkfield Road at or near Highstanding Hill; the 
Park = Windsor Great Park; G. S. = the late Mr. G. Shephard. 


BIBIONIDAE 


Several species of Bibio were met with, but there is a great 
dearth of up-to-date information on the British species and 
their distribution. B. leucopterus Mg., with its very dark-looking 
females, is not uncommon at H. Hill in late spring; the large and 
distinctive B. pomenae F., very local in the south-east, occurs 
sparingly about Badger’s Bridge further north in the Forest in July; 
B. varipes Mg. and B. lepidus Lw. may also be worth a mention, 
the latter autumnal species from ivy in the Park (cj 30.ix.64). 
The common and familiar B. marci L. (St. Mark’s Fly) was bred 
freely from pupae found in a very rotten stump (Allen, 1974), 
apparently an unusual circumstance. 


STRATIOMYIDAE 


Oxycera pulchella Mg. — _ This very striking fly turned up 
twice, singly: by a small pool lacking vegetation, in the Park, 
15.vii.72; and by the lake at Virginia Water, 16.viii.72. Like most 
of its congeners it is of very local occurrence. 


RHAGIONIDAE 


Chrysopilus laetus Zett. — Another handsome fly (little 
known abroad) of which the few British specimens had all been 
bred: the first from a puparium found in mud round a pond in the 
Park, 18.vi.36, by Donisthorpe (Oldroyd, 1939); in 1968 several 
were reared from larvae in rotten wood in the Forest by A. E. 
Stubbs and P. J. Chandler (Oldroyd, 1969:46 & Chandler, 1971:20). 
On 30th July, 1972, I caught one settled on a log in the Park, 
which seems to be the first British example taken at large. All so 
far have been females. The original specimen was recorded as 
the closely-allied C. nubecula Fall., an error corrected soon after 
(Collin, 1939). Is should be noticed that the leading key-character 
used by Oldroyd (1969) is inconstatnt, it having since been found 
that the dark wing-clouds are not always developed; the orange 
body of /aetus, however, is diagnostic among our few species. 


TABANIDAE 


Hybomitra bimaculata Mcq. (f. bisignata Jaen.). — A wood- 
land horsefly; females not very scarce in the Forest about July. 
I first took one in 1940, and we found it (or rather, it found us!) 
sparingly in 1971-2. One was swept from rhododendron flowers, 
unusually for a Tabanid. 


WINDSOR FOREST DIPTERA 193 
Tabanus bromius L. — _ Females occur both in the Forest 
(together with the last) and also quite widely in the Park, in July 
and August (first in 1940) in more open situations, probably feeding 
on the cattle which roam there freely; often sitting on palings, 
etc., at the edges of plantations, like the Asilid Machimus atricapillus 
Fall. The record of 7. miki Brauer from the Park (Chandler, 1971) 
was incorrect, the specimen having since been found to be bromius 
(teste P.J.C.). 


ASILIDAE 


Dioctria linearis F. — A well-marked local species not uncom- 
mon over a wide extent of the northern part of the Forest in June 
and July, but we never found it elsewhere in the area. 

Neoitamus cyanurus Lw. — H. Hill, apparently not rare. This 
robber-fly is a typical sylvan insect. One female had caught a Bibio 
pomonae, about as big as itself. 


THEREVIDAE 


(Psilocephala melaleuca Lw.). — A speciality of the area, seldom 
seen as an adult and still more seldom caught; see Allen, 1965; 
Chandler, 1971; but finds of the larva (seemingly hard to rear) 
indicate a wide distribution over the Park and Forest. On 4.vii.71, 
at H. Hill, I watched a? Psilocephala zigzagging repidly from side to 
side in front of an old dry red-rotten trunk of oak where a portion 
of the interior was exposed, a few inches above ground; but some- 
ting alarmed it before the net could be brought into play, and it 
was not seen again. A week later, in very hot dry weather, many 
flies and other insects were congregating about a stretch of the 
margin of Badger’s Brook in the Forest, among which were a few 
of the present species — the one or two males seen being easily 
picked out by their silver colour flashing in the sun as they flew. 
Capture was quite another matter, for not only was any fly that 
settled to drink quickly disturbed, but the stream-banks were thick 
with ferociously thorny brambles, making the use of a net most exas- 
perating. However, G. S. with great dexterity succeeded in catch- 
ing a gin perfect condition, which he generously insisted on my 
taking. In July 1972 he bred a? melaleuca from a full-fed larva 
obtained earlier that year in the Park, from mould and frass 
under loose oak bark where there were many larvae of the chafer 
Gnorimus variabilis L. Much more recently (late May 1981) I bred 
another 9 from a larva found in red-rotten oak the previous autumn. 


EMPIDIDAE 


(Drapetis ephippiata Fall.). — Only seen previously in a small 
area of the Park betweén the Long Walk and Union Gate (Allen, 
1968); not listed as from Windsom by Chandler. In July 1972 it 
was found to occur more widely, but still very locally, among 


194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 
grass under some large elms perhaps % mile from the first place.A 
very distinctive little fly, which I met within two places in the 
Foulden district, Norfolk, in June 1979. 

Platypalpus ciliaris Fall. — A frequent woodland species oc- 
curring in both the Forest and Park, included here because I bred 
a few examples from damp mould and debris taken from inside a 
cut elm stump, emerging in June; I have seen no previous breeding 
record. 

Bicellaria intermedia Lundb. — One swept under oaks in the 
Park, I.vi.63. It cannot be common, as Collin (1961:257) records 
it from only five English counties (one of them Berks.). The usual 
Forest species is B. nigra Mg.; the very common B. vana Coll. I 
have not seen there. 

Rhamphomyia sulcatella Coll. — A little-known species recor- 
ded by Chandler (1966, 1972) as quite general in the H. Hill area of 
the Forest in early May. Our visits were mostly too late for it, but I 
have a female taken there on 26.v.73. 

Hilara obscura Mg. — Ag swept by the lake at Virginia Water, 
5.viii.72. Hants. and Surrey are the only southern counties from 
which Collin records it. 


(To be continued) 


THE APPEARANCE OF A THIRD BROOD IN THE GREEN-VEINED 
WHITE : PIERIS NAPI (L.), AT MORTON LOCHS, FIFE, SCOTLAND IN 
1981. — Since 1979 weekly butterfly transects have been made at 
Morton Lochs, Fife between April and September each year. The 
transects are made as part of the national monitoring scheme run 
from Monks Wood. In each of the three years Green-veined White 
have been shown to have two broods with the second ending in 
early September. In 1981, however, I was surprised to find fresh 
individuals on the wing on 13th September. The last individuals of 
the second brood which were very tattered had been seen the 
previous week. Fresh butterflies were seen over three weeks until the 
end of September when the recording scheme ends. Although there 
was little suitable flying weather I saw Green-veined Whites into the 
second week of October. No third broods were reported to Monks 
Wood from other Scottish recorders. Thomson (1980, The But- 
terflies of Scotland) has suggested that late specimens of this species 
might be from third broods, but there appears to be no other docu- 
mented case from Scotland. P. K. KINNEAR, 11 Hillview Road, 
Balmullo, Fife KY16 ODE. 

WHAT DOES ODONTOSIA CARMELITA ESPER EAT? — Does 
anybody know an alternative foodplant for O. carmelita? On 10/11 
April, at Kirklinton in Cumbria, a specimen came to a moth-trap, 
and I know of no birch within 3/4 miles. No book I have suggests 
an alternative foodplant. As a matter of interest it was a night 
with a sharp frost, and the trap attracted no less than 99 moths. 
An Orthosia stabilis D. & S. that must have been an early arrival 
and had settled on the grass was actually white with hoar frost. 
— R. LOVELL-PANK, 33 The Highlands, Hatfield Road, Potters 
Bar, Herts EN6 1 HU. 7.vi.1982. 


LETTER TO THE EDITOR 195 


Letter to the Editor 
WHAT IS A TRULY BRITISH MOTH? 


Dear Sir, 

When I saw the heading ‘What is a British Moth” in the 
October 1980 Record I read the article enthusiastically, expecting 
something quite different! While I must agree entirely with Mr. 
Allen that something exotic that arrives in a box of fruit from 
some far-away place is of little relevance to the study of the British 
lepidoptera, I was disappointed not to find something more fun- 
damental, namely “What is the current list of Breeding British 
Moths” (Not, please note “what was..... ”). Iam convinced that 
there is a real need for such a list. The botanists and ornithologists 
seem to have a better idea than we lepidopterists of just what 
species do occur in Britain, either growing wild or breeding as the 
case may be. 

I have found that a frequent question among active lepidop- 
terists is “How many species (of macro) have you still to find?” 
The question is almost unanswerable at the present time. One 
distinguished collector said to me “only eight, that’s why I con- 
centrate on micros now.” When I asked him when and where he 
last took a certain species (whose capture has since been reported 
in The Record) he replied that he didn’t count that one as he con- 
sidered that it no longer occurred! Another collector and I each 
had our ‘target figures’ but they were not by any means the same. 
There are many species not recorded in the literature in the last 
ten years, they may be known to some who guard their secret 
closely but in most cases I doubt it. In question time after I have 
given a talk on an entomological subject to an audience of general 
naturalists, I always have a feeling of inadequacy when asked how 
many species actually occur in Britain and I have to admit that 
we don’t know exactly; surely with so many people collecting and 
studying moths over the last 100 years we should! 

In compiling a county list I am very much aware that we are 
interested in what occurs now and we aim to record the date of 
the last capture in the county of anything which we seem to have 
lost. It is after all only possible to take steps to conserve species 
that do still occur and I like to look at a local list as a guide to 
conservation. Surely this principle applies on the National scale. 

Given access to existing literature and the Monkswood records 
it should not be too difficult to agree such a list for the country 
as a whole. Perhaps The Record would be able to find space to 
publish a “discussion draft’ in serial form, the list after all must 
represent our combined knowledge and not just the prognostication 
of one or two people. Apart from getting the record straight, it 
should encourage lepidopterists to search for something we all 
want to hear about rather than going to the same old place to 
catch the same old thing. —  C. I. RUTHERFORD, Longridge, 
Macclesfield Road, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK9 7BL, 10.viii.82. 


196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


Current Literature 


Natural History Manuscript Resources in the British Isles compiled 
by G. D. R. Bridson, V. C. Phillips and A. P. Harvey. Pp.xxxvi + 
473. 4to. Mansell, London; R. R. Bowker, New York. 1980. 
Loe 
This is a first attempt at a survey of the natural history manu- 

script sources of the British Isles, and is intended to cover all natural 

history manuscripts in British repositories. It is not just concerned 
with British natural history, but also includes foreign manuscript 
material relating to overseas natural history, that may be found in 

British collections. We are told that the coverage of the survey 

includes as wide a definition of natural history and of the term 

manuscript as possible, and that ‘repository’ includes such varied 
places as ‘government departments, public corporations, national 
libraries and museums, local record offices, local libraries and 
museums, universities, colleges and schools, national and local 
learned societies, professional institutions and, as far as possible, 
natural history departments within any organization’. On the other 
hand, the compilers have made no attempt to include items from 
privately owned natural history manuscript collections, since the 

Society for the Bibliography of Natural History has already been 

sponsoring a scheme to establish a register of these. Broadly speak- 

ing, the starting date for material given in the survey is about 1600, 

although a few 16th century items of special interest are included. 

The preliminary pages consist of a foreword by D. E. Allen, 
who aptly remarks that ‘manuscripts are the historians’ bread’, 
and that to ‘know what manuscripts exist and where they are 
is crucial to him’. There is a detailed explanatory introduction 
(pp.ix-xiii), an annotated bibliography of 96 items conveniently 
arranged in a series of subject categories, a select list of abbreviations 
and a list of the 443 repositories. The main body of the work 
or ‘The Guide’ (pp. 1-376) then follows. Here the repositories are 
arranged alphabetically under place-name i.e. town or city, and 
within this geographical sequence by the name of the institution 
with its address along with other relevant particulars. The repo- 
sitories are numbered in sequence, and included under each is a 
listing of the papers of individual natural historians arranged al- 
phabetically and numerically. A name index (pp. 379450), place 
index (pp.451458), subject guide and subject index (pp.459473) 
complete the work. 

Although the survey treats of such a wide range of disciplines, 
there is much to interest the entomologist (including many ento- 
mological surprises) among the some 500 relevant entries classi- 
fied as hereunder, each of which may involve more than one or 
even a whole series of separate manuscripts on that particular 
Order or group. Insecta: general (229), Anoplura (1), Coleoptera 
(46), Diptera (15), Ephemoptera (1), Hemiptera/Heteroptera (1 2), 
Hymenoptera (10), Isoptera (4), Lepidoptera (94), Mallophaga (2), 
Neuroptera (1), Orthoptera (1), Psochoptera (1), Siphonaptera (3), 


CURRENT LITERATURE iy) 


Trichoptera (1), Insecta: collections (43) and Insecta: drawings 
(70). There are also 30 numbered entries refering to the Arachnida. 

The compilers appear to have covered the ground pretty 
thoroughly, but a surprising omission is the failure to mention the 
British Entomological and Natural History Society, whose library 
holds important manuscript material, including The Mollusca of 
Kent, Surrey and Middlesex (1884) by T.D. A. Cockerell 
(1862-1948), and among manuscripts of entomological interest, 
the Notebooks of F. J. Coulson (1878-1965), the Diaries of 
R. A. Jackson (1890-1969) and Notes on the Lepidoptera for 
1917-25 by J. J. Lister (1857-1927). Incidentally, we should 
point out that the Cambridge entry on p.52 under item 80.24 
‘HAWKSHAW, ?John. Papers relating to his collection of Lepi- 
doptera.’, probably refers to John Charles Hawkshaw (1841- 
1921), whose collection of Palaearctic Lepidoptera (especially 
micros) is on record as having gone to the Zoological Museum, 
Cambridge. 

The volume itself is very well got-up, being finely printed on 
good paper and strongly bound in buckram with gilt lettering. 
Presentation of the contents is admirably succinct and clear, and 
arranged in such a way that for ease of reference the book is a joy 
to use. 

This is a most valuable and welcome work with abundant 
evidence of having been produced with great care and in the 
correct manner, for which the compilers, the publishers and all 
others involved deserve high praise. — J. M.C.-H. 


Butterflies of the Rocky Mountain States by Clifford D. Ferris 
and F. Martin Brown. University of Oaklahoma Press, Norman, 
Oaklahoma, 1981 Hard bound $35. Soft bound $15.95. 


This comprehensive work written by eight contributors and 
edited by two well known American lepidopterists is a model of 
its kind. 

The book is divided into three parts. The first is mainly intro- 
ductory and deals with various aspects of butterfly biology, with 
discussions on taxonomy, collecting methods and an interesting 
account of the early history of butterfly collecting in the Rockies. 
There is also an excellent illustrated survey of the various types 
of habitat encountered in this region. 

The second part is devoted to descriptions of all the butterfly 
species occuring in the Rocky Mountain States (over 300 species). 
For each species diagnostic features are listed followed by detailed 
accounts of range, habitat, life-history and significant sub species. 
Classification of each genus is discussed, and it is, as far as I am 
aware, the first time that an American butterfly book has brought 
the generic names into line with nomenclature current elsewhere. 
This applies particularly to some of the blues and to the genus 
Clossiana — previously lumped with Boloria in American literature. 
The book is adequately illustrated with black and white photo- 
graphs of set specimens of each species. There are also four colour 


198 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


plates of selected species; unfortunately these are less well produced 
and there is no indication of the scale of the specimens illustrated. 

Part three comprises a glossary, bibliography, a guide to geni- 
talic dissection, a set of distribution maps and locality data, and 
finally, a very complete index. The book should appeal, not only 
to those specifically interested in American lepidoptera, but also to 
European butterfly enthusiasts who will recognise several familiar 
species in forms virtually identical to those found in the Western 
Palaearctic region. Examples of these are Parnassius phoebus F., 
Colias palaeno L., Clossiana titania Esp. and Carterocephalus palae- 
mon Pall. For anyone actually contemplating a trip to the Rockies, 
the book should both stimulate interest and also provide an essen- 
tial identification guide. — C. J. LUCKENS. 


Notes and Observations 


LARVAE OF THE BUFF-TIP: PHALERA BUCEPHALA L. FEEDING 
ON SORBUS SPECIES [ROSACEAE] AND ASPEN. — On September 
20th, 1979, near the centre of Maidstone I noticed that most of 
about a dozen trees of Sorbus aria, cultivar lutescens, had small 
branches defoliated by bucephala larvae, although probably few 
pupated as the bole of each tree was surrounded by asphalt and a 
very limited amount of compacted soil. On August Sth, 1976, 
near Ballintra in Co. Donegal, a colony of these larvae was found 
upon rowan (Sorbus aucuparia). Bucephala larvae seem not to 
have been recorded on Sorbus species previously, and there are 
very few instances for the Rosaceae in general — Wilson, Larvae of 
the British Lepidoptera and their Food Plants (1880), mentions 
rose, and in The Lepidoptera of Kent by J. M. Chalmers-Hunt are 
records for apple at Petts Wood and cherry at Sittingbourne. 

Noted foodplants such as laurel, Tropaelium major, rose, maple, 
sycamore, hornbeam, horse chestnut, evergreen oak and alder are, I 
believe, distinctly unusual, and beech perhaps somewhat less so. On 
September 15th, 1963, a colony of these larvae was found on aspen 
at Dungeness, and another at Dartford on September 10th, 1966 was 
also on aspen. I can find no previous record of this species on 
aspen. 

E. Newman in his Natural History of the British Moths (1869), 
gives only elm, lime, hazel and other trees, stating that the species is 
a very general feeder. R. South in Moths of the British Isles (1939 
ed.) stated that almost any kind of tree or bush appears to be 
suitable food, although the foliage of elm, lime and hazel is often 
selected (copied from Newman?). In The Moths and Butterflies of 
Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 9 (1979), ed. J. Heath, the food- 
plant is stated to be deciduous trees such as oak, sallow, elm, hazel 
and lime. 

This moth has a wide distribution in the British Isles, and 
my observations indicate that it has distinct preferences, plus an 
adaptability to turn to alternative foodplants when the more fa- 
voured ones are scarce or absent. Thus in the urban parts of N.W. 
Kent there has been a very marked preference for lime and black 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 199 


poplar, usually pollarded trees, and to a less extent common elm. 
On Dartford Heath, however, small oak trees are particularly fa- 
voured, and less frequently birch is selected, although the roadside 
limes are also utilized. Elsewhere in the countryside of N.W. Kent, 
in addition to the trees mentioned, relatively more use is made of 
hazel, sallow and aspen. At Dungeness and Romney Marsh willow 
and sallow appear to be most commonly used. In The Butterflies and 
Moths of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight by B. Goater, young 
birches and sallows are especially noted as the larval foodplant, and 
this is in accord with my observations for Dartford Heath with 
reference to both the oak and birch. 

It would be interesting to know if there are localities where 
bucephala shows a distinct preference for trees of a different kind 


from those mentioned above. — _B. K. WEST, 36 Brair Road, 
Bexley, Kent. 
PIERIS CHEIRANTHI HBN. IN TENERIFE. — I was interested 


to read the comments of Messrs. Allcard and Valletta on the oc- 
currence of Pieris cheiranthi in the Western Canary Islands last 
autumn (see Ent. Rec., 94: 112 et seq.). 

My wife and I and our family spent some weeks in Tenerife 
in January and February this year. We were actually staying in the 
south of the island where butterflies are few, but on an excursion 
by hired car to the north, I saw this butterfly in Puerto de la Cruz 
and elsewhere in that vicinity, and found a batch of eggs on Nas- 
turtium (Tropaeolum majus) outside Los Realejos. I saw no larvae 
or pupae, and I wonder if in spite of the more or less permanent 
summer climate this species has fixed periods when it flies. 

Coincidentally, when I was there I found myself wondering 
about this species’ foodplants. Clearly, Nasturtium is what is 
favoured now, although edible Brassicas are widely grown and pre- 
sumably also used, but I have noticed that in this part of Scotland, 
P. brassicae is found much more frequently on Nasturtium now, 
whereas formerly it was to be found on Cabbages etc. Could this 
be natural selection? After all it is much less likely to be presecuted 
on Nasturtium than on plants cultivated for eating. 

However, reverting to P. cheiranthi, the point is that presumably 
the cultivated Brassicas arrived with the first humans, and 
Nasturtium, being of South American origin must have come much 
later. Therefore, unless this species has evolved since the first human 
settlement, which seems impossible, there must be a native Brassica. 
Has this ever been investigated? — R. I. V. ELLIOTT, Burnbank, 
Saline, Fife, 25.vi.1982. 

ON THE HOSTPLANT OF CHRYSOLINA POLITA (LINNAEUS) (COL.: 
CHRYSOMELIDAE). — _ I read with interest the note by Mr. J. 
Robbins in Entomologist’s Record J. Var., (1981), 93(2):27 concern- 
ing the foodplant of Chrysolina polita (Linnaeus). In my rather short 
experience of this species in West Cumbria I have also found the 
beetle (adults only) in association with Lycopus europaeus L. (Gipsy- 
wort). Several specimens were swept from some large stands of this 
plant growing in a damp and shady situation near to common sallow 
trees, Salix cinerea L. on the edge of an old decaying willow carr 


200 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 SNe oD 


at High Sellafield, NY02/04, on June 24th 1981. Some adults were 
seen feeding on the leaves of this plant nearby and a few others 
appeared to be resting on the upper surface of individual leaves. 
I have collected other specimens of C. polita in Cumbria usually just 
by indiscriminate sweeping from general herbage and my localities 
are, River Ehen, NYOO/05, 4.vi.1977, River Bleng, Gosforth, NY09/ 
03, 2.vi.1979, Colmire Sough near Wigton, NY22/50, 10.vi.1978, 
River Eamont, Penrith, NY56/30,28.vii.1979 and Barfield Tarn, 
Bootle, SD11/86, 9.vi.1981. 

P. Jolviet and E. Petitpierre (1976, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 12 (1): 
123-149) in their very extensive work on the trophic selection patterns 
and host plants of the genus Chrysolina records Lycopus as a food- 
plant of C. polita along with certain other Labiatae species, including 
Mentha. — R. W. J. READ, 43 Holly Terrace, Hensingham, White- 
haven, Cumbria, CA28 8RF. 


THE HUMMING-BIRD HAWK MOTH IN LONDON. — Yesterday 
at about 8 o’clock in the evening I saw a Humming-bird Hawk Moth, 
Macroglossum stellatarum L., feeding on a buddleia in this Close less 
than one mile from Marble Arch. — THOMAS LUMLEY, 5 Robert 
Close, Little Venice, London, W.9., 27.vii.82. 

AN UNUSUAL ABERRATION OF HAMEARIS LUCINA L.: DUKE OF 
BURGUNDY. — In May 1979, I noted an aberration of this butter- 
fly at a Somerset habitat, and have coloured photographs of it. 
The specimen is characterised by having the inner row of pale spots 
on the upper hindwing of a pure white, the rest of insect being 
quite normal. One or two Hamearis lucina with this peculiarity have 
been seen there each year since, and the aberration occurs mainly in 
the females. — R. D. SUTTON, F.R.E.S., 19 Corner Close, Welling- 
ton, Somerset. 


AUTOGRAPHA BRACTEA D. & S.: GOLD SPANGLE IN KENT. — 
On the night of the 14th July 1982, I took a male of this moth at 
m.v. light behind the cliffs at St. Margaret’s Bay, Kent. I understand 
that this is the first record of this species for the county. Also 
taken there that night was a male Deltote bankiana F. (Silver- 
barred), and on the 16th July with Mr. J. Roche, a female Rhyacia 
simulans Hufn. (Dotted Rustic). — J. PLATTS, 11, Maydowns 
Road, Chestfield, Kent. 


LEPIDOPTERA AT PAGHAM HARBOUR, WEST SUSSEX. — On 2nd 
July 1982, my wife and myself were at the harbour and as I was 
searching a large area of red valerian for migrant butterflies, I 
noticed a single Macroglossum stellatarum L. hovering over the 
flower heads. I watched it for several minutes then we continued 
on our walk. On our return I took another look at the flowers and 
found two of these moths busily feeding from the flowers. The 
biggest surprise of the day was when my wife pointed to a single 
Ladoga camilla L. flying around a mass of honeysuckle not a 
hundred yards from the sea-shore. This seemed an unusual locality 
for a woodland butterfly. The day was hot with warm winds coming 
in from the sea. — D. DEY, 26 Manor Avenue, Hassocks, West Sussex 
BN6 8NG. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 201 


COLOUR CHANGE IN THE GENUS ADSCITA. —_ During the 
first week in June, whilst busy recording the localities of ‘Foresters’ 
in Sussex I collected a number of specimens of Adscita globulariae 
Hbn. and A. geryon Hbn., both from the same site on the Sth June 
1982. These were subsequently taken home to be photographed in 
a pseudo-natural pose on some potted Helianthemum. As with other 
active day-flying moths I chilled the adults for five minutes in the 
freezer prior to arranging my ‘set’. However, when removed from the 
freezer they had changed from irridescent green to a deep maroon 
colour. As the moths revived and returned to normal temperature in 
the sun they changed back to green. I assume that the colour change 
brought about by a temperature drop is connected with the struc- 
tural colouration of the scales. I have never heard of this happening 
before in any British species, or read of this phenomenon in the 
literature. One wonders whether evening temperatures can bring 
about a colour change in a state of nature, and if so whether the 
colour change has a selective advantage for the moths in the early 
morning before they become active enough to evade their avian 
predators. M. HADLEY, c/o Nature Conservancy Council, 19/20 
Belgrave Square, London SWIX 8PY. 


THE GRECIAN COPPER: HEODES OTTOMANUS LEFEBVRE 
AND CLEOPATRA: GONEPTERYX CLEOPATRA L. IN YUGOSLAVIA. 
— On 10th April 1982 in the meadow on the island of Lokrum near 
Dubrovnik I saw a freshly emerged Heodes ottomanus. Close-up 
photographs were taken of uppersides and undersides of wings 
which confirm identification. Also on the same day at the highest 
point of the island I definitely saw one Gonepteryx cleopatra 
6, then on two later occasions during our holiday I saw further 
lone Oo specimens on the nearby Babin Kuk peninsular. These obser- 
vations may be of interest because the distribution maps in Higgins 
and Riley, A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe 
do not show these species as occurring in the Dubrovnik area of 
Yugoslavia. — J. E. GREEN, 25 Knoll Lane, Poolbrook, Malvern, 
Worcs, WR14 3JU. [Itisarare event to see information about but- 
terflies from Dubrovnik on the Adriatic coast, and Mr. Green’s 
notes are most interesting. Vagrant specimens of Gonepteryx 
cleopatra L. occur probably throughout the Mediterranean area, 
but breeding colonies are less common. The record of Heodes 
ottomanus Lef. near Dubrovnik, confirms that of Hans Epstein 
a few years ago, who reported finding an extensive colony a little 
south of the town. This interesting species is restricted to the eastern 
Mediterranean, where it seems the colonies are often widely separa- 
ted. The distribution is not well understood and more information is 
needed, especially from western Turkey. The entire area, that I used 
to know as Montenegro, is relatively unexplored, with Albania and 
its splendid mountains, so near but unapproachable at present. I 
should add that corrected distribution maps for G. cleopatra and for 
H. ottomanus were among the many additions and alterations 
needed for the last (1980) revised edition of the Field Guide. — Dr. 
L. G. HIGGINS.]. 


202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


ORANGE-TIP ODDITIES. — Two springs ago (Vol.93: 97-99, P1.II)I 
wrote of the pupation of Anthocharis cardamines. For the photo- 
graphs I had collected four larvae, two of which pupated before I 
was ready and two later; all in July 1980. All pupae were brown, 
but I added a fifth, a green one, found wild. 

Two very soon succumbed to parasites. These emerged from the 
mid-dorsum of the pupa and dropped to the ground, each leaving 
a two-inch thread of solidified matter hanging from the exit hole, with 
the parasite pupa formed below. Large black Tachinid flies emerged 
within a month, one of which I gave to Dr. Neville Birkett, who 
kindly had it identified by Mr. H. H. Carter of Reading Museum. 
It is Phryxe vulgaris (Fallén), a common fly with a wide range of 
hosts and two generations a year. 

Two brown pupae and a green one remained to overwinter 
1980/1981. Spring and summer 1981 apparently passed without 
notice and all three overwintered again. In March 1982 they showed 
signs of life; a female emerged from the green pupa on 23 March 
and another from one of the brown ones on 12 April. Meanwhile 
the third coloured up as a male, but died. 

Now the interesting observation of R. H. Miller in S. W. Scotland 
has just appeared (p. 162). It gives rise to a highly unscientific 
conjecture. Could something odd in early 1981 have caused (a) a 
widespread postponement of emergence of this species for a year, 
and (b) failure of the males to emerge? This could account for the pre- 
ponderance of females in his area, some 80 miles north from here, 
in spring 1982. — Lt. Col. C. F. COWAN, 4 Thornfield Terrace, 
Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria. LA11 7DR. 


EPERMENIA AEQUIDENTELLUS HOFMANN: DAUCELLUS 
PEYERIMHOFF (LEP.: EPERMENIIDAE) IN KENT. — While observing 
lepidoptera at light at Stodmarsh Nature Reserve on the night of 
the 11th August 1982, I took a smallish micro in fine condition 
that I did not immediately recognise. On returning home I identi- 
fied it as Epermenia aequidentellus from two examples in my collec- 
tion bred from Portland, Dorset in 1975, and kindly given me by 
Mr. J. Roche. The moth is known to range from Sussex to Devon, 
but this is the first record to my knowledge of the species’ occur- 
rence in Kent. — J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT. 


EUCOSMA METZNERIANA TREITSCHKE IN HAMPSHIRE. - 
A rather worn female specimen of this Tortricoid moth came to my 
m.y. trap here on the night of the 21st June1982. I believe this to be 
only the second British specimen. — Dr. J. R. LANGMAID, 38 
Cumberland Court, Festing Road, Southsea, Hants PO4 ONH [The 
only other British metzneriana to our knowledge was that taken by 
R. J. Revell near Cambridge (cf. Ent. Rec., 89: 329, fig.1). — 
Editor]. 

EUROIS OCCULTA L.: GREAT BROCADE IN SUFFOLK. — I 
wish to record that at the meeting of the British Entomological and 
Natural History Society at Cavenham Heath on the night of 31st 
July 1982, I noted a male of the continental form of this moth at 
light. — C. PENNEY,39 Chaucer Close, Tilbury, Essex RM18 8EG. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 203 


THE MARSH FRITILLARY: EUPHYDRYAS AURINIA ROTT. AND 
OTHER LOCAL BUTTERFLIES IN DURFOLD WOODS, SURREY/ 
SUSSEX BORDER in 1982. — On May 25 I sawa freshly emerged 
Marsh Fritillary, a species I have never before seen in 15 years of 
visiting the area; also large colonies of the Wood White, Leucophasia 
sinapis L. On July 18, the Silver-washed Fritillary, Argynnis paphia 
L. was abundant and included one f. valesina Esp. The White Ad- 
miral, Ladoga camilla L. was also very plentiful and although not 
seen by me, a passing acquaintance told me he had seen two ab. 
nigrina Weymer the previous day. Of the Purple Emperor, Apatura 
iris L., several males were seen feeding on decaying material, water 
etc. and, for the first time for many years, a female was observed 
flying at low levels when the sun reappeared from behind the clouds. 
At one time the insect was observed for 1% hours feeding on some- 
thing caught in the fork of a branch of a tree — about 20 ft. up — 
possibly sap or dead carrion. On being disturbed it flew in a slightly 
uncertain fashion to the top of a young spruce tree where it stayed 
for a further thirty minutes with its wings open, back to the sun, 
before flying off. — M. S. HARVEY, Highfields House, Highfields, 
Ashtead, Surrey. 


THE LARGE TORTOISESHELL: NYMPHALIS POLYCHLOROS L. 
IN 1982. — On May 9,a Large Tortoiseshell was seen for about 10 
minutes at Ranmore Common in a sunlit clearing, flying in and out 
of trees and settling about 15 ft. up on a trunk. I have observed 
similar behavious in this hibernator in the Sierras of Madrid. — M. S. 
HARVEY, Highfields House, Highfields, Ashtead, Surrey. 


THE COSMOPOLITAN: MYTHIMNA LOREYI DUPONCHEL 
AND OTHER MIGRANTS IN CORNWALL, AUGUST 1982. — While 
staying the last two weeks in August on the coast at Portlevan near 
Helston, I recorded the following species. On the morning of the 
25th I found a dark specimen of Mythimna loreyi Dup. in the m.v. 
trap, and between the 20th and 25th six specimens of M. vitellina 
Hbn. Larvae of Heliothis peltigera D. & S. were quite numerous 
on the flowers of Matricaria on Loe Bar, and nearby I noted. seven 
larvae of Macroglossum stellatarum L. and one at Sennen Cove, near 
Land’s End. Of the commoner migrants at m.v. I recorded Phlogo- 
phora meticulosa L. Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. and a number of 
Peridroma saucia Hbn. The migrant butterflies were represented by 
a few Cynthia cardui L., whilst Vanessa atalanta L. was quite abun- 
dant. — N. GILL, 3 Wentworth Drive, Elmley, Huddersfield. 


NOLA AERUGULA HBN.: SCARCE BLACK ARCHES AND AUTO- 
GRAPHA BRACTEA D. & S.: GOLD SPANGLE IN SHEPPEY. — The 
following interesting species appeared in 1982 at the m.v. trap in 
my garden here; the dates are those of the mornings following the 
nights when the trap was operated. 14th July, Nola aerugula Hbn., 
three; Meganola albula D. & S. (Kent Black Arches), three and 
two or three every night since; Autographa bractea De&.S:, 
one; 25th July, Bilema pygmaeola Doubleday (Pigmy Footman), 
one. — F. H. CLOUTER, Helice, Glendale Road, Minster, Sheppey, 
Kent, 29.vii.82. 


204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


THE RE-OCCURRENCE OF BISIGNA PROCERELLA D. & S. (LEP.: 
OECOPHORIDAE) IN BRITAIN. — _ First taken in this country 
in 1976 in two wooded localities in Kent situated only a few miles 
distant from one another (cf. Ent. Rec., 88: 211-212), we have 
since hoped to renew acquaintence with this beautiful moth. Such 
an event occurred on the 10th July 1982, when at 3.15 a.m. a fresh 
female B. procerella came to light at Orlestone Forest, Kent, and at 
the same spot during the early hours of the 14th July we were again 
favoured, this time by the appearance of both sexes at light between 
1.30 and 3.00. Furthermore, at the same place, Mr. Norman Heal 
had the good fortune to capture at light a single procerella on the 
night of the 14th, and three more on the 18th July. The larva 
is said to feed on lichens and mosses growing on the trunks of 
trees, and as there seems a chance the species may be resident 
in that part of Kent, we hope to undertake a thorough search 
for it next spring when the larva should be full grown. — 
J. M. CHALMERS- HUNT. 

THE CLIFDEN NONPAREIL: CATOCALA FRAXINI L. AND OTHER 
LEPIDOPTERA AT HIGHCLIFFE IN 1982. — August was a poor 
month for migrants with only a worn Herse convolvuli L. to the 
cliff trap on the 2nd August. In the garden trap a Catocala promissa 
D. & S. turned up on the 4th August, a long way from its normal 
habitat. Another unexpected species was Agdistis bennetii Curtis, 
three at the cliff and two in the garden on the Ist and 2nd of the 
month. The nearest salt marsh is four miles away. On the 31st, a 
beautiful male of Cyclophora puppillaria Hbn.came to the garden trap. 

September started well. Two Colias croceus Geoff. appeared 
here on the 2nd, and two Rhodometra sacraria L., one in each trap, 
arrived on the 7th with a wave of Autographa gamma L., Peridroma 
saucia Hbn. and Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel. A third R. sacraria came 
in on the 9th. On the 10th the cliff trap swarmed with migrants — 
245 A. gamma, 22 P. saucia and 11 A. ipsilon with a solitary Helio- 
this peltigera D. & S. There was much less in the garden trap, but 
a fine Catocala fraxini L. was perched on the house wall about 12 
feet up. It flew off in a lordly manner when I tried to reach it with 
anet. Last night conditions looked even better, but there was little 
in either trap. All the migrants seemed to have moved inland and 
there was no second wave. One interesting visitor, however, was a 
fresh female Hepialus humuli L. which must surely be a second 
brood insect in spite of Heath’s statement (The Moths and Butter- 
flies of Great Britain and Ireland, 1: 167) that it is univoltine in the 


U.K. — E. H. WILD, 7 Abbots Close, Highcliffe, Christchurch, 
Dorset BH23 5BH, 12.ix.82. 
THE NI MOTH: TRICHOPLUSIA NI HBN. IN HAMPSHIRE. — I 


took a worn specimen of this species here at m.v. on the night of 
14th July 1982. — Dr. J. R. LANGMAID, 38 Cumberland Court, 
Festing Road, Southsea, Hants PO4 ONH. 

LHE STRIPED HAWKMOTH: CELERIO LIVORNICA ESP. — 
Among 80 species of macrolepidoptera to visit the light in Orlestone 
Forest, Kent on Midsummer’s Eve was a fine Celerio livornica. — 
R. G. CHATELAIN, 65 East Drive, Orpington, Kent. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 205 

RESTRICTED DISTRIBUTIONS OF BUTTERFLIES AND 
PLANT CHEMISTRY. — A C. Morton’s hypothesis (Ent. Rec., 
94: 67-69) that the restricted distribution of the adonis blue, 
Lysandra_ bellargus, results from the larvae being unable to eat 
cyanogenic varieties of horseshoe vetch, Hippocrepis comosa, 
is both plausible and testable. In my book What is ecology? (Oxford 
University Press, 1980), I suggest essentially the same hypothesis to 
account for the restricted British distribution of the black hair- 
streak, Strymonidia pruni. This species occurs in certain woods 
between Oxford and Peterborough whereas the larval food-plant, 
Prunus spinosa (blackthorn), is found virtually everywhere in Britain. 
Maps comparing the distribution of the butterfly and its food-plant 
are given on page 10 of What is ecology? On page 180 I write, “‘Is 
it possible that the tissues of blackthorn leaves differ in chemical 
composition in different parts of its distribution and that the black 
hairstreak is adapted to one particular chemical variety? This is 
certainly a feasible explanation for the strange distribution of the 
butterfly. The restriction of the black hairstreak to only part of the 
range of the blackthorn may represent just one step in the con- 
tinuous evolutionary jostling between eater and eaten. If this inter- 
pretation is correct, the outcome might be either a spread in un- 
palatability of the blackthorn so that black hairstreaks become 
extinct, or an extension of the butterfly’s distribution as it adapts 
to eating other chemical strains of blackthorn.” 

Many different chemical compounds are found in plants which 
play no direct part in growth and development. Their function seems 
to be to regulate consumption by herbivores. The cardenolides 
present in milkweeds and the glucosinolates in brassicas are just 
two examples of groups of compounds which both attract and repel 
potential herbivores. There is evidence of much within-species 
variation in the presence or absence of chemical compounds which 
could easily account for many of the peculiarly restricted distri- 
butions of those species of butterflies whose larvae are specialists 
on one food-plant. My guess is that Morton’s hypothesis will be 
found to be essentially correct, although it may explain only the 
restricted distribution of L. bellargus and not its recent decline, 
unless of course there has been a dramatic increase in the frequency 
of the (postulated) cyanogenic varieties of H. comosa. — DENIS 
F. OWEN, 66 Scraptoft Lane, Leicester LES 1HU. 

SOME UNUSUAL INDIGENOUS MACROLEPIDOPTERA AT NIN- 
FIELD EAST SUSSEX IN JULY 1982. — The numbers of species 
recorded each night during this part of the year seem to be up on 
the respective part of last year; with this increase there have occur- 
red some more unusual species. Chilodes maritima Tausch. (Silky 
Wainscot) appeared, as a singleton, on the Sth: I have recorded 
this species only once before in this site, in 1980, the example 
being ab. wismariensis Schmidt; it is probable that both these 
examples were blown up fram the nearby Pevensey Levels, where 
the species occurs more frequently. On the 8th, one Bomolocha 
crassalis Fab. (Beautiful Snout) was taken at light; this was rather 
a surprise as to my knowledge there is no Bilberry (Vaccinum 


206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 


myrtillus L.) in the surrounding area. In Colin Pratt’s book, “A 
History of the Butterflies and Moths of Sussex”, it is noted that 
this species since 1976 “has become regular in appearance in several 
places”. However, I have only seen one other specimen from this 
area, that being recorded some years ago from near Catsfield. Para- 
colax derivalis Hubn. (Clay Fan-foot) in its single annual occurrence 
on the 14th, along with this, being recorded for the first time here, 
was a single Phytometra viridaria Clerk (Small Purple Barred). 
Perhaps the most noteworthy catch of the night was a female 
Chesias rufata Fab. (Broom-tip); South mentions this species as 
occurring in Sussex. Its status in E. Sussex is now considered as 
“very local” and “very rare”. There are quite large patches of 
Broom (Sarothamnus scoparius L.) some distance from the position 
of the trap, these may be worth further investigation. — M. PARSONS, 
The Forge, Russells Green, Ninfield, near Battle, E. Sussex. 


BUCCULATRIX THORACELLA THUNB. CONFIRMED FOR VICE- 
COUNTY 11. — I have just taken a fresh specimen of Bucculatrix 
thoracella on the frame of my bedroom window which faces an 
avenue of tall limes planted some 130 years ago. Goater (The Butter- 
flies and Moths of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, 34) quotes 
Hervey’s List for Hants but cannot confirm the record. Although 
in Dorset, Highcliffe is in vice-county 11, so it seemed worth con- 
firming its presence here. — E. H. WILD, 7 Abbots Close, Highcliffe, 
Christchurch, Dorset BH23 5BH, 28.vii.82. 


AFEEDING HABIT OF BRACHYOPA SCUTELLARIS (DESVOIDY) 
(DipT., SYRPHIDAE). — Brachyopa scutellaris does not seem 
to be a common insect in the north of England. I first took a speci- 
men, a male, when sweeping under trees here at Kendal Wood on 
26 May 1979. My second acquaintance with the fly was much more 
interesting. On 29 May 1981 I was gardening, again at Kendal Wood, 
and my arms were sweating considerably and exposed when a fly 
landed on one of them and clearly commenced to imbibe my sweat. 
The action of the proboscis was clearly visible and the fact of the 
drinking was quite obvious. I did not immediately have a suitable 
receptacle for the insect but went into the house to obtain a few 
tubes. On returning to my gardening activities another fly of the 
same species landed on my arm and this time was duly caught. 
It proved to be a female B. scutellaris. The following day, 30th., 
I was again gardening and was visited by two or three scutellaris 
again to imbibe. At this time it was noticed that they were rather 
sluggish flies and on being brushed off ones arms went to the ground- 
sheet on which I was kneeling and showed little inclination to fly. 

I do not recollect reading of this habit of imibing sweat by a 
Syrphid. Most adult Syrphids feed on pollen, nectar or a mixture 
of the two. The late A. E. Wright of Grange-over-Sands recorded the 
capture of seven specimens ‘“‘ — _ taken flying round flowers of 
Mountain Ash” (North Western Naturalist 15 : 242-247). It would 
be interesting to learn if other entomologists have experience 
of similar feeding habits by Syrphids. — Dr. NEVILLE L. BIRKETT, 
Kendal Wood, New Hutton, Cumbria, LA8 OAQ. 28.iv.1982. 


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CONTENTS 


Epierus comptus (Erichson) (Col.: Histeridae) New to Britain. D. R. 


NASH a 165 
The Scarce Swallow-tail: Iphiclides podalirius (L. it in Britain Dr. Re S. 

WILKINSON .. 168 
Butterflies in Eastern Switzerland 1980, with a Note on Erebia pluto 

de Prunn. Dr. C. J. LUCKENS 3 7/3} 
Some Sawflies from Whitlaw Moss Nature Reserve, Southern Scotland, 

with a Species New to Britain (Hym.: Symphyta). A. D. LISTON. VS 
Argyresthia trifasciata Staudinger, 1871 (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) 

in Britain. Lt. Col. A.M. EMMET ee we oe es 180 
Flying Crooked. Dr. J. S. Phillpotts 183 
A Review of the Indigenous British Macrolepidoptera ‘for 1981 

P. A. SOKOLOFF F 185 
Some Notes on Breeding Conistra staudingeri de Graslin (Lep.: 

Noctuidae) from the E. Pyrenees. B. GOATER . : 188 
Further Notable Diptera from Windsor Forest. A. A. ALLEN. iyi 
Letter to the Editor: What is a Truly British Moth?.. iG )5) 
Notes and Observations: 

The Brimstone: Gonepteryx rhamni L. Apparently Balas at 

Hydrangea Flowers. B. K. WEST = 172 
Lepidoptera at Canna in 1982. Dr. J. L. CAMPBELL . 174 
Agonopterix astrantiae Heinemann in Hampshire. Dr. J. R. , 

LANGMAID. : 182 
Low Numbers of Lepidoptera i in 1981. Rev. J. H. VINE HALL 182 
Two Further Records of Barypeithes sulcifrons (Boheman) (Col.: 

Curculionidae) from West Cumbria. R. W. J. READ ... 184 
The Striped Hawkmoth in Devon in 1980. Dr. J.C. A. CRAIK 187 
The Larva of Peribatodes secundaria D.& S. R.G.CHATELAIN ... 190 
Phyllonorycter dubitella (H.-S.) and Coleophora limosipennella 

(Dup.) in South Yorkshire. H. E. BEAUMONT ae 190 
The Appearance of a Third Brood in the Green-veined White at 

Morton Lochs, Fife, Scotland in 1981. P. K. KINNEAR 194 
What does Odontosia carmelita Esper Eat? R. LOVELL-PANK 194 
Larvae of the Buff-tip: Phalera Eee L. Feeding on Sorbus 

Species [Rosaceae] and Aspen. B. K. WEST .. - 198 
Pieris cheiranthi Hbn. in Tenerife. R. I. V. ELLIOTT 199 
On the Host Plant of Chrysolina polita (L.). R. W. J. READ 199 
The Humming-bird Hawk Moth in London. T. LUMLEY 200 
An Unusual Aberration of Hamearis lucina L. R. D. SUTTON 200 
Autographa bractea D. & S.: Gold Spangle in Kent. J. PLATTS 200 
Lepidoptera at Pagham Harbour, West Sussex. D. DEY 200 
Colour Change in the Genus Adscita. Mc HADLEY 201 
The Grecian Copper: Heodes ottomanus Lefebvre and Cleopatra: 

Gonepteryx cleopatra L. in Yugoslavia. J.E.GREEN . - 201 
Orange-tip Oddities. Lt. Col. C.F. COWAN _... 202 
Eucosma metzneriana Tr. in Hampshire. Dr. J. R. LANGMAID ... 202 
Epermenia aequidentellus Hofmann in Kent. J. M. CHALMERS- 

EO INGe eee 202 
Eurois occulta L.: Great Brocade in Suffolk. (Ge PENNEY : 202 
The Marsh Fritillary in Durfold Woods in 1982. M. S. HARVEY . 203 
The Large Tortoiseshell in 1982. M. S. HARVEY Se 203 
The Cosmopolitan: Mythimna loreyi Dup. in 1982.N. GILL : 203 
The Scarce Black Arches and Gold Spangle in Sheppey. F. H. . 

CLOUTER es 203 
The Re-occurrence of Bisigna procerella D. & Si (Lep.: Occopho- 

ridae) in Britain. J. M@. CHALMERS-HUNT . 204 
The Clifden Nonpareil and Other Lepidoptera, 1982. E. H. WILD... 204 
The Ni Moth: Trichoplusia ni Hbn. in Hampshire. Dr. J. R. 

LANGMAID ae cz 204 
The Striped Hawkmoth in 1982. R. G. CHATELAIN 204 

Obituary: G.R. Sutton ... aes 179 
Current Literature aS Pee bee oes aoe biG. 197 


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THE 
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Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E:S. 
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SUCCESSFUL REARING OF THE DOTTED RUSTIC 207 
SUCCESSFUL REARING OF THE DOTTED RUSTIC: 
RHYACIA SIMULANS (HUFNAGEL) 
(LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) 


By P. CONVEY * 


A specimen of Rhyacia simulans (Hufn.) was caught in the 
Winchester College Natural History Society’s mercury-vapour 
trap run in the College grounds on 2nd September 1980. This in 
itself constitutes an interesting record, the species usually being 
extremely scarce or absent in the county of Hampshire (Goater 
1974), and followed the capture of another specimen on 6th August 
1980 in the same trap. 

The specimen was kept overnight before its identity was 
confirmed by Col. D. H. Sterling, and was discovered to be female 
when several ova were found in the collecting box. The ova, ap- 
parently previously undescribed (Heath 1979), are creamy-white 
at first, flattened hemispherical in shape, finely ribbed. The colour 
darkens to dark grey a few days before hatching. The female, as 
mentioned, will lay in an empty container, but when given cut 
couch-grass and dandelion leaves, lays with much greater readiness, 
and, over a period of a fortnight, laid approximately 850 ova. These 
were mostly in strings of from 1 to 10 ova in relatively concealed 
positions, for instance alongside veins and under the folded edges of 
dandelion leaves, and along the midrib of couch-grass. Very few 
were laid on dock leaves which were also provided. 

Of the 850 ova, virtually all formed up, but only a third hatched 
over a period from ten days to four weeks after being laid. Of note 
is the observation that ova from the same string, laid within seconds 
of each other, show this variation in hatching period. The larvae 
have been described elsewhere (e.g. Haggett 1968), but the rearing 
technique used may be of interest. 

The young larvae were provided with a mixture of cut couch- 
grass and dandelion. Most fed immediately on dandelion, although 
a few seemed to take couch-grass in preference. As these matured 
they all transfered to dandelion. No difficulties were experienced 
until large losses between the third and fourth instars. The reason 
for this was not clear, although possible explanations could be: 
poor foodplant, damping or overcrowding. The two lepidopterists 
who received some of the ova reported the loss of their complete 
stock, polluted foodplant being a suggested, but not proven, cause. 
Larvae ready for pupation left the foodplant and wandered around 
their box. Some of these were placed on loose peat, where they 
quickly burrowed. Others, not provided with peat, made a small 
chamber in the layers of paper lining the box. These were care- 
fully removed to the surface of peat when near enough pupation 
to have stopped crawling, and more than one third pupated success- 
fully. Six pupae were obtained and ten larvae died just before 
pupation. Virtually all the larvae allowed to burrow were found to 


*37 Colley Close, Winchester, Hampshire SO23 7ES. 


208 


have dried up and died. Larval development took two to three 
months. 

The pupa, again previously undescribed (Heath 1979), is ap- 
proximately 19mm long. In colour, rich reddish brown, darkening 
to almost black a fortnight to a week before emergence. Glossy, 
at first, losing this as it darkens. Antennal and limb cases clear 
but not prominent. Wing cases showing venation clearly, with 
many minute irrorations. Cremaster inconspicuous, with two slightly 
divergent fine spines approximately 0.7mm long. 

Although all the pupae appeared to develop normally, only 
one perfect adult emerged on 24th December 1980, six weeks after 
pupation (not a bad Christmas present!). The specimen is now in my 
collection. A deformed example emerged on 30th December. The 
pupae were kept at room temperature, and were not sprayed. 

Since I cannot find any reference to the contrary, I assume 
this to be the first successful rearing of R. simulans in Britain at 
least, albeit with a very low success rate. 


References 


Goater, B., 1974. The Butterflies & Moths of Hampshire and the Isle 
of Wight, 439pp., Classey. 

Haggett, G. M., 1968. Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not figured 
by Buckler. Part VIII. Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 
I: 57-109. 

Heath, J. (ed.), 1979. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain 
and Ireland, Vol. 9, 288pp., Curwen. 


DANAUS CHRYSIPPUS L. IN TUNISIA. — Onreturning re- 
cently from a holiday on the Mediterranean coast of N. E. Tunisia 
my friend Mr. David Tombs gave me the forewing of a butterfly 
and asked me to identify it. I recognised it as belonging to Danaus 
chrysippus, and on turning to the account in Higgins and Riley’s 
A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe (London, 
1980) to show him, I was surprised to see the statement: “Not 
reported from Algeria or Tunisia.” 

Mr. Tombs informed me that during his stay in Tunisia from 
June 6th to 10th, 1982 inclusive he saw several hundred of these 
butterflies sailing about and feeding at a wide variety of flowers in 
the region around Monastir and Sousse. They did not appear to 
be moving in any particular direction. Throughout this period 
an easterly sea breeze was blowing off the Mediterranean. 

D. F. Owen, in his book Tropical Butterflies (Oxford, 1971), 
includes the whole of Tunisia and most of Algeria and Libya in his 
distribution map for the typical form chrysippus. The forewing 
given me by Mr. Tombs appears to belong to this form. 

I would be interested to know the true distribution and status 
of this handsome butterfly in N. W. Africa. — J. F. BURTON, 11, 
Rockside Drive, Henleaze, Bristol, BS9 4NW. 


MATE LOCATION STRATEGIES IN THE WALL BROWN BUTTERELY 209 


MATE LOCATION STRATEGIES IN THE WALL 
BROWN BUTTERFLY, LASIOMMATA MEGERA 
CE) (EBEIDOPTERA: SATYRIDAE): 
WAIT OR SEEK? 


By ROGER L. H. DENNIS* 
Introduction 


Male butterflies are generally described as adopting one of two 
alternative strategies in the process of locating mates; perching, or 
waiting for them, and patrolling, or actively seeking them in flight 
(Scott 1974, Shields 1967; Shreeves 1980). 

Characteristic sites varying in surface, height and situation, 
are selected by perchers, where they bask in the sun, and from these 
they launch themselves at passing insects (cf., Baker (1972) for /. io 
(L.) and A. urticae (L.); Davies (1978) for P. aegeria (L.); Joy (1902) 
for A. iris (L.) and Peachey (1980) for several species, particularly 
H. lucina (L.)). Distinctions, in height, habitat and speed, also 
occur for patrolling species as evident from studies of A. cardamines 
(L.) (Wiklund and Ahrberg 1978; Courtney 1980; Dennis in press); 
L. sinapis (L.) (Wiklund 1977, Peachey 1980; Warren 1981); M. 
galathea (L.) and B. euphrosyne (L.) (Peachey 1980). 

Baker (1972) has argued that the tendency to ‘stay put’ or 
perch is the result of some female requirement, for instance nectar 
sources Or Oviposition sites, being concentrated; moreover, perching 
has been likened to territoriality (cf., Davies 1978) in as much as the 
area is defended, resident males typically intercepting and leading 
intruders out of the area. Baker extends the argument by pointing 
out that perching necessarily evolves where the energy used in de- 
fence is less than the energy used in patrolling. It follows then that 
the number of butterflies perching is a measure of the magnitude 
and concentration of a resource(s) in a particular environment 
though Baker conceded that the territory: male ratio determines 
the tendency to share spots as opposed to keep searching, via a 
raising of the territoriality threshold. 

For only one British species have both mate location strategies 
been noted, — P. aegeria (Davies 1978). While some males are 
perching in woodland clearings, others have been observed patrol- 
ling in the canopy. Investigating potential mates and attempted 
courtships in the canopy identifies the activity as patrolling; — 
they are not merely waiting their turn for clearing perches. Patrol- 
ling in A. urticae and Lio was not made explicit by Baker, but as 
mate location is the reason for establishing territories, searching for 
the latter cannot be easily separated from the former and it implies 
that both butterflies do engage in patrolling, even if this is enforced. 

Davies also discovered behaviour to vary. On sunny days, 
detailed experiments show there to be a premium on perching 
sites. Females are more abundant in clearings, and size of sun spot 
and time of day determine the number of males found there. On 
*The Manchester Grammar School, Manchester M13 OXT. 


210 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 


overcast days, the butterfly patrols regardless of location. Virtual 
lack of skirmishing points to abandonment of territories, yet the 
butterfly still attempts to court. As for A. urticae, Davies has recog- 
nised the readiness of P. aegeria males to accept intruders but has 
been able to link this closely with clearing size. 

The present paper explores some comparative data on the 
closely related Wall Brown butterfly, L. megera. This butterfly is 
a known percher, but does it also patrol? Where does it perch and 
why are two of a series of related questions, but the emphasis is 
placed on examining how flexible mate location behaviour can 
be? 


Materials and methods 


The study has been conducted mainly at Brereton Heath near 
Congleton, but also along the Bollin valley, in north Cheshire. In- 
dividual behaviour has been determined using a cassette recorder 
and by making direct observations on seriation in activites and on 
specific lines of movement. Behaviour and movement over a wider 
area and on a number of individuals in succession has been conduc- 
ted using transect (Pollard 1977; 1979) and capture, mark, release, 
recapture (CMRR) (Ehrlich and Davidson 1960) techniques separa- 
tely and together. 

Behaviour has been reduced to a number of simple categories 
(specifically flight, feeding, resting, basking, skirmishing, courtship 
and inspection) to avoid making premature judgements on various 
activities. Numerical techniques applied to timed activities, — 
specifically the calculation of behavioural ‘distances’ (E? of Edwards 
(1971)), least space analysis (Coxon and Davies 1980) and cluster 
analysis (Sneath and Sokal 1973), — have been used in an attempt 
to distinguish perchers from patrollers. 


Results 


A simplified tabulation of timed behaviour (Table 1) shows that 
males spend much of their time basking or resting. When basking 
the wings are open and angled to the sun and on landing the butter- 
fly usually orientates itself accurately and quickly. The wings are 
closed during rest. Different surfaces are chosen for these activities 
(Table 2) but preference is for bare ground along paths, though 
other topographically distinctive surfaces are selected even newly 
constructed ranch fencing. Feeding and flight occupy much the same 
length of time. 


SE LF F BR SK I 

Total Time (seconds) 298.5 2241.5 1984 8765 584 83.5 
Number of observations 132 187 153 62S ee Gy, 
Percent of total observation 2 16 14 63 4 1 


time for all activities 


Table 1 Timed activities for L. megera males on Brereton Heath during 1981. 
Symbols as for Figure 1. Total observation time = 3 hrs 53 minutes. 


MATE LOCATION STRATEGIES IN THE WALL BROWN BUTTERELY 211 


Long flights are generally less than a metre above the ground, 
but vary according to the surface and are much less for low ground 
cover. Flights are usually fast, zig-zagging, often circular and typical- 
ly investigative covering a wide area. Some are brief transects or 
circuits; others are more directional and long distance movements 
representing voluntary displacement and change of location. 


Year 

Surface 1981 1982 
Path; bare ground 123 45 
Grass 5 3 
Flowerheads 0 6 
Leaves of herbs, i.e. dock and nettle 3 5 
Stones, bricks 4 2 
Leaves of bushes, saplings and bramble 0 5 
Fence posts and bars 0 18 
Paper, tin, etc. 1 1 
Mossy ground 2 0 


Table 2 Sample data on basking and resting (perching) sites adopted by 
L. megera males on Brereton Heath in 1981 and 1982. 


Males are continually scanning on the wing, but stop to inspect 
a wide range of objects apart from flowers. Skirmishing and attemp- 
ted courtships take place while the butterfly is in flight as well as 
when basking and resting. Male L. megera skirmish with a variety of 
insects (Table 3); most other male L. megera induce much longer 
interactions varying from short spiral flights lasting 2 or 3 seconds 
to higher and extended spirals and dives described by Baker for 
A. urticae and J. io. Attempted courtships with female L. megera 
are longer affairs (average 35 seconds) and involve distinctive be- 
haviour (Dennis in prep). 


Insect Frequency Average time (seconds) 
L. megera (females) 14 34.7 
L. megera (males) 27 9.3 * O. venata (Br & Gr) 
M. jurtina (females) 5 9.0 L. phlaeas (L.) 
Bees and wasps 7 iS; P. brassicae (L.) 
Dragonflies 1S Mop) A. napi (L.) 
Other butterflies* 7) Dal A. urticae (L.) 

I. io (L.) 


Table 3 Frequency and average time of attempted courtships and skirmishing 
of L. megera males with other insects on Brereton Heath in 1981. 


Seriation in behaviour (Figure 1) based on a sample of males 
emphasises the association of different activities and modes of 
behaviour. Typical is a feeding mode of regular but short sessions 
on flowerheads separated by ‘hops’ or short flights from one flower 
to another. More significantly the diagram underlines the role of 
long flights and basking. Skirmishing and courtship are associated 
with both and males continually investigate in flight; together, this 
confirms the objective of basking as ‘perching’ and long flights 


Dall 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 
as ‘patrolling’. This average picture also demonstrates the functional 
interdependence of basking and long flight, a deduction which 
seems at odds with more casual observations of ‘pure’ behaviour 
of ‘perching’ and voluntary displacement respectively. 


Figure | Seriation in male L. megera behaviour (n = 30), June and August 
1981. F = feed from flower, I = inspect, SF = short flight; LF = long flight; 
RB = resting or basking; SK = skirmishing and attempted courtship. Short 
flight denotes rapid transitions of activity, whereas long flights revealed 
searching and investigative behaviour. Halts in flight only are counted as in- 


-spections. 


@€ 
me 


@ 


Vector 1 


~=—— - —- — — J 


Figure 2 A computer map (non-metric 2 dimensional scaling plot) of distances 
(Edward’s E2) between 23 male L. megera based on timed activity. Shading = 
flights; black = basking/resting; stipple = feeding; white = skirmishing, inspec- 
tion and courtship. Four sizes of circle represent observation time (minutes):- 


<300; 300 — 500; 500 — 1000;> 1000. Kruskal’s stress for the computer 
plot is 3.9%. 


MATE LOCATION STRATEGIES IN THE WALL BROWN BUTTERFLY 213 


Figure 2 summarises individual behaviour. Three groups of 
individuals are suggested by maximum linkage clustering but this 
is not confirmed in the non-metric scaling plot nor by single link 
clustering. In effect, the array describes a continuum from extremes 
of perching (basking and skirmishing non-feeders in the main) to 
patrolling (flying and skirmishing feeders). Intermediate behaviours 
also occur, that they are not an artefact of the observation period 
or switches in behaviour is confirmed by time-scaled plots. 

Extremes of behaviour and intermediate forms have been 
monitored and mapped. Confinement of males to small areas. 
‘territories’, is not limited to the perching mode. More varied be- 
haviour involving longer feeding episodes and extensive patrolling 
circuits has similarly been identified with definite areas — a neat 
example was provided by a narrow fenced path, some 100 metres 
in extent, between a barley and ley grass field on Alderly Edge, 
along which three males patrolled back and forth. On these oc- 
casions skirmishing is less demonstrative, no real attempt being 
made to lead an ‘intruder’ out of the zone. Yet, extreme perching 
behaviour is not devoid of voluntary shifts in perching site and 
inspection tours. For example, of 27 ‘sorties’ effected by one male 
from a small gravel heap over a 45 minute period, 11 appeared to 
be unrelated to intruders and involved slower, low inspection flight. 
At the other extreme, males ‘passing through’ territories have been 
observed to undergo long, fast but investigative flights, apparently 
‘domainless’. 

CMRR work demonstrated that male L. megera have a pro- 
pensity to stay in the same location, some throughout a day, others 
over several days (Dennis, in prep). On the other hand, territories 
also change hands readily but retain much the same number of 
individuals. In north Cheshire, males select linear habitats for per- 
ching and patrolling, such are hedgerows — despite the crop in the 
field — roadsides, tracks and paths, bank margins to lakes, even 
the new lines of ranch fencing recently constructed. The latter 
has provided some valuable insights into behaviour: more males 
roost under the horizontal bars of the fence than patrol or perch 
along its edges at any one time, confirming casual observations 
of regular spacing for mate location along uniform habitats, such as 
roadsides, though CMRR work failed to locate precise territorial 
boundaries in such habitats. Perching and patrolling zones have 
also been found to be oviposition sites and thus sites of female 
emergence (Dennis, in prep), the eggs being laid in grass curtains 
fronting hedges, fences and bushes and recesses along banks. 

The frequency of males and females drops significantly over 
uniform open spaces and those seen are generally moving rapidly in 
straight lines; however, not all linear habitats are used. Males con- 
gregate in sheltered sunny spots, avoiding shade and areas exposed 
to wind. 

‘Transect data records much the same proportion of basking and 
long flights from 9.00 am to roosting time (Table 4). The implica- 
tion is that perching and patrolling occur throughout the day, con- 
firming other observations. A greater inclination to perching is 


214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 ISPs 
Time of day 
9-10 10-11 11-12 12-1 1-2 2-3 34 45 5-6 


Percent basking By HO) 268) BOS Bil3) 30) 293 Yolo S24! 

Percent long flight SYN 32S) sss AOL ABs N)E3) SSD) AHL0) 3333-33 

Percent feeding Wey as ABO) SS AS GINS DIS YS 

Number of separate 76 65 67 S$ 3) 41 41 64 P| 
observations 


Table 4 Percentage of basking/resting, long flights and feeding for male L. 
megera during transect counts on Brereton Heath in August 1982. 


suggested in the morning and evening and to patrolling around 
midday. Proportions of patrollers and perchers also vary from day 
to day subject to the weather. Precise conditions have not been 
monitored but remarkable uniformity occurs in the percent of per- 
chers on overcast days (55% — 58%; n = 4) compared to bright, 
cloudless, sunny conditions (12%, 31%; n = 2). This is a reversal of 
observations made on P. aegeria and may reflect sensitivity to move- 
ment in a linear habitat when energy levels are high. Proportions of 
patrollers and perchers no doubt changes over a longer time span 
in response to environmental changes. A number of perching spots 
were lost in 1982 due mainly to the provision of parking and other 
recreational facilities on the heath; however, one small area succum- 
bed to vegetation succession. 


Discussion 


L. megera is a percher and patroller. In the process of obtaining 
mates, it displays a wide range of behaviour between the extremes of 
territorial defence and more passive acceptance of competitors 
while scanning the ground in flight. There is evidence too that we 
should expect variation in behaviour at the population level, — in 
respect of habitat differences and population density — within 
populations, — due to seasonal circumstances including habitat 
changes, weather and light conditions — and perhaps even at the 
individual level, — linked to insect age and inherited bias. All this 
points to the existence of a flexible response system and much 
additional work needs to be done on this aspect of mate location. 

By extension, we should also expect to find variation in mate 
location behaviour among other butterflies, and because this re- 
flects upon their habitats and other adaptations, there is a ten- 
dency to attach simple behavioural labels to species that on detailed 
examination may be inappropriate. Clear examples of perching and 
patrolling exist but many species show a wide range of behaviour. 
All perchers change their location and patrollers stop to feed and 
it is possible that males are vigilant for mates even on these occa- 
sions, as in the case of L. megera (cf., Figure 1). H. semele (L.) and 
M. galathea among the Satyridae occur at opposite ends of the 
perching/patrolling spectrum respectively, but P. tithonus (L.), 
M. jurtina (L.) and E. aethiops (Esper) (Dennis 1982) engage in 
both activities. 

(To be continued) 


THE KENTISH GLORY 21 


THE KENTISH GLORY: ENDROMIS VERSICOLORA 
(L.) AT RANNOCH 


n 


By E. C. PELHAM-CLINTON * 


A paper in this journal by Marran (1981) discussed the decline 
and present distribution of the Kentish Glory moth in Great Britain. 
The author noted the lack of recent records from Rannoch in spite 
of the abundance of birch in that area. 

That this species at Rannoch fed on alder has not been accorded 
much publicity. Most British publications either give birch only as 
the foodplant or else a curious list of them; e.g. Morris (1872), 
who gives ‘birch, beech, lime, hazel, &c.’, and South (1907, and all 
later editions), with ‘Alder, sallow, and lime have also been men- 
tioned as foodplants’. However Allan (1949) includes only birch and 
alder, stating ‘Alnus glutinosa — Alder (recorded from Scotland 
only)’. Perhaps continental foodplants are more varied: Rougeot & 
Viette (1978) list ‘Betula, Corvlus, Tilia, Alnus, Carpinus, Ulmus, 
iGo 

Evidence of the alder-feeding Rannoch race is provided by the 
T. E. D. Poore collection and notebooks in the Royal Scottish 
Museum, Edinburgh (reg. no. RSM NH 1969.81). A series of speci- 
mens bred from Rannoch larvae all had alder as the foodplant, the 
most recent collected as larvae in 1939. Most are from the Allt 
Druidhe, near the eastern end of the south shore of Loch Rannoch, 
an area now partly afforested. The Poore notebooks show that 
larvae were taken from small trees and that one tree was a source of 
larvae over several years. 

The Rannoch moths are on average larger than those from 
Strathspey and the hindwings of the females have a pinkish flush 
scarcely to be seen in Strathspey specimens. 

It would be interesting to know whether the Kentish Glory 
ever fed on birch at Rannoch. It seems likely that the sedentary 
habit pointed out by Marran (1981) would lead to specialized 
habits in different areas and perhaps to an exclusively alder-feeding 
population at Rannoch. 

The south shore of Loch Rannoch no longer has many small 
alders, but there are other suitable areas around the loch and further 
down the Tummel in which the species possibly might still be found. 


Acknowledgement 


I am grateful to Dr. Mark Shaw of the Royal Scottish Museum 
for details of the specimens in the Poore collection. 


References 


Allan, P. B. M., 1949. Larval foodplants. Watkins & Doncaster, 
London. 


*Furzeleigh House, Lyme Road, Axminster, Devon, EX13 5SW. 


216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 


Marran, P., 1981. Speculative notes on the Kentish Glory. Ento- 
mologist’s Rec. J. Var. 92 (1980): 235-238. 

Morris, F. O., 1872. A natural history of British moths 1. Bell & 
Daldy, London. 

Rougeot, P. C. & Viette, P., 1978. Guide des papillons nocturnes 
d'Europe et d’Afrique du Nord. Héterocéres (partim). 
Delachaux et Niestlé, Neuchatel & Paris. 

South, R., 1907. The moths of the British Isles. Frederick Warne 
& Co., London & New York. 


_———_—_—________—__— } 

THE PIMPINEL PUG: EUPITHECIA PIMPINELLATA HBN. IN 
WARWICKSHIRE. — After reading the splendid article on British Pugs 
by Brig. E. C. L. Simson in this journal, I was inspired to search for 
the larvae of Eupithecia pimpinellata amongst the Greater Burnet 
Saxifrage (Pimpinella major), which grows in some profusion at 
Woodlands Quarry, Hartshill, North Warwickshire. I began search- 
ing in 1981 on the afternoon of the 15th September, the date ad- 
vocated in the article, and soon found a single larva on a flower 
stem of the foodplant, but despite further searching over the next 
few days no more larvae were located. The single larva pupated on 
the 30th September 1981, but the adult has so far failed to emerge 
this summer. Identification was kindly confirmed by Steven Church 
and Mark Hadley of the Nature Conservancy Council, from a colour 
slide of the larva submitted by the writer. This is the first authen- 
ticated record of this species for Warwickshire (v.c. 38). — R. J. 
THOMAS, 23 Trentham Road, Hartshill, Nuneaton, Warks. 

SURVIVAL OF LIMENITIS REDUCTA STAUDINGER (LEP., 
NYMPHALIDAE) IN YORKSHIRE. — During the summer of 
1981, I was able to spend a period of time near Montpellier in the 
Department of Hérault, in Southern France. The Southern White 
Admiral, L. reducta, was widely distributed in the region, and some 
females which were captured laid ova freely in captivity. These ova 
subsequently hatched and the larvae began to feed on honeysuckle 
in a way very similar to that of the larvae of L. camilla. (L.), the 
White Admiral. On returning to Yorkshire, most larvae continued to 
feed, but about six remained small and were clearly going to over- 
winter in this stage. Because of other commitments, these small 
larvae could not be tended carefully over all the winter, and so 
were placed outside on a honeysuckle in the garden, with no pro- 
tection whatsoever, in October. During the early part of June 1982 
to my surprise, two pupae were tound on the honeysuckle. One 
had a hole in the side and appeared dead. The other, though, seemed 
perfect. The pupa was left in place, and a female emerged on July 
3rd 1982. 

The weather in Bradford during the period when the larvae 
were outside was in no way superior to normal. The fact that the 
larvae survived to the adult stage cannot, therefore be attributed to 
favourable conditions, and suggests that this butterfly might be able 
to maintain itself in the Southern Counties of England if it ever 
occurred in sufficient numbers. — R. J.D. TILLEY, 15 Shay Close, 
Bradford BD9 6SJ, W. Yorkshire. 


VANESSA INDICA (HERBST) IN WARWICKSHIRE NEW TO BRITAIN 217 


VANESSA INDICA (HERBST) IN WARWICKSHIRE: 
NEW TO BRITAIN 


By KEITH TURNER * 


When I lived at Kites Hardwick, near Dunchurch, Warwickshire 
I made a small collection of British butterflies for display to far- 
mers and others at meetings on conservation topics, the connection 
between several Vanessid species and nettles being particularly 
relevant. In early September 1973 I caught in my garden, alighting 
on flowers including a clump of Phlox drummondi, a specimen 
which I took casually to be Vanessa cardui. | papered it almost at 
once after capture, and it was only when I set it in November 
that I noticed the “strange” markings, more akin to V. atalanta, 
though the colour seemed right for V. cardui. | decided that it was 
an aberration of one of these species, and made a mental note to 
show it to a colleague more knowledgeable about butterflies. 

However, it was only much later that my friend and colleague 
Mr. J. Firmin, co-author of “The Butterflies and larger Moths of 
Essex”, visited my present house in Gloucestershire in the spring 
of 1982. He immediately spotted the specimen, and suggested 
that it could be an example of V. indica, which is found in the Far 
East and also in the Canary Islands and Madeira. He reported this 
find to the Editor of the Entomologist’s Record, and his identi- 
fication has been confirmed by Mr R. F. Bretherton and Dr. L. G. 
Higgins. The specimen has now been given to the British Museum 
(Natural History) for a place in the national collection. I under- 
stand that it is believed to be the first known record of V. indica 
in Britain. 

[This specimen is a large female of 60mm wingspan, the wings 
slightly rubbed in the basal area, but apparently without fading of 
colour. The bands on the fore and hind wings are reddish-orange, 
rather brighter than the colour of C. cardui but not approaching 
that of fresh, or even of faded, specimens of V. atalanta; the four 
white spots on the forewings are large and prominent. Indentation 
of the margin of the hindwings and of the sub-apical margin of the 
forewings is slight. Comparison with specimens kindly shown to me 
by Dr. Higgins in his collection, and also with long series at the 
British Museum, shows that this specimen almost certainly belongs 
to V. i indica (Herbst) and not to V. i. calliroe Hbn. (vulcania 
Godart) from the Canary Islands and Madeira. In the latter the fore- 
wing bands are bright rosy red, though some fading may occur in 
old or worn specimens; the white spots are usually reduced in size; 
and the apical and hindwing margins are more deeply indented 
than in V. i. indica, and most specimens are markedly smaller. 

The distribution, relationship, and differences of V. i. indica 
and V. i. calliroe have recently been fully studied in R. Leestmans, 
Problemes de Speciation dans le genre Vanessa: Vanessa vulcania 


*The Red House, Pillows Green, Staunton, Gloucester GL19 3NU. 


218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 


Godart stat. nov. et Vanessa buana Frhst. stat nov., bona species 
(Linneana Belgica, 1978, pars VII, 130-156). 

The means of arrival of this specimen in Warwickshire can 
only be speculative. Examples of V. i. callire might possibly reach 
Britain as immigrants, as probably occurs occasionally in Portugal 
and south Spain, but for V. i indica, whose nearest known place 
of residence is north west India, importation in early stages with 
produce or escape from some unreported breeding in captivity seem 
to be the least unlikely sources. — R. F. BRETHERTON, Folly Hill, 
Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GU5 OLE. | 


MELANIC FORM OF LOBOPHORA HALTERATA HUEN.: SE- 
RAPHIM (LEP.: GEOMETRIDAE). -— On 2nd 1982, I took in 
my garden m.v. trap at Dartford, a melanic male of this moth, 
black with grey submarginal line. On referring to the comprehensive 
list of melanic forms found in Britain in Appendix B of Kettlewell’s 
Evolution of Melanism (1973), I was surprised to find no mention of 
this species. Later, while discussing the capture with Mr. R. G. 
Chatelain, he mentioned that a melanic ab. of this species — ab. 
nigra Warnecke — was referred to in his copy of M. Koch, Wir 
Bestimmen Schmetterlinge. Recently, whilst visiting the British 
Museum (Natural History), Mr. Chalmers-Hunt kindly checked the 
species in the private collection there, and found 15 specimens of ab. 
nigra, all taken by E. B. White at Bristol between 1926 and 1935. 

This melanic form would appear to be both extremely local 
and rare in Britain; if it is an industrial melanic it will almost cer- 
tainly be dominent with homozygote and heterozygote indistin- 
guishable in appearance (Kettlewell, 1973). It would be interesting 
to know if the Bristol location for ab. nigra is still known, if the 
form still occurs there, and if so, how commonly. — B. K. WEST, 
36, Briar Road, Bexley, Kent. 


THE FEATHERED BEAUTY: PERIBATODES SECUNDARIA D. 
& S. IN SUSSEX. — When I visited Mr. S. Church at his home at 
Plaistow, Sussex on the 14th July 1982, he showed me a female 
Peribatodes secundaria which he had taken in his garden trap the 
previous night. That evening there I saw a further four P. secundaria, 
all very worn males. It would seem therefore that to Mr. Church 
falls the distinction of being the first to record this species out- 
side its Kentish locality. — R. G. CHATELAIN, 65, East Drive, 
Orpington, Kent. 


AN EARLY APPEARANCE OF ERANNIS DEFOLIARIA CLERCK: 
MOTTLED UMBER. -— On the night of 6 September 1982 a 
male specimen of this species was taken in a Rothamsted light 
trap in Monks Wood National Nature Reserve. Normally it does 
not appear in Monks Wood until mid October or later. The earliest 
previous record known to me was a male taken in the same trap on 
25 September 1977. — J. N. GREATOREX-DAVIES, The Institute of 
Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots 
Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambs. PE17 2LS. 


SCOTTISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA NOTES FOR 1981 219 
SCOTTISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA NOTES FOR 19381 


By K. P. BLAND * 


In spite of the poor weather in the 1981 season, the following 
records and notes are worthy of mention:— 

Micropterix thunbergella (Fabr.). A specimen of this species 
taken at light on the night of 18/19.v.1981 in Milton of Drimmie 
Wood SSSI, near Blairgowrie, Perthshire (O.S.Grid Ref. NO/1651; 
V.c.89) constitutes the northern-most record to date (see Anon. 
1981). 

Johanssonia acetosa (Stt.). A single imago of this species was 
reared from its characteristic coiled mines in Rumex acetosa L. 
collected at Aucheninnes Moss, Dalbeattie, Dumfriesshire (O.S. 
Grid Ref. NX/8460; V.c. 72) on 13.vi.1981. The imago emerged on 
28.vi.1981. This appears to be the first Scottish locality for this 
species which previously was not known north of Nottinghamshire 
(Emmet, 1976). 

Adela croesella (Scop.) <A single fresh female taken among 
brambles just behind the salt-marsh of Caerlaverock N.R., Dum- 
friesshire (O. S. Grid Ref. NY/0066; V.c. 72) on 13.vi.1981 gives us 
a third locality in Scotland for this rather secretive species. In the 
immediate vicinity were bramble, raspberry, rose, hawthorn, elder 
and alder but no privet, sea buckthorn, elm or ash! 

Choreutis punctosa (Haw.). Imagines of this species, confirmed 
by inspection of the genitalia, were reared from larvae feeding 
on Scutellaria minor L. at Gorton Bay, Isle of Coll (O.S. Grid Ref. 
NM/1753; V.c. 103) on 24.vii.1981. This appears to be a new food- 
plant for this species and currently the most northern record. 

Coleophora hornigi Toll (= violacea Strom). This species 
is quite widespread in Southern Scotland. A case collected off 
ALDER in Methven Wood SSSI, Perthshire (O. S. Grid Ref. NN/ 
0526; V.c.88) on 18.x.1980 produced an imago of this species on 
16.vi.1981. Further cases referable to this species were found on 
ALDER at the Endrick Mouth, Loch Lomond NNR, Dumbarton- 
shire (O.S. Grid Ref. NS/4287; V.c. 99) on 4.x.1981 and on HAZEL 
at Henderland Bank SSSI, Cappercleuch, Peebleshire (O.S. Grid 
Ref. NT/2423, v.c.78). Alder appears to be a new foodplant for 
this species. 

Coleophora genistae Stt. Several early larval cases and two 
later larval cases of this species were found feeding on Genista 
anglica L. on Rannoch Moor NR, Perthshire (O.S. Grid Ref. NN/ 
4155; V.c.88) on 19.ix. 1981. This appears to be only the second 
Scottish locality for this species, previously only known from 
Granish Moor, Inverness-shire (Pelham-Clinton, 1959). 

Coleophora argentula (Stph.). Several larval cases referable to 
this species were found on the dead flowerheads of Achillea mille- 
folium L. at Yellowcraigs NR, East Lothian (O.S. Grid Ref. NT/ 


*35 Charterhall Road, Edinburgh EH9 3HS. 


220 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 


5285; V.c.82) on 27.ix.1981. This appears to be the first Scottish 
record for this species. 

Coleophora sylvaticella Wood. This species appears to be 
widespread at least in Eastern Scotland. It has now been recorded 
from Airhouse Wood SSSI, Hartside, Berwickshire (O.S. Grid Ref. 
NT/4753; V.c.81); Crichton, Midlothian (O.S. Grid Ref. NT/3961; 
V.c.83); Craighall Gorge SSSI, Perthshire (O.S. Grid Ref. NO/1748; 
V.c.89) and Colpy, Aberdeenshire (O. S. Grid Ref. NJ/6334; V.c.93). 

Phalonidia minimana (Car.). Three specimens of this species 
were taken at Blackpool Moss, Whitlaw Mosses SSSI, Selkirkshire 
(O.S. Grid Ref.NT/5129; V.c.79) on 3.vii.1981. Identification was 
confirmed by examination of the genitalia of one of the two male 
specimens — the cornutus being longer than half the length of the 
aedeagus (Razowski, 1970). This is the first authenticated Scottish 
locality for this species; previously recorded from Port Appin, 
Argyllshire (Bradley, Tremewan & Smith, 1973) in error (Pelham- 
Clinton, 1982). 

Aphelia unitana (Hubn.). A second Scottish locality for this 
species is Whitlaw Mosses SSSI, Selkirkshire (O. S. Grid Ref. NT/ 
5129; V.c.79). The species was quite common in both Murder 
Moss and Blackpool Moss on 3.vii.1981. Previously it was only 
known in Scotland from Teviothead, Roxburghshire (Bland, 1980). 


References 


Anon., 1981. 1980 Annual Exhibition. Proc. Trans. Brit. Ent. Nat. 
Hist. Soey 14 (1 /2),.22-33. 
Bland, K. P., 1980. Some new records of lepidoptera from Southern 
Scotland in 1979. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 92 (7/8), 161. 
Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G. & Smith, A., 1973. British Tor- 
tricoid Moths: Cochylidae and Tortricidae; Tortricinae. Ray 
Soc., London. 

Emmet, A. M., 1976. Nepticulidae. In J. Heath, (edit.) The Moths 
and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, 1. 

Pelham-Clinton, E. C., 1959. Microlepidoptera new to Scotland. 
Entomologist’s Record J. Var. 71, 68-71. 

Pelham-Clinton, E.C. 1982. Correction to published records of 
Phalonidia minimana (Caradja). Ent. Gaz., 33: 121. 

Razowski, J., 1970. Cochylidae. In H. G. Amsel, F. Gregor & 
H. Reisser (edits.) Microlepidoptera palaearctica, 3. 


DIORYCTRIA SCHUETZEELLA FUCHS IN JUNE 1982. — On 
the morning of 22nd June a specimen of this moth appeared in my 
m.v. trap, and on 26th and 27th June Mr. B. Goater visited me and 
we tcok several specimens in the spruce plantation in my 
neighbour’s grounds, working with m.v. over a sheet. The species 
has appeared here just a month earlier than last year, when I took 
the first specimens identified as British. — M. W. F. TWEEDIE, 
Barn House, Rye, Sussex. TN31 7PJ. 


FURTHER RECORDS OF PHORIDAE DiI 


PUR TEER RECORDS OF PHORIDAE (DIPTERA) 
FROM COCOONS OF CIMBICIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) 


By A. D. LSTON* 


I have collected a further two Cimbex femoratus (L.) cocoons 
containing 6 and 17 puparia of Megaselia giraudii (Egger) from 
soil under birches, Whitadder Valley, East Lothian, 13.iv.1979. 
2 %¢ emerged on 20.iv.1979 and were determined as M. giraudii 
by Dr. R. H. L. Disney. Also one cocoon of Trichiosoma lucorum 
(L.), contianing 3 old puparia apparently identical with those of 
giraudii, was removed from a birch twig at Hopes Reservoir, East 
Lothian, 5.xii.1979. 

As previously stated (Liston, 1979), the only reason why 
Phoridae do not infest Trichiosoma lucorum to such an extent as 
they do Climbex femoratus appears to be because of the site chosen 
for overwintering. This is in the soil for all Cimbex spp. and some 
Trichiosoma, but the cocoon is spun on a twig of the hostplant 
in T. lucorum and T. tibiale. The remains of any dead Trichiosoma 
euonymphs in their cocoons above ground desiccate easily while 
those of Cimbex in the soil are kept damp and are presumably more 
attractive to female phorids because of the odour given off. Only 
1 Trichiosoma lucorum cocoon containing phorid puparia has 
been found in over 330 examined. Conversely, | have examined only 
about 25 Cimbex cocoons, 3 of which have contained puparia. 

Dr. Disney’s determination of giraudii confirms his earlier 
tentative determination made from puparia. Disney (1979) lists 
numerous rearing of giraudii from insects (chiefly Lepidoptera), 
most of which appear to have been moribund. 


References 


Disney, R. H. L., 1979. Natural History notes on some British 
Phoridae (Diptera) with comments on a changing picture. 
Entomologist’s Gaz., 30: 141-150. 

Liston, A. D., 1979. On Phoridae (Diptera) from Sawfly cocoons 
(Hym.: Symphyta). Ent. Rec., 91: 303-305. 

* 99 Clermiston Road, Edinburgh, EH12 6UU. 

EGGS LAID BY A DECAPITATED MoTH. — A Muslin Moth, 
Diaphora mendica Clerck, which I caught on the Downs near Beachy 
Head, Sussex, on 31st May 1982 was unfortunately decapitated as 
I enclosed it in a box. Arriving home an hour or two later I was 
surprised to find a few eggs had been laid on the box-side where it 
was suspended. More were laid later, on the floor of the box, as I 
watched. Its head was also on the floor. Egg-laying continued for 
two more days; there were two separate groups as well as the few 
on the side. The larvae emerged a few days later and were reared 
on Soft Sowthistle until Ist July when, having to leave home, | 
released them on Seaford Head. — Miss B. A. KNELLER, 9 Ashurst 
Road, Seaford, E. Sussex BN25 1 AH. 


te 
to 
i) 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 


THREE NEW LYCAENID:.BUTTERBLIES 
PROM THE SOUTH WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE 


By €7G.C, DieKSONE ME Sc. 
Nos. 57 - 59 
A new Lepidochrysops Hedicke 


This is a striking, small, blue member of its group, which was 
caught by Messrs. V. L. and E. L. Pringle at Toverwater, a highlying 
locality in the eastern portion of the South Western Cape Province, 
about 46 miles from the coast. The first five, male, specimens 
were captured on 21st November, 1979, and further examples were 
secured on a second visit to the locality in the following year; also 
others still later, in 1981. In the short description hereunder in 
which the butterfly’s salient characters only are given, comparisons 
are made with Lepidochrysops oreas oreas Tite (Entomologist 97: 4, 
figs. 4 — 6 (1964)), to which the present insect shows a fairly close 
relationship and was in fact noted in this paper. 


Lepidochrysops pringlei spec. nov. 


Male. 
The forewings are less produced apically than in Lep. oreas oreas Tite. 


Upperside. 

Compared with L. o. oreas, the ground-colour is of a deeper and richer 
violaceous-blue; there is a broader black distal border to the forewing (some 
2-2.5 mm. in width) and in the hindwing a definite and fairly broad black 
costal border, with some black suffusion extending into at least part of area 6, 
and some broadening of the narrow black distal border. On the latter wing the 
submarginal dark marking in areas 3 is, however, less well developed than in 
L. 0. oreas, or may be hardly apparent in 3-5, but with the black spot in area 
2 always well defined. 


Underside. 

Ground-colour of all wings of a darker (brownish-grey) tone than in 
L. o. oreas and the dark marking in general with finer and rather more clear- 
cut white edging. In the present taxon there is, in the forewing, a distinct, 
dark (narrowly white-edged) elongated marking (representing one of the 
components of the submarginal series) close to the lower angle of the wing 
which, in L. oO. oreas, is filled in (or at least virtually so) with white scaling; 
and this also applies, if rather less consistently, to the corresponding marking 
in the hindwing. In the forewing the dark discal series is distinctly less sinuous, 
in most specimens, than in L. o. oreas — i.e., in the latter taxon, the upper half 
of the series is normally more strongly convex outwardly and the lower half, 
more so inwardly. The components of the series are less prominently white- 
edged, especially outwardly, than in L. o. oreas. The series of sagittate white 
markings occurring postmedially in the hindwing tending as a whole to be a 
little less irregular and often, if not always, being narrower and more sharply 
defined. 

Length of forewing: 15.0 — 18.0 mm. (17.0 mm., in holotype). 

The body and ancillary parts are very similar to those of L. 0. oreas, 
with some of the hairs of the body possibly a little darker. 


*““Blencathra”, Cambridge Avenue, St. Michael’s Estate, Cape Town. 


THREE NEW LYCAENID BUTTERFLIES 22 

&@ Holotype, SOUTH WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Tover- 

water, 21.XI.1979 (E. L. Pringle); British Museum Reg. No. Rh. 
18704. 

Paratype in Coll. British Museum: Zwartberg Pass, 9.X1.1946, 
one 3 (K. M. Pennington). 

Paratypes in author’s collection: data as for holotype, 14.XI. 
1981, one @ (E. L. Pringle). Summit, Zwartberg Pass, 29.X1.1969, 
one @ (C. W. Wykeham). 

Paratypes in Coll. V. L. and E. L. Pringle: as holotype, 21.XI. 
1979, three ¢¢ (V. L. Pringle), one # (E. L. Pringle); 14.XI.1981, 
three oo (E. L. Pringle). 

Paratype in Coll. Transvaal Museum, as holotype, 14.X1.1981, 
one @ (E. L. Pringle). 

Paratypes in Coll. C. W. Wykeham: Summit, Zwartberg Pass 
29.X1.1969, three é¢ (C.W.W.). 

As would have been expected in a closely related taxon of the 
present group, the male genitalia of L. pringlei are very similar as 
regards most of the components to those of L. o. oreas, i.e., if some 
allowance is made for some degree of individual variation in speci- 
mens, especially with respect to the distal end of the valves. As 
discovered in the first place by Dr. C. B. Cottrell, the lateral sclerites 
at the distal end of the aedeagus can provide useful distinguishing 
characters in the various species of Lepidochrysops. After the main 
dorsal “dip” in each lateral sclerite, in L. o. oreas, there is a small, 
distinct bulge, before the final decrease in width at the extreme 
distal end of the sclerite. But in a preparation of the genitalia of L. 
pringlei there has been a smooth dorsal outline towards the extreme 
distal end of each sclerite, without any small, distinct bulge. (The 
lateral sclerites and valves of LZ. o. oreas and closely allied blue 
Lepidochrysops species have been figured and described by Mr. 
G. E. Tite in Entomologist 97: 1—7 (1964)); while the present 
writer has figured and described the male genitalia of L. 0. oreas 
and two related taxa in Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 86 (3): 65-68 
(1974)). In the case of L. pringlei the lateral sclerites have differed 
also from those of a taxon which has been described by the writer 
as a subspecies of L. oreas (op. cit.). 

Toverwater (which can be translated as “bewitched water’’) 
is at the eastern extremity of the Zwartberg Range; and the speci- 
mens concerned were caught ata high altitude. Mr. Victor Pringle, 
who has climbed the mountain on several occasions, sometimes with 
his son Ernest, has referred to the locality, in a letter of 7th Feb- 
ruary, 1982, as follows:— “The range at this point falls away at the 
eastern end where the river and railway line cut through it. The 
north face slopes away steeply in rough broken ground, fairly spar- 
sely covered in short bushes, while the south slope drops sheer in 
places and then falls very steeply to the valley below, and is covered 
in rocks and dense scrub, extremely difficult to penetrate. 

“Only males of this insect were seen. They appear suddenly 
and circle and dash around swiftly, and then disappear as suddenly. 
If not taken quickly the opportunity is lost — they appear to be ex- 
tremely restless, and are very swift in flight.” 


w 


224 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 


As indicated by the data which are included with the descrip- 
tion, this butterfly, regarded at one time as a form of L. oreas 
Tite,, was captured on much earlier occasions on the main portion 
of the Groot Zwartberg — as well, however, as specimens which are 
at least very close to it, and found further westwards, as on the Klein 
Zwartberg, at Seven Weeks Poort. 

The writer has much pleasure in naming this beautiful insect 
after his friends Messrs. V. L. and E. L. Pringle — both of whom 
have added so much, over the years, to our knowledge of the South 
African butterflies. 

Grateful thnaks are due to Dr. L. Vari of the Transvaal Museum 
for his courteous and prompt help in loaning specimens which had 
a bearing on the foregoing study; and to Mr. R. I. Vane-Wright of the 
British Museum (Nat. Hist.) for his most kind assistance with colour- 
photographs of specimens of relevant significance. 


(To be continued) 


A. H. HAWORTH’S ENTOMOLOGICAL ‘“‘PICTURES’’. — Among 
Adrian Hardy Haworth’s many revealing comments about the 
contemporary scene in his Lepidoptera Britannica (London, 1803 
[-28]) is the observation following his account of the “Clifden 
Blue”, adonis, now Lysandra bellargus (Denis and SchiffermUller), 
the Adonis Blue. Haworth wrote that ““Adonis, being by far the most 
lovely of the British Blues, is much sought after by our inferior 
collectors; who make annual and distant pedestrian excursions, 
for the sole purpose of procuring its charming males, to decorate 
their pictures with; a picture, consisting of numerous and _ beau- 
tiful Lepidoptera, ornamentally and regularly disposed, being the 
ultimate object of these assiduous people in the science of Ento- 
mology. These pictures are of various shapes and sizes: I have seen 
some which have contained 500 specimens” (I, 1803, 44-45.) Also 
in the Lepidoptera Britannica, writing about /ssoria lathonia (L.), 
he stated that “my friend Dr. F. Skrimshire [Fenwick Skrimshire 
of Kettering, Northants, a member of Haworth’s third Aurelian 
Society] assures me, he has seen a specimen of it in some picture, 
which was taken many years since in his father’s garden” (I, xxviii.) 

Frames of Lepidoptera, more or less ornamentally disposed, 
were (and still are) used as wall decorations. Many years ago I 
discussed the bellargus passage with the late P. B. M. Allan, who 
remembered seeing decorative frames of butterflies in inns and 
elsewhere during his younger days (he was born in 1884). But 
neither of us knew of entomological “pictures” so old as to be 
from Haworth’s period, and Mr. Allan felt that Haworth had some- 
thing in mind other than the dreary constructions familiar (at 
least by description) to antiquaries. Certainly he was not refer- 
ring to those entomologists who arranged their insects in geometrical 
patterns in the drawers of their cabinets, an eighteenth-century con- 
ceit. Have any readers of the Record encountered English “‘pictures”’, 
especially of such great extent, fitting Haworth’s descriptions? 
— RONALD S. WILKINSON, 228 Ninth Street, N. E., Washington, 
D.C. 20002, U.S.A. 


FLUCTUATIONS IN ABUNDANCE OF COCCINELLIDAE 2 


FLUCTUATIONS IN ABUNDANCE 
OF COCCINELLIDAE 


tO 
nN 


By DENIS F. OWEN* 


Even the casual observer cannot fail to notice that the numbers 
of ladybirds (Coccinellidae) fluctuate markedly in abundance from 
year to year. Yet despite this there seems hitherto no attempt to 
assess the magnitude of such fluctuations over a period of years. 
This paper describes the results of sampling ladybirds in a Malaise 
trap operated continuously for ten consecutive years (1972-1981) 
in a garden in the suburbs of Leicester. 

The garden is 55 years old and is therefore mature and well- 
established. It covers an area of 658 m2 and is situated at the 
corner of a busy road 3.8 km from the centre of the City of Lei- 
cester. Like all gardens it is a mosaic of open spaces and shade and 
contains the rich variety of trees and plants so characteristic of 
i suburban gardens. A fuller description is given in Owen 
1981). 

A Malaise trap is an open-sided tent-like construction of fine 
netting with an internal baffle of netting, supported by poles and 
strings. Flying insects wandering into the trap tend to fly upwards 
on meeting the central baffle and eventually fall into a pot contain- 
ing 70% alcohol at the apex. No attractant is used and so the only 
insects caught are those that enter the trap of their own accord. 
All insects trapped are of course killed but the effect of the trap on 
the garden fauna is negligible because it samples an area of only 
2.6 m2 to a height of 1.1 m. A colour picture of the Malaise trap 
set in Leicester garden is reproduced in Owen (1978). During the 
ten-year period, 4260 ladybirds of eight species were trapped. 


Table 1. Fluctuations in numbers of Coccinellidae caught in a Malaise trap in 
a garden during ten consecutive years. 


1972 1973 1974 1975 1976* 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Total 
A, 2-punctata 168, 324 155,45 424 346, 359 239. 30 129 53 2227, 
A. 10-punctata 4 1 4 S25 20). 3 Il 9 4 85 


C. 7-punctata 4 = It 64, . 86) 35,17 ess 62 S845 
C. 11-punctata 2 = I Us Ye) 12> 2 = = WB 
T. 22-punctata 1 WG le) 3 73 
P. 14-punctata 15 8 8 38 346 160 38 149 29 14 805 
C. 14-guttata 1 1 
C. renipustulatus — -— = — 1 - 1 
Total 194 349 168 714 1419 640 320 197 186 73 4260 


* These figures are slightly higher than those given in Owen (1976b), an article 
published just before the 1976 season was over. 


During the first three years (1972-1974) the weather was not 
unusual, but in the summer of 1975, particularly in the first two 
weeks of August, it was unusually hot and sunny and rainfall was 


*66 Scraptoff Lane, Leicester LES 1HU. 


226 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.XI.82 


scarce. Then in 1976 there was a severe summer drought, probably 
the most spectacular for about 250 years. By mid-August the land 
was parched and brown, the grass had stopped growing, and the 
patch-work quilt of many coloured fields, so typical of the English 
countryside, faded to a uniform pale brown. “Plagues” of lady- 
birds were reported the length and breadth of the country (Owen 
1976a). The summers of 1977-1981 saw a return to the kind of 
weather experienced in 1972-1974, but the effect of the 1975- 
1976 weather on the insect fauna of the garden did not entirely 
disappear until 1980. 

What happened to ladybirds in each of the ten years is sum- 
marized in Table 1. As shown, there were conspicuous year to year 
fluctuations in abundance of the six common species (two species 
appeared once only). In the best year (1976) about twenty times as 
many ladybirds were trapped as in the worst year (1981), but each 
species fluctuated in abundance in a different way, as detailed 
below. 


Adalia 2-punctata (L.) 

This is the common garden ladybird in most places in England. 
In the Leicester garden larvae and adults feed on aphids associated 
with woody shrubs and trees. After hibernating the adults appear 
on the first warm days in March, mate and lay eggs in May and 
June, and produce a new generation of adults from July onwards. 
As shown in Table 1, A. 2-punctata was the commonest species in 
each year except 1976 when C. 7-punctata and P. 14-punctata 
became particularly abundant, and 1979 when the population col- 
lapsed. 


Table 2. Monthly occurrence of Adalia 2-punctata in the Malaise trap, 


1972-1981. 

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 
ls 2 28 18 42 69 9 
Ie 19 Y2 163 58 11 1 ~ 
1974 3 26 45 28 43 9 1 
OTS Ne DD: iil! 147 82 34 13 
1976 5 39 106 162 23 6 5 
STG, 1 is 39 68 102 66 8 
1978 4 Vit} WT 28 6 3 
1979 - 4 8 4 10 + — 
1980 8 47 49 20 4 1 - 
1981 1 11 6 3 21 6 5 
Total 56 437 624 560 371 144 35) 


Table 2 shows the monthly occurrence of A. 2-punctata in the 
Malaise trap. Those taken in April-June were almost all hibernated 
individuals from the previous year (in some years, notably 1976, 
a few freshly emerged adults appeared in late June), while those 


FLUCTUATIONS IN ABUNDANCE OF COCCINELLIDAE 227 


taken in July-October were mainly the new generation (with a few 
hibernated individuals lingering on into early July in some years). 
Overall, hibernated ladybirds were slightly more abundant (N = 
1117) than the new generation (N=1110), but there are striking 
differences between years. Thus in 1973, 1978 and 1980 the May- 
June peak in abundance was followed by a decline in numbers 
in July-October, while in 1972, 1975, 1976, 1977 and (less 
obviously) in 1974 the May-June peak was followed by an increase 
in numbers in July-October. In 1979 and 1981 too few were trap- 
ped for any trend to be detectable. Evidently, then, in some years 
breeding in the garden is less successful and relatively fewer of the 
next generation are produced than in other years. Alternatively, 
a substantial proportion of those produced move away quickly and 
are not trapped. It is also possible, particularly in 1975 and 1976, 
that some A. 2-punctata moved into the garden in July and August 
to swell the resident population. 


Adalia 10-punctata (L.) 

The ecological requirements of this species appear to be similar 
to those of A. 2-punctata. It is not known to have bred in the garden 
but probably does so, at least occasionally. The adults were often 
seen feeding on the same clusters of aphids as the adults of A. 
2-punctata. A few were recorded hibernating in dense vegetation. 
A. 10-punctata appeared every year in numbers ranging from one to 
25 (Table 1). Records were scattered throughout each summer and 
even in 1976, the best year, there was no obvious evidence of an 
influx. 


Coccinella 7-punctata L. 

This is the common large ladybird which around Leicester 
feeds on aphids associated with low-growing, herbaceous vegetation, 
especially field crops. It is the one most often reported as “migra- 
tory” (Williams 1958), but whether it isa true migrant is a matter 
for conjecture. More likely it periodically irrupts and undertakes 
mass movements. 


Table 3. Monthly occurrence of Coccinella 7-punctata in the Malaise trap, 


1975-1981. 

Apt May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 
1975 1 — — - 95 20 5 
1976 1 18 4 321 173 38 9 
1977 1 49 11 4 2 14 5 
1978 1 24 1 ~ 1 = —- 
1979 — — = — — 17 — 
1980 10 5 1 ] 1 ~ — 
1981 — 2 - - -- — - 


Four were recorded in the trap in 1972 but none in 1973 and 
1974, although one was seen in the garden in late March 1974, 
suggesting successful overwintering. The sudden appearance of large 
numbers in 1975 and especially in 1976, followed by a gradual 


228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 


decline until 1981 is strikingly different from the annual fluctua- 
tions in numbers of A. 2-punctata. 

Table 3 shows the monthly occurrence of C. 7-punctata from 
1975 onwards. One was recorded in April 1975, none in May-July, 
and then suddenly 95 in August, mainly in the first two weeks, with 
a further 25 in September and October. In August C. 7-punctata 
was extremely common in the garden, but no larvae or pupae had 
been found earlier in the season, strongly suggesting a movement 
into the garden from surrounding fields where, I think, the aphid 
food supply had failed. Substantial numbers remained all winter 
and were active whenever the weather was mild. Overwintered in- 
dividuals were trapped in April-June 1976, and enormous numbers 
were found all over the garden mating and laying eggs. Subsequently 
larvae and pupae were found on herbaceous plants, providing the 
first positive breeding records. In July and August, at the height 
of the drought, adults became extremely abundant everywhere. 
In these two months C. 7-punctata was nearly twice as abundant 
in the trap as A. 2-punctata . Many overwintered and 61 were 
trapped in April-June 1977; thereafter numbers fell, despite success- 
ful breeding, and the species was less common in April-June 1978, 
and rare in July-October of that year. By the spring of 1979 there 
were few about and none was trapped until September when there 
was a considerable movement into the garden. This was followed 
by many overwintering, their reappearance in April-June 1980, 
but few records subsequently. 

The events of early August 1975 thus started a chain reaction 
whose effect did not really disappear until the summer of 1980. 
This ladybird has bred in the garden every year since 1976 until 
1981 when it disappeared as a breeding species. 

(To be continued) 

CARPOPHILUS MARGINELLUS MOTSCH. (COL., NITIDULINAE ) 
OUT-OF-DOORS IN SUFFOLK. — On 1 June, 1978, I found a single 
specimen of Carpophilus marginellus resting on low saltmarsh 
vegetation at Sutton, near Woodbridge, Suffolk (TM 2748). Mr. 
A. A. Allen in summarising the British out-of-doors records of this 
beetle (1958, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 94: 70) suggested that its 
occurrence in the wild was probably limited to the vicinity of stacks, 
dumps or other man-made habitats where extra heat from fer- 
mentation was available — cf. also subsequent records from Berks. 
(Woodroffe, G., 1969, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 105: 192) and 
Wilts. (Nash, D., 1976, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 111 (1975) : 50). 
Although the Suffolk specimen may have been a straggler from such 
a habitat, there is a strong possibility that the beetle could have 
bred in the decaying, undisturbed tidal refuse which littered the 
area, and which would also have been able to provide the extra 
heat for out-of-doors development. Despite much sieving of the 
latter, no further examples were discovered. 

I thank Mr. A. A. Allen for confirming my determination of the 
specimen. — D. R. NASH, 266, Colchester Road, Lawford, Essex, 
CO11 2BU. 


FURTHER NOTABLE DIPTERA FROM WINDSOR FOREST 229 


FURTHER NOTABLE DIPTERA 
FROM WINDSOR FOREST 


By A.A. ALLEN, 'B.Sc., A-R.C:S.* 
(Continued from page 194) 
DOLICHOPODIDAE 


(Ten or more species of Dolichopus, with others of the family, 
can be taken by sweeping the lakeside vegetation at. Virginia Water.) 


Hercostomus assimilis Staeg. — One, Virginia Water, vii.72; 
an uncommon species which I have taken also in N.W. Kent. 
Hercostomus chalybeus Wied. — At the same place, scarce 


and apparently extremely local, vii-viii. 72. I have found it nowhere 
else. Fonseca (1978) cited this record and one from Old Windsor 
Wood (taken by Chandler, 16.vii.67) among 14 known localities. 

Hercostomus chrysozygos Wied. — Two males of this very 
local species (easily recognized in that sex) by sweeping in a fire- 
break near Badger’s Brook in the Forest, 24.vii.71. 

Medetera ambigua Zett. — Two males onthe butt-end of a well 
weathered portion of large old chestnut trunk left lying on the edge 
of a cleared part of the South Forest, along with two females of 
M. impigra Coll. (not scarce in the area), 24.vii.71. M. ambigua is 
another uncommon species taken by me in N.W. Kent (one only). 

Achalcus melanotrichus Mik. — An example emerged from 
mould out of an elm stump at H. Hill, 21.vi.71. Not as rare as 
generally supposed, if sought in the right situations. 


PIPUNCULIDAE 


Verrallia beatricis Coe. — A female swept a little way inside 
the forest at H. Hill with 2 ? V. villosa v. Ros. (aclose ally), 8.vi.71. 
The differences were very clear — the beatricis agreeing perfectly 
witha ? from my Blackheath garden. 


SYRPHIDAE 


Didea fasciata Mcq. — A , only the second individual I have 
met with of this conspicuous and uncommon genus, was caught at 
elder blossom, with an Epistrophe grossulariae Mg., at the edge of 
the forest at H. Hill, 17.vi.71. Recorded by Chandler (1971) who 
tells me that it occurs regularly in small numbers in May and June 
at El pall 

(Epistrophe diaphana Zett.) — Recaptured in the Forest on 
17.vii.71 — a 2 Visiting hogweed flowers near Badger’s Brook. One 
previously in 1940 (Allen, 1965). 


Leucozona glaucia L. — My sole encounter with the species 
hitherto was on 24.vii.71 — a pair caught at the same spot and in 
the same way as the last. Taken in the Forest by C. O. Hammond 


*49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


230 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 
(Chandler, 1971). Like Bibio pomonae it is common in the north 
and west but very local in the south-east. 

Leucozona laternaria Mull. — Far more general than glaucia 
although found singly as a rule, and mentioned here as Chandler 
gives no Windsor record. It occurred to us in both the Park and the 
Forest on umbels of Heracleum. 


Melangyna guttata Fall. — A male of this rather rare hover-fly 
on hedge-parsley flowers, H. Hill, 3.vi.71. 
Parasyrphus lineola Zett. — At flowers of bramble and stitch- 


wort in June and July; apparently widespread but somewhat scarce, 
mostly in the Forest but also in the Park. I have not found it 
elsewhere. 

Cheilosia soror Zett. and C. scutellata Fall. — Single males of 
both species in the Forest, June 1940, not determined at the time 
of writing my earlier paper. As Mr. Chandler remarks, many more 
species of this genus than have yet been found must occur, including 
such common ones as vernalis Fall. and impressa Lw. 

(Eumerus ornatus Mg.). — A second specimen ( ) of this 
decidedly infrequent species was netted by G. S. near the “Xylota 
clump’ (see below under X. tarda) at H. Hill, 17.vii.71, only a short 
distance from where I took the first in 1940 (Allen, 1965); like that 
one, it was settled on bare ground. 

Chrysogaster macquarti Lw. — A few examples of this very 
local fly occurred on the lakeside at Virginia Water in July 
1972 unaccompanied by any of the commoner members of the 
genus. 

Orthoneura nobilis Fall. — Two or three on massed flowers 
of what may have been Cotoneaster watereri (covered with bees 
etc.) in the Park, I.vii.72. 

Parhelophilus frutetorum F. — In small numbers in company 
with the last; both must have come from some marshy place or 
ditch in the vicinity. 

Anasimyia lineata F. — Rather common by the lake at Virginia 
Water. Not recorded by Chandler. 

Mallota cimbiciformis Fall. — G.S. believed he saw one in the 
Park at the place for P. frutetorum above (same date), and another 
(which I too saw) on a wild rose in the Forest near Badger’s Bridge 
(late July).* 

Brachyopa pilosa Coll. — Males on sappy beech stumps in the 
latter area and one from hawthorn bloom, female swept from 
birch rather high up (all late May); both sexes from small sappy 
oak stump in the South Forest, June: males always prevalent. 
B. bicolor Fall., which I took in the Park in 1968 (Allen, 1968) 
did not recur, but Mr. Chandler took aco at H. Hill, 1.vi.80, on a 
decaying beech with B. pilosa. 

Brachyopa scutellaris Dsv. — Our most widespread species, 
but it turned up once only (o, 3.vi.71, at H. Hill on fallen beech); 
I have taken but one other, in my old garden at Blackheath. B. 
* On a recent visit to the Park (20.vi.82) Prof. J. A. Owen drew my attention 


to a fly on a hogweed umbel in the area referred to above under Brachy- 
palpus which, duly netted, proved to bea fine Mallota. 


FURTHER NOTABLE DIPTERA FROM WINDSOR FOREST 231 


insensilis Coll. seems far more frequent, and we found it at H. Hill 
on a sapping elm (its usual botope). B. scutellaris, however, is 
not confined to old woods as pilosa and bicolor tend to be, and 
Mr. Chandler informs me that he has found it at localities in 10 
counties. 

Xylota tarda Mg. — A scarce species in southern England 
and not known from the Forest, until I caught a male at H. Hill 
on or about rhododendron foliage, 17.vi.71. (We noticed that flies 
of this genus seemed uninterested in the flowers, but liked to bask 
on the leaves mostly low down, above all on one particular clump 
at H. Hill next to a large prostrate beech trunk, when lit by 
the afternoon sun.) I was on the point of rejecting the tarda as 
only an undersized segnis L. (the commonest species), but luckily 
thought better of it. On that memorable occasion, we took, jointly, 
all the then known British Xylotae within the space of an hour or 
two. 

(Xylota xanthocnema Coll.) — This, along with X. florum, 
was to us the least frequent species in the locality after tarda. GS. 
captured several, including a % at the aforesaid rhododendron 
clump (4.vii.71), as well as a @ on 17.vi, and I netted a there on 
17.vii. The spot is near where my two original males were caught 
(Allen, 1965). 

(Xylota sylvarum L.) — Not nearly as common in the area as 
either segnis or nemorum. Ac settled on a beech trunk in the Park, 
24th Sept. 1980, is perhaps worth noting because of the date. 

(Xylota lenta Mg.). — Not found by us outside the special 
station at H. Hill where males were not uncommon in June 1971, 
also occurring singly deep in the shady-forest about beech timber, 
but for a week or two in that year only. I saw no female at any 
time. 

(Xylota nemorum F.). — This proved common throughout 
the Forest (we did not definitely see it in the Park, except in the 
woods at Virginia Water), chiefly affecting stacks of cut beech 
boughs (oak rather less) as well as logs and stumps, and was much 
less in evidence on foliage — unlike the next two, etc. 

Xylota abiens Mg. — More widespread than several of the 
species, occurring sporadically in the Park (¢ , beech stump) and at 
Virginia Water (? , swept by the lake), but as with /enta etc. its 
headquarters seemed to be on the edge of the forest at H. Hill; 
males not rare in early June, sunning on low foliage of rhododen- 
dron. 

Xylota florum F. — Very local and scarce as a rule, but a good 
locality for it was discovered by G. S. near Badger’s Brook, where 
he took several males on 17.vi.71 and a few more on later dates, 
some on umbels of hogweed, others low on sunlit alder foliage; I 
netted one from the latter on 17th July, and another male from 
thododendron foliage some distance away near H. Hill, 17.vi.72. 
The two specimens referred to florum in my 1965 paper were mis- 
determined, careful re-examination showing them both to be abiens 
(the small? perhaps abnormal); the former species is thus in fact an 


232 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 


addition. (Vote: in this genus, females are normally much less in 
evidence than males.) 

(Brachypalpus laphriformis Fall. (bimaculatus Mcq.). — On 
21st May, 1972, one was boxed by G.S. as it emerged from under 
loose bark high up on an oak trunk which he was working with the 
aid of a ladder, in an area of the Park lying to the north of the main 
Ascot road. On 2nd June, not far from this spot, we came upon a 
very few more (all males, I think) flying about and settling on the 
ground near a large old hulk of oak and low on the trunk of a 
beech nearby. They were not easily caught and we secured one 
each. (My 1940 specimen, wrongly recorded as a? , was in fact a 


(Caliprobola speciosa Rossi). — Somewhat erratic and apparen- 
tly localized, rare in 1971, much more frequent in the next two 
years. In the forest at H. Hill, ( which we often visited), only one 
was seen, about an elm stump in early evening, 3.vi.71; but on 
2.vi.72, in the Park, at the second spot mentioned under the last 
entry, we found it not very uncommon, then and on various later 
occasions that year and the next; though once or twice it failed to 
appear when conditions seemed right. Its habits here were precisely 
those of Brachypalpus, but it extended over a wider area which 
took in a large blown-down beech some distance away, in the high 
broken-off stump of which it was undoubtedly breeding. Most 
often these splendid flies settled on the ground, less often on the 
trunks etc., occasionally on nearby tree foliage; they only showed 
themselves in sunshine. Finally, one was seen to alight upon an 
oak stump in another more wooded part of the Park near Union 
Gate, 6.vi.73. Unlike most of those caught at may blossom in 
1940, all captured specimens were males in perfect order, with the 
following exception. 

On 3.vi.73, G.S. witnessed the oviposition-behaviour of a female 
at the broken-off beech already referred to, my note of which is 
worth quoting: — “The fly appeared hovering in the hollow of the 
trunk, settled on the surface of the wood-mould that half filled it, 
and quickly buried itself, scraping away the loose particles with its 
feet and almost disappearing from view after a few moments. In 
about half a minute it reappeared and flew straight up into the net 
placed over it.” The remarkable feature of this observation is surely 
the rapidity with which the whole process was completed (assuming 
that an egg or eggs had actually been laid). 

Criorhina asilica Fall. — We had the pleasure of meeting with 
this for the first time at H. Hill on 3.vi.71 (though already found 
by C. O. Hammond), each obtaining two — mine are both males. 
Except for one netted by G. S. a little inside the forest about an 
elm stump filled with wood-mould, they were flying around and 
alighting on flowers of rhododendron fairly high up at the forest 
edge. Curiously, we never for certain saw the species again, which 
seems nearly as scarce in the area as C. ranunculi Panz. Like B. 
laphriformis it is a good honey-bee mimic. 


(To be continued) 


THE NORTHERN RUSTIC: STANDFUSSIANA LUCERNEA — 233 


THE NORTHERN RUSTIC: STANDFUSSIANA 
LUCERNEA (LINN.) (LEPIDOPTERA, 
NOCTUIDAE) IN LANCASHIRE. 


By E. G. HANCOCK * 


Barrett (1896) tells us that the Northern Rustic, Standfussiana 
lucernea (Linn.), is said to be rare in Lancashire; South (1920) 
merely repeats this statement. Having examined the records avail- 
able it does appear to be rather infrequently referred to in a Lan- 
cashire context. This would be especially so now that Furness and 
a considerable part of the west pennine moors have been removed 
to other political entities. Since the evidence for a discussion of the 
status of S. lucernea as a Lancashire insect would almost entirely 
disappear under the new definition of the county it is decided to 
retain, mentally at least, the older boundaries. This is further rein- 
forced by the fact that only one of the records is post 1974 (the 
date of local government reorganisation). 

The preferred habitat and behaviour of Jucernea is described 
by Goater in some detail (in Heath and Emmet, 1979). There are 
few sea cliffs on the Lancashire coast and in any case there are no 
records of lucernea from those that do exist. Inland, however, 
there are numerous natural and quarried rocky areas in the mill- 
stone grit of the pennine moors and limestone in north Lancashire. 
Here the data indicate that these areas are indeed those which 
support populations of the moth. 

What prompted me to look at this species was the finding of 
a male example in a portable mercury vapour light trap in my own 
back yard on the night of the 14 July 1981, Astley Bridge, Bolton 
(NGR: SD 792118). This is a literal statement. The reason for the 
trap being set in the yard rather than the garden is another story. 
The house is less than half a mile from moorlands and extensive 
stone quarries on the north side of Bolton. 

In the north west as a whole, the Lake District is an obvious 
place to find the Northern Rustic although it appears not to be as 
densely recorded as in North Wales. The only other specimen | 
have taken personally was at light at Ulverston, in Furness (SD 
290788), 20 August 1968. The pennines which are represented 
by western extensions into Lancashire of the moors around the 
north and east of Manchester, Blackburn and Burnley are also 
likely to yield this species. This is obvious from the evidence of the 
more frequent records from the Yorkshire side in the area of Halifax, 
Huddersfield and Ilkley, for example. 

So it is to the local literature that one must turn for records and 
after that the examination of public and private collections, fol- 
lowed by verbal contact. The county list of Lepidoptera (Mansbridge, 
1923 & 1940) with an update (Smith, 1955) give Catlow, near 
Nelson (SD 88-36-) as a locality where it is not uncommon, recorded 
* Bolton Museum & Art Gallery, Le Mans Crescent, Bolton, Greater 

Manchester, BL1 1SA. 


234 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 


by Allan Brindle of Manchester Museum. Albert E. Wright found 
one “at Burnley” in 1918. Mr. Stuart Coxey, a Bolton collector, 
sent a record from the ‘“‘Bolton Mosses’’. This he tells me (in Jitt. 
30 Oct 1981) was a misprint for “moors” and is referable to a speci- 
men in his collection dated 22 July 1951. It was caught at Horrocks 
Fold where the aforementioned quarries near my own residence 
are found. J. W. Baldwin, another Bolton naturalist, recorded it 
at Turton Toppings in Bolton (SD 72-13-) which is also less than a 
mile from these quarries. No date is given for this record but it 
is at least before 1875. Baldwin was primarily a conchologist and 
his collection came to the museum in Bolton. Although I have 
identified some microlepidoptera as having been collected by him 
there are no examples of S. lucernea in the museum from any 
source until the Astley Bridge specimen in 1981. 

The Nelson locality is repeated by Woods (1968) and it still 
occurred in a quarry there at that time. The only other modern 
record is represented by a post-1960 solid dot on the distribution 
map given in Heath & Emmet, 1979. This is for the square SJ79 
which covers the low lying land around Salford and would appear 
to be unlikely area for this species. If the record is not in error then 
the western part of this ten kilometre square includes the remains of 
some of the famous south Lancashire mosses, Chat and Carrington, 
where it is conceivable the moth may breed. John Heath informs me 
(in litt. 26 Aug. 1981) that another record had been sent in to the 
Biological Records Centre at Monkswood for the square SD60. | 
have traced this record to Mr. Tim Melling of Bolton, a keen amateur 
collector now studying at Newcastle-upon-Tyne University. He 
generated the record on the basis of a manuscript note by another 
collector, Mr. Priddy of Westhoughton. It was only when Tim ob- 
tained this man’s collection and was able to examine it closely that 
the record proved to be unfounded. It was based on a worn example 
of the variable Dotted Clay, Xestia baja D. & S. Another manu- 
script, a list of the lepidoptera of Bolton by Mr. S. Reade of the 
Bolton Field Naturalists’ Society compiled in 1930, does not record 
the Northern Rustic. 

Various friends and colleagues in the north west have provided 
negative information following a request for recent records. It 
remains to say that I saw one flying in a classic manner in suitable 
habitat at Tockholes, near Darwen (SD 6620) on 27 August 1981. 
The evidence appears to indicate that the Northern Rustic is not 
widespread but occurs irregularly in its preferred habitat and is 
probably under-recorded. Skidmore (1964) states that the fauna 
of moorland is unstable with some insects continually disappearing 
to be replaced by others, or the same species turning up again after 
a lapse of some years. S. lucernea is selected as an example of this 
phenomenon, among other lepidopterans. The records from the 
Bolton moorland localities would seem to support this theory al- 
thought there has not been continuous local recording over the last 
thirty or forty years in sufficient detail to be sure of this. 

The national distribution of Jucernea is slightly odd. It is 
recorded from high ground inland in the pennines, Lake District 


THE NORTHERN RUSTIC: STANDFUSSIANA LUCERNEA 235 


and Wales. Elsewhere it appears to be restricted to coastal areas. 
This leaves huge tracts of apparently suitable high ground for this 
species such as in Scotland, Ireland and the south west of England 
from which it is absent. Is this a genuine absence and if so for what 
reasons? 


References 


Barrett, C. G. 1896. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands, 3: 391. 

Heath, J. and Emmet, A. M., editors, 1979. The Moths and Butterflies 
of Great Britain and Ireland, 9: 155. 

Mansbridge, W. 1923. The Lepidopterous Fauna of Lancashire & 
Cheshire, 45th/46th Ann. Reports & Proceedings Lancs. & Ches- 
hire Entomological Society, 90. 

Mansbridge, W. 1940. Supplementary list of the Lepidoptera of 
Lancashire & Cheshire, ibid. (61st-63rd Reports), 254. 

Skidmore, P. 1964. Some aspects of the entomological fauna of a 
Lancashire Moore, 59th - 61st Ann. Reports, Proceedings and 
Transactions of the Manchester Entomological Society, 19-25. 

Smith, S. G. 1955. Records of Butterflies & Moths found in the 
counties of Lancashire & Cheshire, 77th - 78th Ann. Reports & 
Proc. Lancs. & Cheshire Ent. Soc., 42. 

South, R. 1920. The Moths of the British Isles, 1: 213. 

Woods, G. F. 1968. Moths & Butterflies in Caul, R. (editor) The 
Natural History of the Burnley Area, 103. 


_ 

MARGARET FOUNTAINE: THE FATE OF MANY OF HER 
BOOKS AND SOME OF HER NOTES. — _ In her Will in 1940, 
Margaret Fountaine bequeathed many of her books and some of 
her notes to ‘the youngest member of the Royal Entomological 
Society’. At that time, this turned out to be a young American, 
a Mr. J. Dennis Cowper, who returned to the States presumably 
with much of the background to Margaret Fountaine. His last known 
address is in Los Angeles, but we have learned that the building has 
now been demolished. 

We should much like to know of the whereabouts of this 
valuable collection of books and papers, and request anyone with 
information to write to: The Editor, Entomologist’s Record, 
1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent BR4 9LG, England. 


THE SILVER-SPOTTED SKIPPER: HESPERIA COMMA L., A 
NEW LOCALITY NEAR EASTBOURNE. —_ On the 21st August 
1982, I was pleased to note a single female example of this scarce 
butterfly on the edge of the South Downs near Eastbourne. To 
my knowledge this is the first time the species has been recorded 
at this site which seems ideal for the insect. — M. PARSONS, The 
Forge, Russells Green, Ninfield, Battle, E. Sussex. 


A NEW FOODPLANT FOR SYNTARUCUS PIRITHOUS L. 
— A single female S. pirithous, observed in the wild on Spetses 
island, Greece, in late August 1982, was seen laying eggs singly on 
the flower buds of an ornamental climbing Jasminum plant. I believe 
this to be an as yet unrecorded foodplant for this butterfly. — 
J. G. COUTSIS, 4 Glykonos Street, Athens 139, Greece. 


236 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 
TREASURER’S NOTICE 


It is with regret that I have to report that the Record has been 
running at a loss for much of this year, and that a rise in subscrip- 
tions will be necessary as from the beginning of Volume 95 (1983). 
In the coming year, we can expect printing costs to rise at least in 
accordance with the rate of inflation, and there is also the possibility 
of increased postal charges. To make matters worse, the decline in 
interest rates will reduce the income from our deposit account. It 
has therefore been decided that the subscription rates for next 
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differential is due partly to postage and partly to the high cost of 
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In order to minimise costs, | make two requests. First, please 
pay on or before January Ist — the printers are normally paid before 
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if you decide not to renew your subscription, please let me know 
in good time, as this saves the expense of sending out reminders. 


P. J. JOHNSON, Hon. Treasurer. 


Notes and Observations 


FLIGHT TIME OF RINGLET: APHANTOPUS HYPERANTUS L. 
IN SCOTLAND. ~— Over the last five years butterfly numbers have 
been assessed at two NNR’s in east Fife, Scotland using the method 
described by Pollard (1977). Records were obtained for Tentsmuir 
Point from 1978 onwards and Morton Lochs from 1979 onwards. 
These show interesting differences in the flying time of Ringlet 
between the two sites. 


Year 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 
Morton Lochs: 

Annual population index $27 701 609 899 
Flight time (weeks) 9 9 9 10 
Tentsmuir Point: 


Annual population index 2 49 174 184 SV/?2 
Flight time (weeks) 4 6 7 7 8 


Table 1. Observed flight time (in weeks) in relation population size at Morton 
Lochs and Tentsmuir Point, Fife. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS rai 


At Morton Lochs the Ringlet has emerged between 18th and 
28th June during the last five years. First emergence is about a week 
and a half later at Tentsmuir Point. Table 1. shows that although 
the annual population index obtained from the transect results has 
varied at Morton the flying period has varied little. In contrast 
at Tentsmuir where the local population was believed to be severely 
reduced by drought in 1976, the flight period has extended as the 
total number in the population has risen. The ten week flying time 
observed at Morton this year probably represents the maximum for 
Scotland since east Fife enjoys the highest recorded sunshine in the 
country. The emergence times reported here are within the range 
given by Thomson (1980). The flight period given by him, however, 
is only about one month. The above results suggest that the ob- 
served flight period is directly proportional to population size. — 
References: Thomson, G. 1980. The Butterflies of Scotland, Croom 

Helm, London. 

Pollard, E. 1977. A method for assessing changes in the abundance 
of butterflies. Biol Cons. 12, 115-134. — P. K. KINNEAR, 
11 Hillview Road, Balmullo, St Andrews, Fife KY16 ODE 


AN ITALIAN BUTTERFLY POSTER. — _ I have just returned 
from a visit to Italy (alas not a collecting trip), and I was amused 
to see in Cremona a poster with some white butterflies of uncertain 
genus and writing “A clean city brings butterflies”, which seemed 
to me a non sequitur! — Canon PETER HAWKER, St. Botolph’s 
Vicarage, 84 Little Bargate Street, Lincoln LN5 8JL, 26.viii.82. 


THE CONVOLVULUS HAWKMOTH AND CLOUDED YELLOW 
IN SOUTH DEVON. — On August 31 a large female Agrius con- 
volvuli L. was found in my m.v. trap here following a cold moonlight 
night. And at Slapton Sands, two Colias croceus Geof. were seen 
on August 12 and one on August 19. — H. L. O’HEFFERNAN, 
24 Green Park Way, Chillington, Kingsbridge, S. Devon. 


THE CLOUDED YELLOW: COLIAS CROCEUS GEOF., AUTUMN 
1982. — Whilst walking along Carlyon Bay, Cornwall (SX 060522 
on the morning of 10th September 1982 in dull weather conditions 
a C. croceus flew up in front of me, it settled about 30yds. away 
which enabled me to confirm the identification. — A. J. BALDWIN, 
33 Defoe Avenue, Kew Gardens, Surrey. 


RHYACIA SIMULANS HUFNAGEL: DOTTED RUSTIC _ IN 
LINCOLNSHIRE. — Back in July 1980 I took a specimen of this 
species in my Robinson trap at home. This was the first record for 
the county of this central and southern moth. This year I have taken 
a total of five examples in and around Lincoln, which suggests 
that the species is established. Only one of these was at light. The 
others were found by day, actively fluttering in vegetation. The first 
was taken on 26th June and the last on 29th July. It would be 
interesting to hear more of the spread of this insect, which seems 
to be undergoing a population explosion, judging by other accounts 
in the Record. — M. TOWNSEND, 8 Cornwall House, Ravendale 
Drive, Lincoln, 22.ix.82. 


238 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 


THE LUNAR THORN : SELENIA LUNARIA D. & S. IN EAST 
SUSSEX. — _ A fine male specimen of this species appeared in the 
home run MV light trap on the 23rd July. This example seemed 
smaller and richer in colour than most other examples I have seen 
and presumably represents a second generation moth. — M. PAR- 
SONS, The Forge, Russells Green, Ninfield, Battle, E. Sussex. 

BUCCULATRIX CIDARELLA ZELLER ON MYRICA GALE IN 
ENGLAND. — On the 3rd of September, 1982, in the company 
of Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton, Dr. J. D. Bradley and Dr J. R. Lang- 
maid, I found B. cidarella feeding in some plenty on bog myrtle 
(Myrica gale) on the Arne National Nature Reserve, Dorset. Alder 
(Alnus glutinosa), the usual foodplant, was nowhere in sight, but 
the warden of the reserve told us that it occurred plentifully about 
half a mile away. 

This is the first record of B. cidarella feeding on bog myrtle 
in England, the previous records having been made from north- 
west Wales and south-west Ireland. In most places where alder and 
bog myrtle occur together B. cidarella is confined to the former; 
when, however, it does accept the latter, it abounds on it. Hitherto 
it has proved immune from parasitisation when feeding on bog 
myrtle and this may be the explanation for the success of such 
colonies. — A. M. EMMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, 
Saffron Walden, Essex, CB11 3AF. 


THE HIGH BROWN FRITILLARY: ARGYNNIS ADIPPE D. & S. IN 
S. CUMBRIA. —_ It was satisfying to find good numbers of this 
species during the 1982 season in one of its strong but geographical- 
ly isolated colonies in South Cumbria. The site, undisturbed light 
scrub and woodland on limestone, is extensive and at the height of 
its flying season in July and early August this year, this was the most 
prominent and probably abundant butterfly. This supposition was 
backed up by regular transect counts where numbers were similar to 
the Small Pearl Bordered Fritillary and to associated grassland 
species such as Common Blue and Meadow Brown. Netting and 
release of specimens taken at random showed it to outnumber the 
Dark Green Fritillary by about 10/1. 

At a time when the apparent national trend is for a decline in 
the species, the present relative abundance is encouraging and it 
is hoped this butterfly will continue to thrive in this locality. — 
M. J. Y. FOLEY, 87 Ribchester Road, Clayton-le-Dale, Blackburn, 
Lancs. 

PARARGE AEGERIA L. (SPECKLED WOOD) FEEDING ON 
DAMAGED APPLE. — For the most part the speckled wood butter- 
flies visiting my Dartford garden this year behaved typically, flitting 
above in partially shaded situations, and on the flower border merely 
settled upon the leaves for brief intervals despite the profusion of 
flowers. However, on August 29th 1982, I noticed a specimen 
feeding upon a bird and wasp-damaged Laxton’s Fortune apple 
hanging in a shaded position about six feet from the ground. On 
several occasions it left the fruit only to return after a short inter- 
val, and on each occasion was seen clearly to be feeding. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 239 

I think this occurrence unusual enough to warrant reporting, 
for the few references I have found of P. aegeria visiting fruit relate 
to blackberries, although actual feeding was not specifically men- 
tioned, and to a plum where imbibing was noted (Bolingbroke, 
Ent. Rec. 65, 291). 

In the entomological journals I have found numerous references 
to P. aegeria on the Continent, but no mention of it feeding; is this 
species seen imbibing from flowers and fruit there as infrequently as 
its subspecies in the British Isles? — B. K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, 
Bexley, Kent. 

THE FIRST RECORDING OF TRICHOPLUSIA NI HBN. IN 
WARWICKSHIRE. — The first known recording of this rare migrant 
moth for Warwickshire, is of one taken by Mr. R. Thomas in his 
m.v. trap, at Hartshill Hayes in the north of the County on i8th 
September 1982. A second specimen occurred in my garden trap 
the following day, followed by another on 20th September. Mr. 
Roy Allen also recorded one in his garden trap at Marton on 20th 
September. 

Other notable 1982 Warwickshire migrants recorded at Charle- 
cote are as follows: 8th July and 21st August, Spodoptera exigua 
Hbn. (A. Gardner). 29th and 31st July, Eurois occulta L. (A. Gard- 
ner). 17th (2), 18th and 19th September, S. exiguwa (D. Brown). 
19th September, Macroglossum stellatarum L. (A. Gardner). 20th 
September, Agrius convolvuli L. (A. Gardner). 23rd and 27th 
September, Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. (D. Brown and A. Gardner). 
2nd October, Orthonama obstipata F. (D. Brown). — D. C. G. 
BROWN, Jacksons Farmhouse, 25 Charlcote, Nr. Warwick, Warks. 

THE TWO-YEAR LIFE-CYCLE OF COLEOPHORA HEMEROBIEL- 
LA (SCOPOLI). — To my knowledge, the first assertion in the 
British literature that C. hemerobiella has a biennial life-cycle was 
made by R. W. J. Uffen in A field guide to the smaller British 
Lepidoptera (1979). Apart from stating that the final erect and 
straight case is made in the second spring, he gives no details of 
timing. The following note may therefore be helpful. 

On the 30th of May, 1981, in the company of the Revd D. J. 
L. Agassiz and Dr J. L. Langmaid, I collected larvae of this species 
at Grays, South Essex (VC 18). Some were in the final case but 
four were still in the earlier pistol-shaped case. I sleeved (more 
precisely, nylon-stockinged) the small cases on a crab-apple in my 
garden and left them undisturbed for the next 13 months. My 
observations were intermittent and consequently I can give only 
approximate dates. By the end of June the larvae had ceased to feed 
and had fixed for aestivation on the twigs. Aestivation extended 
into hibernation without a break, the larvae remaining immobile 
for ten months. Towards the end of April feeding began again on 
the young leaves and the pistol case was soon abandoned for the 
final case, excised from the margin of a leaf near its base. I think 
Stainton (The natural history of the Tineina 5: 76) is wrong in 
stating that the larvae make two straight cases, the second larger 
than the first; according to my observations, they go straight from 
the pistol to the final case. 


240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 NSD, ote 

Feeding continued until about the middle of June. At the begin- 
ning of July, when the cases were unmistakably fixed for pupation, I 
opened the sleeve for the first time and brought them indoors. The 
four moths emerged between the 12th and 20th of July, 1982. — 
A. M. EMMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, 
Essexs CBS AF. 

LINCOLNSHIRE BUTTERFLIES. — _ Recently, there has been 
the sighting of two Polygonia c-album L.: Comma in Lincoln. One 
by myself on 18th September feeding on decaying pears with about 
20 Vanessa atalanta L. The other was on 15th September by Messrs. 
Brian and Andrew Cunnington in their garden at ice plants. These 
are the first records of the Comma for the area and probably the 
county since 1971, and of a butterfly that was widespread in Lin- 
colnshire up to about 20 years ago. It would be nice to think of the 
resurgence of this species in a county which has lost so many nym- 
phalids and others, notably Argynnis paphia L., A. adippe D. & S.., 
Boloria selene D. & S., B. euphrosyne L. and probably A. aglaja 
L. and Euphydryas aurinia Rott. One nymphalid is still in good 
numbers in the woods east of Lincoln, Ladoga camilla L., which 
was very early this year. — M. TOWNSEND, 8 Cornwall House, 
Ravendale Drive, Lincoln, 22.ix.82. 

THE MARSH FRITILLARY: EUPHYDRYAS AURINEA ROTT. 
IN CUMBRIA. — Following up a previous note in this journal (J. H. 
Vine-Hall, Ent. Rec. 91: 24-5) on the status of the Marsh Fritillary 
in Cumbria, I visited in good conditions in early June this year 
the four extant sites therein described. At only two of these was the 
species present, however, and then only noted in very small numbers 
after prolonged observation (less than five separate individuals 
sighted at each). The other two colonies were apparently unoccupied 
although there is one recorded sighting for 1981 at one of these 
but none since 1979 at the other. A visit to a further previously 
suspected site revealed the species to be present (again less than 
five seen) which adds another to the total, and there are at least 
three other possible sites which need further investigation, dis- 
counting two others at which the species is probably extinct. 

Thus the butterfly is just hanging on in very small well scattered 
colonies, and it is surprising that it can survive for long at such a 
low density. The Cumbria Trust N.C. is aware of the location of the 
sites, and it is hoped that the habitats can be protected and collec- 
ting avoided, so that this species, generally absent elsewhere in 
Northern England, can build up numbers again. — M. J. Y. FOLEY, 
87 Ribchester Road, Clayton-le-Dale, Blackburn, Lancs. 

THE DECLINE OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY: HAMEARIS 
LUCINA L. — We are conducting a study of the ecology of this 
butterfly the object being to determine the precise habitat require- 
ments and habitat management requirements of the species. The 
study has the support of the Nature Conservancy Council (NCC) 
and is linked to NCC’s ‘Butterflies Under Threat’ project. Infor- 
mation is urgently required from as many sites as possible and we 
would be delighted to establish contact with entomologists who are 
familiar with the species. Please write for further details either to 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 241 
myself (for sites in eastern England) at the address below, or to 
Mr. W. G. Shreeves, 5 Butt’s Mead, Shaftesbury, Dorset (for sites in 
the western half of England). 

It may be of interest to add that while working on the ecology 
of the Duke of Burgundy at Selborne during the past few years, 
some useful discoveries have been made. For example, the main 
predator on Jucina is a snail (Monacha cantiana) which, seemingly 
accidently devours the ova on the Cowslip leaves. Does the same 
happen to the ova in other localities? So far we have received infor- 
mation from a number of entomologists, and initial indications 
suggest an alarming recent decline in the number of sites occupied 


by lucina, especially in woods. — M. R. OATES, The Lodge, 
Wyck Place, Wyck, Alton, Hampshire. 
NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA L. AT SEA. — While fishing two miles 


off the southern coast of the island of Spetses, in Greece, in late 
October 1981, I observed a single Nymphalis antiopa flying about 
one metre above the sea and heading toward the island. 

The only places in that area where this butterfly is resident, 
are the higher mountains of the Peloponnissos and its appearance 
near the island of Spetses must be attributed to forced migration 
due to adverse weather conditions in its natural habitat. 

It is assumed that its journey must have started somewhere 
in the Parnon mountains of eastern Peloponnissos and that the 
butterfly covered a distance of about 20 kilometres, while flying 
over the sea. — J. G. COUTSIS, 4 Glykonos Street, Athens 139, 
Greece. 

YPONOMEUTA EVONYMELLA (LINNAEUS ) IN SOUTHERN 
ENGLAND. — I should be grateful for any information regarding 
the foodplant of this species in the south of England. Further 
north it feeds on bird-cherry (Prunus padus), often in great pro- 
fusion, whole trees being sometimes completely covered in larval 
webs and entirely defoliated. In the south, bird-cherry is scarce and the 
few trees I have seen have not been attacked. Yet Y. evonymella 
occurs at low density even in areas where bird-cherry is apparently 
absent. 

In 1970 I brought a web of these larvae home from Derbyshire. 
After the branch on which they were feeding had all been consumed, 
being unable to locate further supplies of bird-cherry, I tried them 
on leaves of damson-plum from the garden. Finding that they 
accepted this, I sleeved out half the larvae on the damson-tree. 
These ceased to feed and all perished. Those in the plastic box, 
which retained the remains and in particular the smell of the original 
foodplant, fed on and produced adults, all of which, however, were 
undersized. 

In 1981 two adults appeared here in Saffron Walden at lighted 
windows. In 1982, when I was lent a light-trap for a few days in 
July, they were fairly common, about six appearing each night, 
but settling around the trap in preference to entering into it. The 
feature which struck me about these moths was that they were 
all undersized like those I have just mentioned. 

It is possible that they had fed on blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), 


242 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 


but a specimen I took on the army ranges at Foulness on the 17th of 
July this year suggests otherwise. On Canvey Island and elsewhere in 
south-east Essex the brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea 
(Linnaeus)) is kept under control by council workmen. There is 
no public access to Foulness Island and there this necessary task 
is not performed. Consequently this pest occurs in unimaginable 
profusion. In whole areas the blackthorns, hawthorns and roses 
are literally stripped bare of all their foliage, leaving ugly skeletons 
festooned with larval webs. In an area where the bushes had been 
reduced to such a condition in 1981, the larvae had switched to 
scrub elm in 1982, presumably because the females had found the 
blackthorns they themselves had helped to defoliate quite unsuitable 
for oviposition. The blackthorns were beginning to recover but 
there is little doubt that 1983 will see the brown-tails renewing their 
assult. 

The result is an almost complete absence of other species 
feeding on these plants. The hawthorn-feeders fare best because 
there is so much of it that some trees escape. Blackthorn seems to 
be the favourite foodplant of the brown-tail, and its other associated 
species, especially the leaf-miners, are absent or excessively rare. 
For example, of the four Coleophora species so common at Benfleet, 
I have found only C. anatipennella (Hubner) very sparingly, this 
being one which has alternative foodplants. I have never seen Ypono- 
meuta padella (Linnaeus) at Foulness, but its close relative, Y. 
malinellus Zeller, abounds on apple-trees surviving from a former 
orchard. So unless my specimen of Y. evonymella had flown in, it is 
likely to have fed on some foodplant other than blackthorn. 

All the Essex specimens of Y. evonymella which I have seen — 
those from Saffron Walden, Foulness and one or two other localities 
— have a common characteristic: they are undersized like those I 
fed on damson. What is their foodplant? — A. M. EMMET, Labrey 
Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB11 3 AF. 

SPHINX LIGUSTRI L. (PRIVET HAWKMOTH ): DISAPPEARANCE 
FROM N. W. KENT. — It is with regret that I comment on the ap- 
parent absence of this fine insect from urban N. W. Kent — the 
conurbation south of the R. Thames from central London to 
Dartford. The privet hawk moth used regularly to be seen on fences 
and telegraph poles, or injured on pavements and roads, while every 
year the caterpillars notified their presence by their excremental 
pellets beneath privet hedge, or overhanging lilac or laurustinus 
(Viburnum tinus), and beside waste land under saplings of ash. I 
last saw privet hawk caterpillars in this area in 1972, and the last 
visits of the moth to the garden m/v trap at Dartford were 1972 
(two) and 1975 (two). Chalmers-Hunt in his Lepidoptera of Kent 
Supplement mentions an apparent decline of the species for the 
county as whole. 

In the above-mentioned work the author suggests that the 
introduced species of privet, Ligustrum ovalifolium, is the most 
favoured larval pabulum in Kent, and states that he had only one 
record for the native L. vulgaris. However, in N. W. Kent the larvae 
could be found every year on the latter plant also, e.g. on Dartford 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 243 


Heath, while where a hedge was composed of both species of privet, 
no preference for either was apparent. It was noticeable that often 
the same short stretch of garden hedge had caterpillars year after 
year. Once, in 1946, I found nine larvae at Dartford on snowberry 
(Symphoricarpus), and wonder if the plant was utilized more fre- 
quently than records suggest, for rarely do these bushes conveniently 
overhang the pavement. Finally, although holly is a well-known 
larval foodplant in the New Forest, and perhaps elsewhere, I know 
of no record of S. ligustri on this in N. W. Kent, where the plant is 
used commonly for hedging and as an ornamental shrub. — B. K. 
WEST, 36 Briar Road, Bexley, Kent. 


SOME OF THE LESS COMMON SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA TAKEN 
AT BARCALDINE, ARGYLL, IN 1980 and 1981. — The following 
were among the less common Macrolepidoptera caught by a Robin- 
son M.V. light trap (125 watt) sited at Barcaldine, Argyll (map 
ref: NM 964414) (on the edge of Barcaldine Forest) and operated 
almost nightly during the years 1980 and 1981. Critical species 
were identified by microscopic examination of genitalia. Some of 
the species listed are common in southern Britain but appear to be 
rare here and are included for that reason. Numbers of individuals 
caught in 1980 and 1981 are given in that order. 


Trichiura crataegi L. (5:13), Falcaria lacertinaria L. (5:0), Ochropacha 
duplaris L. (6:2), Scopula ternata Schrank (2:0), Orthonama vittata Bork- 
hausen (3:1), Xanthorhoe munitata Hbn. (2:2), Entephria flavicincata Hbn. 
(0:1), E. caesiata D. & S. (1:0), Anticlea derivata D. & S. (0:1), Lampropteryx 
suffumata D. & S. (0:1), Coenotephria salicata Hbn. (7:8), Cidaria fulvata 
Forster (3:0), Plemyria rubiginata D. & S. (3:2), Thera juniperata L. (1:0), 
Colostygia olivata D. & S. (1:0), _Hydriomena impluviata D. & S. (0:3), 
Perizoma taeniatum Stephens (13:7), P. albulata D. & S. (13:2), P. flavo- 
fasciata Thunb. (0:1), P. didymata L. (0:1), Carsia sororiataHbn. (0:1), Odezia 
atrata L. (1:0) (common by day), Venusia cambrica Curtis (26:21), 
Trichopteryx polycommata D. & S. (0:2), Acasis viretata Hbn. (0:3) Abraxas 
grossulariata L. (0:1), A. sylvata Scop. (10:2), Semiothisa notata L. (1:0), S. 
liturata Clerck (0:4), Plagodis pulveraria L. (1:1), Deuteronomos erosaria D. & 
S. (2:0), Selenia lunularia Hbn. (2:4), Cleora cinctaria Dee S-Ce2) Ales 
jubata Thunb. (62:52), Cleorodes lichenaria Hufn. (0:2), Gnophos obfuscatus 
D. & S. (2:1), Dyscia fagaria Thunb. (0:2), Cerura vinula L. (1:1), Harpyia 
furcula Clerck (0:1), Pheosia tremula Clerck (2:3), Odontosia carmelita Esper 
(10:21), Setina irrorella L. (0:1), Diacrisia sannio L. (2:3), Spilosoma luteum 
Hufn. (3:0), Nola confusalis H.-S. (10:12), Euxoa tritici L. (2:0), Stand- 
fussiana lucernea L. (0:1), Graphiphora augur Fabr. (1:0), Xestia rhomboidea 
Esper (0:2), X. agathina Duponchel (6:55), Naenia typicaL. (5:3), Eurois 
occulta L. (23:36), Polia bombycina Hufn. (11:24), Lacanobia oleracea L. 
(1:0), Hadena confusa Hufn. (1:0), Panolis flammea D. & S. (0:2), Dasypolia 
templi Thunb. (2:5), Aporophyla lutulenta D. & S. (0:3), Lithomoia solida- 
ginis Hbn. (0:3), Xylena vetusta Hbn. (11:14), Antitiype chi L. (4:6)), Agro- 
chola helvola L. (1:1), Parastichtis suspecta Hbn. (9:0), Atethmia centrago 
Haw. (0:1) Omphaloscelis lunosa Haw. (1:2), Xanthia citrago L. (2:7), 
Acronicta tridens D. & S. (1:0), A. menyanthidis Esper (0:3), A. euphorbiae 
D. & S. (0:1), Hyppa rectilinea Esper (2:8), Apamea exulis Lefebvre (4:3), A. 
ophiogramma Esper (2:0), Amphipoea lucens Freyer (58:732), A. crinanensis 
Burrows (15:61), A. oculea L. (0:1), Celaena haworthii Curtis (1:4), Nonagria 
typhae Thunb. (0:1), Hoplodrina alsines Brahm (0:1), H. blanda D. & S. (2:1), 
Stilbia anomala Haw. (10:10), Eustrotia uncula Clerck (0:1), Bena prasinana 
L. (1:0), Autographa bractec D. & S. (89:115), Syngrapha interrogationis.L. 
(5:8), Schrankia costaestrigalis Stephens (2:2), Hypenodes turfosalis Wocke 
(2:0). 

The following records from this site are also of interest:— 


244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 


Apocheima pilosaria D. & S. (1)on 11 Dec 1980 (early date); 
Peridroma saucia Hbn. (1) and Nomophila noctuella D. & S. (1) on 
30 Jan 1981 (early immigrants); Palpita unionalis Hbn. (1) on 30 
Aug 1980 (immigrant); Orthonama obstipata Fabr. (1) on 2 Sept. 
1980 (immigrant). — Dr. J. C. A. CRAIK, Dunstaffnage Marine Lab., 
P.O. Box 3, Oban, Argyll. 

FURTHER NOTES ON PHYLLONORYCTER SAPORTELLA (DUPON- 
CHEL) IN EAST ANGLIA. — _ Ihave already recounted (antea 
pp. 119-120) my chance rearing of a single adult of this rare species 
from South Lopham, Norfolk. Most old records were made from 
moths found resting on tree-trunks, so my wife and I revisited the 
locality on the 9th of May to look for further specimens. Within 
seconds we found four on the trunk of the tree from which I had 
taken the mine and others were not uncommon on adjacent trees. 
That night we rang up Dr Ian Watkinson and returned with him 
two days later. By then many more had emerged and Dr Watkinson 
counted 20 on a single trunk. Having taken photographs and a few 
specimens, we extended our search to the adjacent vice-counties. 
We managed at length to find one each in VCs 25 and 28, each about a 
mile from the original site, but drew blank in VC 26. The implication 
is that the colony, although numerically strong, is very localised. 

My wife and I made our next visit on the 3rd of July to look 
for mines. They were easy to recognise amongst many scores of the 
commoner oak-feeding Phyllonorycter, but whereas P. saportella 
had been the most plentiful adult on the trunks in May, its mines 
were the least common in July. This raises once again the theory 
that it feeds high up on the trees. I studied the upper branches 
through field-glasses, but a fresh breeze was shaking the leaves and 
although I could see Caloptilia cones, | failed to spot any Phyllono- 
rycter mines. This leaves the problem unresolved but I am inclined 
to the opinion that P. saportella does feed high up and that only a 
small proportion of its mines are accessible from the ground. It may 
be significant that not a single leaf was within reach on the tree 
where Ian Watkinson found 20 adults. 

The moths began to emerge on the 14th of July and it would 
have been better if we had delayed our search until about that 
date. All the mines were on the leaf-margin. The mines of most other 
oak-feeding Phyllonorycter have a single strong central fold in the 
lower epidermis. This is normally absent in P. saportella which has 
instead numerous smal! creases which cause the leaf-edge to curl 
right over. I was wrong in my previous note when I said that the 
feeding did not extend through to the upper epidermis; it does so 
in varying degrees. In some cases only the extreme margin, which is 
folded under, is stripped of parenchyma, such mines being almost 
invisible from above. In others the whole upper surface of the mine 
is blanched. The most important character is the complete absence 
of frass to reinforce the walls of the cocoon; the only other British 
oak-feeding Phyllonorycter to have this character is P. roboris 
(Zeller) which has a totally different and unmistakable mine. — 
A. M. EMMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, 
Essex, CBI I SAF: 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 245 

A POSSIBLE DISCOVERY OF THE FIRST GENERATION LARVA 
OF ETAINIA DECENTELLA (HERRICH-SCHAFFER, 1855); | LEPI- 
DOPTERA: NEPTICULIDAE.]. — On April 12th., 1982, whilst collec- 
ting at Mark’s Grave, Horseheath, Cambridgeshire (V.C. 29), I found 
a sycamore tree (Acer pseudoplatanus) from the base of which 
were growing several shoots, the tallest being about 2m high. I 
noticed that the buds on some of these shoots were much more 
retarded than on others, so I picked a sample for later examination. 
On a more detailed study, I found that the retarded bud was always 
the central one of a group, i.e. the prospective flower bud. 

Two buds were dissected. In the first was a hole of diameter 
72 mm (presumably the larval exit hole), and the bud had been 
eaten a little, though only in the most central part; there also ap- 
peared to be a mine in the bark of the twig just below the bud, 
but no egg could be found. There was no sign of spinning, which 
may indicate non-lepidopterous attack. (Hering suggests, in The 
Biology of the Leaf-miners, that the presence of silk is indicative 
of lepidopterous activity; it does not, however, follow that the 
absence of silk is indicative of non-lepidopterous activity). No larva 
could be found to confirm this. The second bud was similar, but 
signs of feeding were rather less clear. I kept the other buds in 
the hope of breeding something, but without success. 

The life history of the first generation of Etainia decentella 
(as of all three British Etainia) has always been in doubt. The cur- 
rent position is most fully documented in a paper by Emmet and 
Johnson (Ent. Rec. 89: 257-264), where it is suggested that all 
three species feed in the samaras of their respective species of 
Acer in the autumn generation and in the buds in the spring genera- 
tion. A particular point of similarity between FE. sericopeza as 
there described and the material described above is that the larval 
feeding is confined to the flower buds. In addition, the inability to find 
an egg could be explained by its having been on the petiole of aleaf of 
the previous season: naturally, this would have fallen off by the spring. 

Though I cannot claim to have found E. decentella as a spring 
larva, the evidence is suggestive. I write this note principally to 
encourage others to do what I shall do in March/April, 1983: search 
Acer buds in the hope of finally solving the problem of the spring 
generation of the Etainia species in Britain. — P. J. JOHNSON, 10, 
Crossfield Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 4NS., 10.ix.1982. 

FURTHER NOTES ON AN INTRODUCED “COLONY” OF THE 
BLACK-VEINED WHITE: APORIA CRATAEGI L. IN SCOTLAND. — 
Further to my notes on this subject in Ent. Rec., 89: 282-283, it 
may be of interest to record the current position here of the Aporia 
crataegi “‘colony” which has continued to the present time, although 
reinforced with “new blood” from the Swiss/Italian border in 1978. 

The very fine weather at the end of May and early June caused 
the larvae that had pupated earliest to emerge as butterflies very 
early, the first few on the last two days of May. At one point there 
were literally dozens of them flying about, and I was able to pick 
up a lot of paired individuals, from which I shall hope to get a very 
big “crop” next year. 


246 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 

The problem was the abrupt change in the weather which 
occurred here on the 6th June. So many butterflies had mated that 
many had laid eggs in the wild, the first batch I saw on the 2nd 
June. At first, | thought the very cold weather over mid-summer 
had killed off some of the eggs, but this proved not to be the case; 
however, they took six weeks, plus or minus a few days to hatch. 
The tree on which the first batch was laid on 2nd June (a haw- 
thorn) subsequently became almost peppered with eggs, the last 
being laid on the 21st July, which hatched on the 18th August. 
This would be on account of the warm period we had here covering 
roughly the last ten days of July and the first half of August. All 
the earlier eggs that were kept in the summerhouse took five weeks 
to hatch. 

I have had more time this year to study the habits of the but- 
terflies and their interaction with the rest of the fauna. Particularly 
when there are a lot around, they are very often heavily persecuted 
by local birds, but it is always the same birds that do the predating; 
this year a blackbird, a song-thrush and a great-tit. A pair of spotted 
flycatchers left them alone. The butterflies have a curious habit 
of alighting in groups for the night, and are often very conspicuous, 
particularly the males; the females on the other hand seem to be- 
come semi-transparent after a short time flying, and soon look 
markedly different from the other Pierids. Both sexes are strongly 
attracted to Rhododendron and Rose-bay Willowherb. In the past, 
I was convinced the males mated only once, but I have evidence that 
at least two males mated twice. The foodplant mostly selected is 
hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) followed by the apple trees in 
my orchard. One or two batches have been laid on a group of 
trees I cannot classify; these grow wild from fallen fruit and produce 
somewhat tasteless plums like damsons but the wrong colour. This year 
I found a batch of eggs for the first time on Mountain Ash (Sorbus 
aucuparia ). These insects will eat things I suspect the eggs are never 
laid on, e.g. quince (Cydonia) and even the evergreen Prunus lusi- 
tanica. 

Although last winter’s experiment proved that the insect can 
successfully come through the Scottish winter, at least to the ex- 
tent of about 65% survival rate of those tried, the experiment 
involved protection by a strawberry net to keep out insectiverous 
birds. Incidentally, a larva given to Dr. Shaw of the Royal Scottish 
Museum parasitised by Apanteles glomeratus proved to be the only 
one so affected, with the remaining 38 all producing butterflies. — 
R. ELLIOTT, “‘Burnbank’’, North Road, Saline Fife, 20.viii.82. 

A SIGHTING OF AGRION VIRGO (LINN.) (ODONATA: AGRI- 
IDAE) IN CENTRAL LONDON. — _ On the morning of the 4th 
of September 1982 a solitary male of this species was seen flying 
south along Queensway W2, towards Kensington Gardens (Nat. 
Grid Ref. TQ259807). The specimen concerned must have strayed 
some distance from its breeding site, as the larvae are usually found 
in swift flowing gravel streams. To my knowledge no such habitat 
exists in this area of London. — A. P. FOSTER, c/o Nature Con- 
servancy Council, 19-20 Belgrave Square, London, SW1X 8PY. 


OBITUARY 247 


Obituary 


ROBERT LARGEN 


Robert Largen died of a heart attack at his home Yew Tree 
Cottage, Wiston Lane, Wiston, Steyning, Sussex. He was born on 
the 7th December 1945 and died the 6th August 1982, and so was 
only 36 years of age at the time of his death. 

Robert was a cheerful and unassuming companion, who under- 
took his collecting in an unhurried manner and never lost patience 
with the hunt, whether it be hour after hour of searching for larvae 
at Portland or long hours of night sweeping on the Surrey heaths. 
A keen all round naturalist, he seemed to have the perfect occupa- 
tion with the countryside and its wildlife around him, for his work 
was that of a gamekeeper on Wiston Estate. Although an accom- 
plished taxidermist as his collection of mounted birds show, perhaps 
his greatest achievement was the superb two tier 34 drawer 
mahogany insect cabinet, built entirely himself and completed only 
shortly before his death. His collection of British lepidoptera will 
be retained as a fitting memorial to him at the cottage where he 
lived, and it was from it that we exhibited at the A.E.S. and 
B.E.N.H.S. Exhibitions in October 1982, a drawer containing some 
of his more interesting specimens. 

To all who had the pleasure of his company, Robert will be 
greatly missed and, speaking for ourselves, we shall find it hard to 
enjoy moth hunting as much without him. Our sympathy goes out 
to his widow Daphne, and to his many friends. 


S. CHURCH, A. K. BATTEN, S. ODELL and J. PLATTS 


Current Literature 


Benjamin Wilkes the British Aurelian: Twelve New Designs of 
English Butterflies and Directions for making a Collection with 
an Essay by R. S. Wilkinson. Folio (31cm. x 34cm.), 11 pp. 
on 6 leaves, 14 facsimile plates in card folder. E. W. Classey 
Ltd., Park Road, Faringdon, Oxon SN7 7DR. 1982. Price £20 
post free. 


We have much pleasure in calling attention to Classica Ento- 
mologica No. 3, the most recent publication to be issued by the firm 
of E. W. Classey, which fully sustains the reputation of the four 
others so far published in this series, all of which have been re- 
viewed in this journal (see Ent. Rec., 82: 64,91: 223, 332, 93: 80). 
Classica Entomologica, which was started in 1969, consists of a 
series of facsimile reprints of rare entomological items with biblio- 


248 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 


graphical and/or biographical notes of special appeal to historians 
of entomology and those interested in entomological bibliography. 
Six items in the series are scheduled, of which five, including the 
present one, have already appeared. This latest production concerns 
two of the rarest of all entomological publications, whose author 
Benjamin Wilkes flourished some 250 years ago. 

Little is known about the early life of Benjamin Wilkes . A. A. 
Lisney (A Bibliography of British Lepidoptera, 121) says he was 
born towards the close of the seventeenth century, that he was a 
painter in oils and became interested in entomology following an 
invitation by a friend to a meeting of the Aurelian Society, of 
which he became a member, and then proceeded to form his own 
collection of English lepidoptera. Encouraged by Joseph Dandridge, 
one of the earliest collectors of natural history specimens and a 
contemporary of Petiver and Ray, Wilkes began publication of 
notes on native lepidoptera which he had compiled over a period 
of ten years, illustrating these with his drawings of the various stages 
in the life histories of as many species as possible. As far as is known, 
his only published works are the Twelve New Designs of English 
Butterflies, English Moths and Butterflies and a broadside sheet 
Directions for making a Collection. Four issues (or editions) of the 
first of the foregoing were published, and it is the facsimile repro- 
duction of the fourth of these as well as the facsimile of the Direc- 
tions that are the subject of this review. 

The work consists of an attractive title page and an interesting 
“Publisher’s Preface’’ by E. W. Classey with background informa- 
tion. Then follows a masterly account in the form of an essay, by 
that great authority, Dr. R. S. Wilkinson (Pp. 4-11) on the life and 
times of Benjamin Wilkes as under: Wilkes’ apprenticeship in ento- 
mology, the ‘Twelve new Designs’, the ‘Collecting Directions’and the 
English Moths and Butterflies, the whole being furnished with 69 
detailed numerical annotations gathered together at the end. Next 
comes the facsimile of Directions for making a Collection (1742), 
of which only one example is known to have survived being that in 
the British Museum (Natural History), followed by the facsimile of 
the exceedingly rare Carrington Bowles’ edition of the Twelve New 
Designs dating from the late 1760s, of which only four copies are 
known to exist, and comprising an elegant decorated title page and 
12 engraved plates." 

Comparison with the originals of both works, reveals that in 
the reproduction a number of the figures is less well defined, and in 
the Directions some words are blurred. However, except for these 
minor failings this is a handsome production, with the whole edition 
printed on a high quality cream-coloured paper, contained in a blue 
card folder with decorated cover and limited to 475 numbered 
copies. — J. M. C.-H. 


VA curious fact regarding the Carrington Bowles’ edition and one that 
appears not to have been noticed before, concerns the title page and the 
number of lepidoptera figured. It is there stated that ‘near 300 different’ 
species are illustrated. Yet the truth is the number of species shown amounts 
to no more than 82! 


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One of the finest centres in Europe for studying and collecting 
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insects. Mediterranean sunshine. 


The BELVEDERE is a small, friendly, English-run hotel with 
garden and sun-terrace. Home-coaking. Reasonable prices. 


For brochure, 
please write to 


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Telephone (010 33 078) 31263 


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Annual subscription: £8.00 (post free) Single numbers £2.00 


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Se ee ee ee 


CONTENTS 


Successful Rearing of the Dotted Rustic: Rhyacia simulans Hufn. 
(Lep.: Noctuidae). PD. CONVEY AS 
Mate Location Strategies in the Wall Brown Butterfly, Lasiommata 
megera L. (Lep.: Satyridae): Wait or Seek? Dr. R. L-H. DENNIS.. 
The Kentish Glory: Endromis versicolora L. at Rannoch E. Cc. 
PELHAM-CLINTON : 
Vanessa indica Herbst in Warwickshire: New to ‘Britain. "4 TURNER. 
Scottish Microlepidoptera Notes for 1981. Dr. K. P. BLAND . = 
Further Records of Phoridae (Diptera) from Cocoons of Cimbicidae 
(Hymenoptera). A. D. LISTON 
Three New Lycaenid Butterflies from the South Western Cape Pro- 
vince. C. G. C. DICKSON ses 
Fluctuations in Abundance of Coccinellidae. Dr. D. 1s OWEN | 
Further Notable Diptera from Windsor Forest. A. A. ALLEN... 
The Northern Rustic: Slee eel lucernea L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in 
Lancashire. E.G. HANCOCK .. tes as = See 
Treasurer’s Notice .. ois 
Notes and Observations: 
Danaus chrysippus L. in Tunisia. J. F. BURTON _... 
The Pimpinel Pug: Eupithecia pimpinellata Hbn. in Warwickshire 
R. J. THOMAS ec 
Survival of Limenitis reducta Stder. in Yorkshire. R. J. D. TILLEY 
Melanic Lobophora halterata Hufn.: Seraphim. B. K. WEST : 
The Feathered Beauty: Peribatodes secundaria D. & S. in Sussex. 
R.G. CHATELAIN . 
Early Appearance of the Mottled Umber. i N. GREATOREX- 
DAVIES _... 
Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs i in ‘June 1982. M. W. F. TWEEDIE.. 
Eggs Laid by a Decapitated Moth. Miss B. A. KNELLER ... 
A. H. Haworth’s Entomological “Pictures”. Dr. R. S. WILKINSON 
Carpophilus marginellus Motsch. (Col., Nitidulinae) out-of-doors 
in Suffolk. D. R. NASH 
Margaret Fountaine: the Fate of Many of her Books and Some of 
her Notes ... 
The Silver-spotted Skipper: Hesperia ‘comma les a New Locality 
near Eastbourne. M. PARSONS .... He 
A New Foodplant of Syntarucus pirithous ie ef es COUTSIS 
Flight Time of the Ringlet: Aphantopus hyperantus L. in Scotland. 
P.K. KINNEAR _... 85 
An Italian Butterfly Poster. Canon P. HAWKER 
The Convolvulus Hawkmoth and Clouded Yellow in Devon in 
1982. H. L. PHEFFERNAN a : : 
The Clouded Yellow, Autumn 1982. A. J. BALDWIN 
Rhyacia simulans Hufn.: Dotted Rustic in Lincs. M. TOWNSEND 
The Lunar Thorn in East Sussex. M. PARSONS _... 
Bucculatrix cidarella Z. on Myrica gale in England. A. M. EMMET 
The High Brown Fritillary in S. Cumbria. M. J. Y. FOLEY... 
The Speckled Wood Feeding on Damaged Apple. B. K. WEST 
Trichoplusia ni Hbn. New to Warwickshire. D.C.G. BROWN . 
Two-year Life-cycle of Coleophora hemerobiella seer, A. M. 
EMMET 7. Fe Ses 
Lincolnshire Butterflies. M. TOWNSEND _ ... s 
The Marsh Fritillary in Cumbria. M. J. Y. FOLEY ... 
Decline of the Duke of Burgundy. M. R. OATES 
Nymphalis antiopa L. at Sea. J. G. COUTSIS ae 
Yponomeuta evonymeila L. in Southern England. A. M. EMMET 
Disappearance of Privet Hawkmoth from N. W. Kent. B. K. WEST 
Some Less Common Lepidoptera taken at Barcaldine, Bieylt 
in 1980 and 1981. Dr. J.C. A. CRAIK ... 
Further Notes on Phyllonorycter saportella Dup. A. M. EMMET... 
A Possible Discovery of the First Generation Larva of Etainia 
decentella H.-S. (Lep., Nepticulidae). P. J. JOHNSON . 
Further Notes on an Introduced “Colony” of the Black-veined 
White: Aporia crataegi L. in Scotland. R. ELLIOTT : 
Agrion virgo L. pecerg a anaes in Central London. A. Pp. 
FOSTER = He 
Obituary: Robert Largen 
Current Literature ... 


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Entomologist’s 
Record 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


EDITED BY 
J;, M. CHALMERS-HUINT,.F.R-E;S. 


Vol. 95 
1983 


CONTENTS 1983 


Acherontia atropos L. in Bury, Lancs. 
22 October 1982. The Death’s 
Head Hawkmoth. E. G. Hancock, 86 

Acherontia atropos L. in Northampton- 
shire. The Death’s Head Hawkmoth 
D.C. G. Brown, 39 

Acleris hastiana L. Bred from Salix 
capraea in Surrey, 132 

Aglais urticae L. ab. nigra Tutt P. B. 
Darch, 180 

Agrius convolvulai L. and other Migrants 
in S. Westmorland in 1982 J. Briggs, 
39 

Agrodiaetus fabressii Oberthus (Lep.: 
Lycaenidae); Oberthur’s Anomalous 
Blue. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 23 

Agrodiaetus iphigenia nonacriensis 
Brown. The Female of J. G. Coutsis 
196 

Agromyzid Flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae). 
Further Records of K. P. Bland, 77 

Agonum gracilipes (Duft.) (Col.: Carabi- 
dae) together with a Reappraisal of 
its British Status. Notes Concer- 
ning the Habitat of, and Other 
Coleoptera associated with an 
example of D. R. Nash, 205 

Aloeides Huebner. A New Lycaenid 
Butterfly from Lesotho, of the 
Genus E. L. Pringle, 173 

Anasimyia and Parhelophilus spp. (Dipt.: 
Syrphidae) in West Kent, Bucks. 
etc. Notes on Certain A. A. Allen, 
ie. 

Andricus quercuscalis Burgsdorf (Hy- 
menoptera; Cynipidae) in East Kent 
V.C.15. L. Clemons, 86 123 

Angle Shades in January. The J. M. 
Chalmers-Hunt, 106 

Apatele euphorbiae F.: One Night of 
Abundance B. K. West, 119 

Apium nodiflorum: A Previously un- 
recognized Foodplant of Depres- 
saria ultimella Stainton. R. J. 
Heck ford, 229 

Aporia crataegi L.: Black-veined White. 
A Modern Review of the Demise of 
C. Pratt, 45, 161, 232 

Apotomis sauciana sauciana Frolich (Lep.: 
Tortricidae) in Kent. NV. F. Heal, 182 

“Aprilina”. The name J. K. C. Kemp, 204 

Archiearis notha Hbn.: Light Orange 
Underwing, Three Years in Pupal 
Stage. J. V. Banner, 231 


Bembecia chrysidiformis Esper. Concer- 
ning the Fiery Clearwing; J. M. 
Chalmers-Hunt, 170 

Bembecia_ chrysidiformis Esp. (Fiery 
Clearwing) in Dorset. An Old 
Unpublished Record. A.A. Allen, 76 

Bembecia chrysidiformis Esper: (Lep.: 
Sesiidae) S. V. A. Jacobs, 169 

Book Talk Six. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 247 

Breeding British Moths (Macrolepi- 
doptera). A Check List of C. A. 
Rutherford, 58 

British Butterflies in 1982. A Review of 
C. J. Luckens, 175 

Buckinghamshire with Notes on Other 
Lepidoptera of Interest. A New 
County Record for M. Hadley, 57 

Buddleia davidii. Lepidoptera Larvae 
Feeding on the Leaves and Flowers 
of D. F. Owen, 20 

Butterflies and Hawkmoths of Kuwait. 
W. Al. Houty, 202 

Butterflies at Light and an Agrius con- 
volvuli. R. G. Chatelain, 248 

Butterfly Behaviour — celtis, crataegi, 
spini J. Feltwell, 169 

Calameuta pallipes (Klug) (Symphita: 
Cephidae) A Species and a Family 
of Sawfly New to Ireland. J. P. 
O'Connor and M. A. O’Connor, 111 

Calotephria salicata Hbn.: Striped Twin- 
spot Carpet again in Surrey. R. F. 
Bretherton, 211 

Carabus spp. (Col.) Mostly in South- 
Eastern England. Notes on the 
Incidence of Certain A. A. Allen, 80 

Catocala nymphagoga Esper and Herminia 
zelleralis Wocke, two Species of 
Noctuidae New to Britain. /. J. L. 
Tillotson, 133 

Celastrina argiolus L. in 1982. A. J. 
Baldwin 

Central Spain in 1982, Including a 
record of Northward Migration. 
Butterflies in J. F. Burton and D. F. 
Owen, 242 

Checklist of Breeding British Moths 
(Macrolepidoptera) C. J. Rutherford 


157 
Cheesman. Memories of Evelyn J. F. 


Burton, 132 

Chlorophorus pilosus Forst.var glabroma- 
culatus Gze. (Col.: Cerambycidae) 
from an Imported Cheese Board. 
D.R. Nash, 195 


iv 


Chloroclystis debiliata Hbn.; Bilberry Pug 
in Kent. NV. F. Heal, 85 

Chrysolina spp. (Col.: Chrysomelidae). 
A Note on Foodplants of Two 
A. A. Allen, 152 

Clouded Yellow and Duke of Burgundy 
Fritillaries in Cumbria. D. C. Hockin, 
96 

Coccinellidae. Fluctuauion in Abun- 
dance of D. F. Owne, 29 


Coccinella undecimpunctata L. (Col.: 
Coccinellidae) in Britain. Autumnal 
aggregation of D. C. Nash, 201 

Coleophora ramosella Zeller in Kent. 
N. F. Heal, 84 

Coleophora salicorniae Wocke. Further 
Notes upon the Foodplant of 
N. F. Heal, 64 

Coleophoridae (Lep.) in North Wales. 
Records of H. N. Michaelis, 217 

Colias croceus Geoff. near Killarney 
in 1982. The Clouded Yellow: 
P. B. Sankey-Barker, 36 

Colias crocea in 1983. J. M. Chalmers- 
Hunt, 248 

Commophila aeneana Hbn. (Lep.: Cochy- 
lidae). K. F. Webb, 215 

Conistra rubiginea D. & S. in the wild. 
Larva of the Dotted Chestnut 
A. J. Pickles, 231 

Conocephalus dorsalis (Latreille) (Salta- 
toria: Tettagoniidae) in V.C.34. 
R. H. Poulding, 83 

Cordulia aenea L.(Odonata: Corduliidae). 
Mortal Combat in P. R. Marren, 18 

Crocidosema plebjana Zell. in Kent. 
P. J. Jewess, 117 

Crombrugghia distans (Zeller) (Lepidop- 
tera: Pterophoridae). The Early 
Stages of A. FE. Ennet, 15 

Cupido minimus Fuess. in Cumbria. The 
Small Blue M. J. Y. Foley, 249 

Danaus chryssipus L. in Tunisia in 1983. 
L. F. Cassar, 249 

Death of a Butterfly. The £.C. L. Simson, 
109 

Death’s Head Hawk: Acherontia atropos 
L. in 1983. The F. H. N. Smith, 222 

Dewick’s Plusia and Other Migrants in 
Norfolk in 1982. 7. N. D. Peet, 23 

Diarsia mendica F.: Small Squarespot in 
November J. Briggs, 84 

Diptera from Windsor Forest. Further 
Notable A. A. Allen, 24 


Doractoma serra Panz. (Col.: Anobiidae) 
and a Corection. A Second Norfolk 
Record of A. A. Allen, 248 

Dorcatoma chrysomelina Stn. and D. 
flavicornis F. (Col.: Anobiidae) in 
Suburban Kent. A. A. Allen, 115 

Elachista littoricola le Marchand, 1938 
(Lep.: Elachistidae) New to the 
British Isles. FE. H. Wild, 65 

Elidona agricola (Herbst) (Col.: Tene- 
brionidae) in V.C.17. A Second 
Recent Locality for A. A. Allen, 
222 

Ethmia bipunctella F. in Hampshire. 
E. H. Wild, 231 

Epiphyas postvittana Walk. New to Kent 
and the London Area A. A. Allen, 
120 

Eristalis tenax L. (Diptera:Syrphidae) in 
January C. W. Plant, 115 

Esperia sulphurella (Fabricius) (Lep.: 
Oecophoridae) pupae in January. 
C. W. Plant, 124 

Euchromius ocellea Haworth in Wiltshire. 
G. Smith, 33 

Euproctis chrysorrhoea and Scarce Black 
Arches: Nola aerugula Hbn. in S. E. 
Yorks. in 1982. The Brown Tail 
P. Q. Winter, 118 

Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. in London. 
L. Christie, 224 

Eupsilia transversa WHufn. feeding in 
January. The Satellite J. Platts, 
123 

European Congress of Entomology. The 
W. de Prins, 87 

Europe in 1980. Southern W. J. Tennant, 
97 

Eurynebria. In Search of D. R. Copestake, 
95 

Euxoa cursoria Hufn. in Mid Kent. 
P. J. Jewess, 119 

Food Fads of Lepidopterous Larvae. 
P. J. L. Roche, 42 

Foresters. A Further Note on Colour 
Change in the M. Hadley, 37 

Ghar Dalam (Cave), Malta. Observations 
on the Lepidoptera of G. Zammit- 
Maempel, 73 

Gnathothlibus (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae 
(Macroglossinae)) from Sulawesi. 
A Striking New Species of A. H. 
Hayes, 19 


Gonodontis bidentata Clerck. Some 
Observations of Lichen-Marked 
larvae of the Scalloped Hazel 
M. E. N. Majerus, 21 

Gronopus inaequalis Boheman (Col.: 
Curculionidae) A Weevil New to 
Britain. L. Clemons, 213 

Guernsey, Channel Islands in 1982. 
Lepidoptera in 7. N. D. Peet, 36 

Gymnetron plantaginis Epp. (Col. Cur- 
culionidae), A. A. Allen, 135 

Hippotion celerio L.: Silver-striped 
Hawkmoth in Scotland A.Buckham, 
38 

Hummingbird Hawkmoth in 1983.M. R. 
Hall, 224 

Hydrelia sylvata D. & S.: testaceata Don. 
(ep: Geometridae) — Larval 
Foodplant in Mid Kent. B. K. West, 
250 

Hyloicus pinastri L. in Warwickshire. The 
Pine Hawk A. F. J. Gardner, 184 

Hymenoptera in Late 1982. 7. G. 
Howarth, 103 

Hypena obsitalis Hbn. in 1983. The 
Bloxworth Snout M. W. F. Tweedie, 
126 

Hypera arator Linnaeus (Col.: Curculio- 
nidae) in Association with Barley. 
R. W. J. Read, 168 

Immigration of Lepidoptera to the 
British Isles in 1982. The R. F. 
Bretherton and J. M. Chalmers- 
Hunt. 89,141 

Inachis io L. Courtship and Pairing in 
B. R. Baker, 180 

Lacanobia biren Goeze: Glaucous Shears: 
an Unusual Record R. C. Dyson, 
210 

Laricobius erichsoni Rosenhauer (Col.: 
Derodontidae). Spring Emergence 
of D. R. Nash, 207 Lasiommata 

‘Lasiommata megera (L.) (Lepidoptera: 
Satyridae), Wait or Seek? Mate 
Location Strategies in the Wall 
Butterfly R. L. H. Dennis, 7 

Ledra aurita L. (Hem.: Ledridae) Con- 
firmed from Wiltshire. D. R. Nash, 
204 

Leptura scutellata Fab. (Col.: Ceram- 
bycidae) on the Surrey/Berks. 
Border D. Prance, 122 

(Lipoptena cervi (L.)) from Ireland. 
A Record of a Human-biting Deer 
Fly. J. P. O'Connor, 32 


Lithophane leautieri Boisd. A Further 

Spread Eastwards H. E. Chipperfield, 
52 

Lozotaeniodes formosanus Geyer and 
Palpita unionalis Hbn. in Warwick- 
shire. C. Wale, 123 

Luffia lapidella Goeze (Lep.: Psychidae) 
in Cornwall, F. H. N. Smith, 53 

Lycaenid Butterflies from the South- 
Western Cape Province. Three New 
C. G. C. Dickson, 1 

Macroglossum stellatarium L.,. An Early 
R. C. Dyson, 122 

Mallota cimbiciformis Fall. (Dipt.: Syr- 
phidae) A Second Kent Record. 
A. A. Allen, 82 

Marbled Grey: Cryphia rapticula Hbn. in 
Kent. The P. H. Sterling, 231 

Megasella (Dipt.: Phoridae) New to 
Britain from Hayley Wood, Cam- 
bridgeshire. R. H. L. Disney, 181 

Mellicta athalia Rott. in 1982. Early 
Appearance of the Heath Fritillary 
J. Platts, 121 

Mellicta deione berisalii Ruhl.at Martigny. 
L. J. Evans, 124 

Orthosia_ stabilis D. & S.: Common 
Quaker in Surrey. Early Appearance 
of T. G. Winter, 125 

Palatability of Butterflies. On the 7. B. 
Larsen, 66 

Pammene agnotana Rebel (Lep.: Tortri- 
cidae). A Second Record in Britain 
of R. Fairclough, 83 

Pammene obscurana Stephens (Lep.: 
Tortricidae) in Essex J. M. Chalmers- 
Hunt, 169 

Panagaeus bipustulatus Fab. (Col.) in 
Glamorgan. D. R. Copestake, 115 

Papilio machaon L. in Lancashire. The 
Swallowtail E. G. Hancock, 83 

Parasitic Hymenoptera of Pieris rapae 
(L.) and Pieris brassicae. (L.). The 
Timing of emergence of S.C. 
Littlewood, 104 

Parocystola acroxantha Meyrick (Lep.: 
Oecophoridae) in Somerset. G. H. 
Youden, 103 

Parornix scoticella Stainton. (Lep.: Gracil- 
lariidae) in Kent NV. F. Heal, 212 

Pelosia muscerda Hufn.: Dotted Foot- 
man in Kent. G. A. Collins, 222 

Phalera bucephala L. (Bufftip) on Rose. 
Larvae of A. A. Allen, 106 

Philudoria potatoria L. in January. T. 
Newnham, 121 


Vi 


Phlogophora meticulosa L. The Inheri- 
tance of two Reddish Forms of the 
Angle Shades: M. E. N. Majuers, 40 

Phylonorycter roboris Zeller in Surrey. 
N. F. Heal, 72 

Pieris rapae L. and an aberration. Obser- 
vations on the Small White: J. H. 
Payne, 121 

Platyptilia calodactyla D. & S. (Lep.: 
Pterophoridae). Foodplants of A. M. 
Emmet, 168 

Polydesmus angustus Latzel (Diplopda: 
Polydesmidae) Feeding on Carrion. 
Y. Z. Erzinclioglu and J. Richardson, 
118 

Polypogon Strigilata L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) 
Some Notes on B. Elliott, 238 

Precis octavia Cramer in Natal, S. Africa. 
Concerning Observations on 
L. McLeod, 211 

Precis octavia Cram.(Lep.: Nymphalidae): 
Emergence of Wet and Dry Season 
Forms from Collected Larvae. B. K. 
West, 6 

Purple Marbled: Eublemma ostrina Hbn. 
at Portland. The A. J. Pickles, 224 

Pyrenees Orientales. Notes on some 
Spring Heterocera from the B. 
Goater, 68 

Queen of Spain Fritillary Reared from 
Eggs. The G. E. Hyde, 180 

Recording Lepidoptera in the Cotswolds 
during 1982. M. N. McCrea, 225 

Red Admiral and Speckled Wood over 
fallen Fruit. Combat between P. B. 
Sankey-Barker, 126 

Red Admiral early in 1983. The £. C. M. 
Haes, 112 

Red Admiral early in 1983. The A. 
Archer-Lock, 112 

Red Admirals Flying at Low Tempera- 
tures in 1982. G. Smith, 38 

Red Data Book-Insects J. Heath, 57 

Rheumaptera hastata L. in Sussex. 
The Argent and Sable D. Dey, 231 

Rhyacia_ simulans Hufnagel: Dotted 
Rustic in Hampshire 1982. Further 
Record of J. W. Phillips, 87 

Phizophagus Species (Col.: Rhyzopha- 
gidae). New Vice County Records 
of J. Cooter, 121 

Rhyacia simulans Hufn. and Monochroa 
palustrella Douglas taken at Rye 
Harbour, Sussex. M. W. F. Tweedie, 
67 


Rhyacia simulans Hufn. in Lincolnshire. 
The Dotted Rustic: R. E. M. Pilcher, 
87 

Rose Hips. Moths attracted to B. K. West, 
116 

Saturnia pavonia (L.) in association with 
Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. in 
West Cumbria. R. W. J. Read, 117 

Sawflies (Hym.: Symphyta) Abnormal 
Morphology and Variation in A. D. 
Liston, 208 

Scarce Merveille du Jour: Moma alpium 
Osbeck in Sussex. The D. Dey, 215 

Selenia dentaria F. in Warwickshire in 
1982. A Melanic Early Thorn, 
M. F. Halsey, 87 

Setina irrorella L. in South Hampshire 
A. J. Pickles, 86 

Sphinx ligustri L. in Vice County 16 
(West Kent) W. G. St. John, 116 

(Strymonidia w-album Knoch) A 
National Survey. The White Letter 
Hairsteak C. Peachey, 139 

Strymonidia w-album Knoch in Co. 
Durham. The White Letter Hair- 
streak 7. C. Dunn, 67 

Tachydromia_ terricola Zett. (Dipt.: 
Empididae) New to Britain. A. A. 
Allen, 223 

Tanzania (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). 
Some New Butterflies from J. 
Kielland, 107 

Tebenna bjerkandrella Thunberg (Lep.: 
Glyphipterigidae) in Ireland K. G. 
M. Bond, 28 

Teliodes vulgella Hbn. on Juniper. 
P. Sokoloff, 116 

Tettigonia viridissima L. and Speckled 
Bush Cricket: Leptophyes punctatis- 
sima (Bosc.) in Pembrokeshire. The 
Great Green Bush Cricket: J. F. 
Burton, 123 

Thaumetopoea processionea (Linn.) (The 
Oak Processionary Moth): The 
Imago recorded in Britain together 
with other rare Migrants from Corn- 
wall. A. P. Foster, 216 

Thera juniperata L.: Juniper Carpet, in 
East Sussex. M. Parsons, 64 

Tischeria angusticolella Duponchel in 
Kent. V. F. Heal, 116 

Trox scabulosus L. (Col.) A New County 
Record in Glamorgan. D. R. 
Copestake, 157 

Ultraaricia anteros Fryer (Lep.: Lycae- 
nidae) from Greece. Notes on 
J. G. Coutsis, 200 


Vanessa atalanta L. in November in S. 
E. Devon. The Red Admiral 7. G. 
Howarth, 106 

Vanessa atalanta 1. in 1982. Notes on 
R. D. G. Barrington, 122 

Vanessa atalanta L. Reverse Migration by 
Red Admirals A. Harmer, 39 

Vapourer Moth. Buddleia davidii and 
Lycesteria formosa as Larval Food- 
plants of the B. K. West, 122 

Vestal in three Consecutive Years in 
Croydon. The Appearance of the 
K. G. W. Evans, 103 

West Indian Butterflies. Notes Con- 
cerning Certain J. G. Coutsis, 113 

Westwood. Oxford University v. The 
Smithsonian Institute. The Papers 
of. J.O. R. S. Wilkinson, 166 

White Spot: Hadena albimacula Borkh. 
in Surrey. The G. A. Collins, 222 

Willoughby Gardner Library: A Collec- 
tion of early Printed Books on 
Natural History by J. R. Kenyon. 
The J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 241 

Xestia castanea Esp.: Grey Rustic in 
Kent. J. Platts, 224 

Xylecampa areola Esper (Lep.: Noctui- 


dae) pupa. Possible Defence Re- 


action of C. W. Plant, 186 

Yorkshire Lepidoptera in 1982. Notable 
S. M. Jackson, 84 

Zerinthia rumina L.: a Second Brood 
and Other Interesting Butterflies in 
Spain D. and S. Howell, 120 

Zygaena trifolii Esper ssp. palustrella 
Verity in East Kent in 1982. The 
Five Spot Burnet. M. A. Enfield, 85 


CURRENT LITERATURE: 


Butterflies and Moths of Britain and 
Europe, by David Carter, 42 

A Complete Guide to British Butterflies, 
by Margaret Brooks, 43 

The Biology of the Coleoptera by Dr. 
R. A. Crowson, 44 

A Key to the Families of British Diptera, 
by D. M. Unwin, 127 

Insect Neurohormones by M. Raabe, 127 

Large White Butterfly, The Biology, 
Biochemistry and Physiology of 
Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus), by J. 
Feltwell, 128 

The Buprestidae (Coleoptera) of Fen- 
noscandia by S. Bily, 134 


Vii 


The Butterflies of Northern Europe, 
by Bjorn Dal, 140 

The Butterflies of Scandinavia, by 
H. J. Henriksen, 171 

The Insects, by R. F. Chapman, 171 

Tabellen en Verspreidings Atlas van de — 
Nederlandse Microlepidoptera, by 
J. H. Kuchlein, F. Leffef & R. F. 
Kleinpaste, 250 

Study of Stoneflies, Mayflies and Caddis 
Flies, by T. T. Macan, 251 

Annales Historico-Naturales Musei 
National Hungarici, and Acta Zoo- 
logica Acadamii Scientiarum Hun- 
garici, 251 

Butterflies of the Yemen Arab Republic 
by T. B. Larsen, with a Review of 
Species in the Charaxes viola Group 
from Arabia and East Africa, by 
Dr. A. H. B. Rydon, 252 


OBITUARY NOTICES: 


Major-General C. G. Lipscomb, 34 
Douglas Cottrill, 88 
T. D. Fearnehough, 114 


Agassiz, D. J. L., 187 

Al Houty, W., 202 

Allen, A. A., 24, 38, 72, 76, 80, 82, 85, 
NOGA US= IZO we sIS2eeals Seales 
154, 222, 223, 248 

Archer-Lock, A., 112, 129 


Baker, B. R., 180 

Baldwin, D. G., 122 
Banner, J. V., 231 
Barrington, R. D. G., 122 
Bland, K. P., 77, 183 

Bond, K. G. M., 28 

Briggs, J., 39, 84 
Bretherton, R. F., 89, 141, 211 
Brown, D. C. G., 39 
Buckham, A., 38 

Burton, J. F., 123, 132, 242 


Cassar, L. F., 249 

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 23, 89, 106, 114, 
141, 169, 170, 241, 247, 248 

Chatelain, R. G., 248 

Chipperfield, H. E., 52 

Christie, J., 224 

Clemons, L., 86, 123, 213 

Collins, G. A., 222 

Cooter, J., 121, 134, 185 

Copestake, D. R., 95, 115, 156 

Coutsis, J. G., 113, 196, 200 


viii 


Darch, P. B., 180 Majerus, M. E.N., 21, 40 
Denning, R. C., 155 Marren, P. R., 18 
Dennis, R. L., 7 Martin, J., 153 

De Prins, W., 87 McCrea, M.N., 225 

Dey, D., 215, 231 McLeod, L., 211 
Dickson, C. G.C., 1 Michaelis, H. N., 217 


Disney, R. H. L., 181 


Duncan, Sir A. B., 123 Newnham, T., 121 


Nash, D. R., 195, 201, 204, 205, 207 


Dunn, T. C., 67 

Dyson, R. C., 122, 210 O:}Connormlebo2 el 
O’Connor, M. A., 111 

Elliott, B., 238 Owen, D. F., 20, 29, 242 

Emmet, A. M., 15, 168 

Enfield, M. A., 85 Earsons, Min 64 

Erzincloglu, Y. Z., 118 Payne, J. H., 121 

Evans, K. G. W., 103 Peachey, C., 139 

Evans, L. J., 124 msn eae i 
Pelham-Clinton, E. C., 212 

Fairclough, R., 83 Phillips, J. W., 87 

Feltwell, J., 169 Pickles, A. J., 86, 224, 231 

Foley, M. J. Y., 249 Pilcher, R. E. M., 87 

Foster. A) P1216 Plant, C. W., 115, 124, 186 
Plattse Je 21 1235254224 

Gardener, A. F. J., 184, 199 Poulding, P. H., 83 

Goater, B. 68 Prance, D., 122 

Gane, Bis Pratt, C., 45, 161, 232 
Pringle, E. L., 173 

Hadley, M., 37,57 Read, R. W. J., 117, 167, 168 

Haes; BC. M.. 4102 Richardson, J., 118 

Hall, M. R., 224 Roche, P. J. L., 42 

Halsey, M. F., 87 Rutherford, C. I., 58, 157 

Hancock, E. G., 83, 86 

Harmer, A., 39 Sankey-Barker, P. B., 36, 126 

Hayes, A. H., 19 SimsonwEe Cleese, 

Heal, N. F, 64, 72, 84, 85, 116, 182, Smith, F. H. N., 53, 222 

212 Smith, G., 38 

Heath, J., 37 Smith, R., 33 

Heckford, R. J., 229 Sokoloff, P., 116 

Hockin, D. C., 96 St. John, W. G., 116 

Howarth, T. G., 103, 106 Sterling, P. H., 231 

Howell, D., 120 

Howell, S., 120 Tennant Weds 2 

Hyde, G. E., 180 Tillotson, I. J. L., 133 
Tweedie, M. W. F., 67, 126 

Jackson, S. M., 84 Wales, C., 123 

Jacobs, S. N. A., 169 Webb, K. F., 204, 215 

Jewess, P. J., 117,119 West, B. K., 6, 116, 119, 122, 250 
Wild, E. H., 65, 231 

Kemp, J. K.C., 204 Wilkinson, R. S., 166 

Kielland, J., 107 Wilson, D. E., 117 
Winter, P.Q., 118 

Larsen, T. B., 66 Winter, T. G., 125 

Liston, A. D., 208 

Littlewood, S.C., 104 Youden, G. H., 103 


Luckens, C. J., 11, 140, 171, 175 Zammit-Maempel, G., 73 


Printed by Frowde & Co. (Printers) Ltd., London, SES 8RR 


lee) TL ae 


f nt 


- alcetas, Everes 


The Entomologist’s 


Record 


Journal. of. ‘Variation 


SPECIAL INDEX 


COMPILED BY S.N.A. JACOBS (LEPIDOPTERA) 
AND A. A. ALLEN (OTHER CRDERS) 


For British Lepidoptera this Index follows the homenelaliie of A Check List of 
British Insects, Part 2 by Kloet & Hincks (1972), brought up-to-date to correspond with 
the Label List of British Butterflies & Moths by Bradley & Fletcher (1979). Where a 
contributor has used a synonym, a cross reference is given. Any newly described taxa 
(species, genera, etc.) are distinguished by bold (Times) type, and taxa new to British 
or newly recognised as British by an asterisk. Moreover, with Orders other than Lepi- 
doptera, (1) A bracketed asterisk denotes the reinstatement of a species long omitted 
from the British list, or the confirmation of one previously doubtful; (2) A formerly 
subspecific taxon raised to specific rank is treated as an addition to the fauna, but a 
correction of identity is not; and, finally (3) The “‘equals” sign indicates a new synonym, 
i.e. published for the first time; italics without this sign, recent synonymy that may be 


Vol. 95, 1983 


unfamiliar to many. 


PAGE 
LEPIDOPTERA 
A 
abreviata, Eupithecia.......-. 69 
abietans, ACleTIS: <<. <nr.\c =us cae, cece 193 
abietella, Diorycttia ., ais.. <a. ners 143 
abruptaria, Menophra ........ 90 
acerbella, Epichoristodes ...... 23 
acetosae, Stiemella .. . 32-564. 189 
acroxantha, Parocystola....... 103 
acteon, Thymelicus ...... 100, 101 
ACUta GhLySOGCIXima ie SONS 
adippe=cydippe, Argynnis... 97, 76 
adjunctella, Coleophora ....... 221 
adspersella, Coleophora ....220, 221 
aequidentellus, Epermenia ..... 191 
aegeria, Pararge . . 7, 98,101, 126, 
175, 226, 248 
aerugula, Nola ..... 84, 90, 91, 
118, 147 
aescularia, Alsophila . 68,69,123, 255 
aestivella, Metzneria..5....... 192 
ACtMOPS ETE DIA | gape eae 10, 176 
APESTIS WATICIA a.) {/c, semen etn 43, 228 
aglaja, Argynnis...... Be OM 6 
apnotana, Pammene .. ... si 4 os 194 
Agonopteryx sp. ........ ST O2 
agnotana,Pammene ...... 83, 188 
alberganus, Erebia .. 12,13,101, 102 
albicosta, Coleophora ........ 219 
albidella, Coleophora ........ 219 
albimaculas Wadena ips oiene cual ol 222 
albipuncta, Mythimna ... 71,90, 148 
albitarsella, Coleophora, . 183, 191, 218 
albulasMepamolay. son4 6 cece sie 147 
alcedenC@atcharedusia-ey-neeeiaiele 100 


PAGE 
alchimiella, Caloptilia ........ 228 
alciphron, Heodes 2... 2.) 13, 124 
alcons Maculincaee 2.2.6 oc iee-t el 101 
alcyone, Hipparchia 12, 101, 124 
alexis: Glaucopsy.che imei em- seen 13 
aAlismanay|PhaloniGiau rr sien s ine 193 
ALM OUSATICLAy. case Airaireme tone oasis 124 
alniarias ENNOMOS es eens) les 227 
alpinana, Dichrorampha, 184, 194 
alpinella. Plachistasm .) arene eae 192 
alpiuimn,. Moma way.) teh ers a bet snort DiS 
alstroemeriana, Agonopterix .... 125 
alticolella, Coleophora........ 22/1 
BIVEUSHE WV TOUS ie cara c) eee nee emeiee 101 
amanda, Agrodiaetus...... 101, 124 
AIMOMCANWS, EsVIPINS: - nueeelenentnemene 99 
AInphitoewerepOnauer esl litte a= 113 
ANCEPSSAPAaMlea,. evate-ielten tp oat 70 
angelicella, Paroranix ........ 83 
angustella,yAlispal =) sit slows ns gels 195 
angusticolella, Tischeria ....... 116 
aneustiorana, Ditulay 2 eien mene 20 
anteros. Ultraaricia)msesue!)-) tele 200 
antiopa, Nymphalis 91,140, 143 
antiqua, Oreyia, . goku oh. eee 122 
apollo, Parnassius... 12,13,101 

124, 171 
aprilella, Metzneria....... 188, 192 
aprilina, Dichonia ....... 38, 204 
aquilonaris, Boloria ......... 14 
arcania, Coenonympha il Kent 
aTCHeSiaehTCCIS) spcpeus a) euiemeoret 6 
areola, Xylocampa . MeASGa 225 
GEPIAGES SE VETES oe. sti 0 io) te a 102 
argiolus, Celastrina . . . 20, 48, 99, 

106, 178 
areus,/Plebejus =... . 97, 98,99, 101 
argyrgnomon, Lycaeides....... 11 


PAGE 
argyropeza, Ectoedemia....... 189 
aridellasPedidsial v5 seecucee ee eke 194 
arion, Maculinea ..... LOO MMOS 232 
aristaeus. Hippatchiay.). +. 1 ua 99 
armigera, Helicoverpa ..... 91, 149 
aroaniensis, Agrodiaetus....... 196 
ALtaAxeEX GS! AdiClaie-wemen ie one 101, 178 
artemisicolella, Coleophora ..... 221 
astrantiae, Agonopteryx....... 192 


atalanta, Vanessa . . 38, 39, 87, 89, 
810, Sil 93). MOS, ils v7 

22a 26a tile 2285 24550224, 

athalia~ Mellictalsnrs 51 Iba TA gfe) 


atomaria, Ematurga ...... (He 7 
attiplicis. Coleophora = 2.5 25 0: PH 
atropos, Acherontia . . 39,86,91, 146 
augur, Graphiphora <2... 6... we. Sid) 
aulica, Hyphoraia........ 68, 70 
aurantiana, Pammene <....... 194 
aurinia, Euphiydryasve) side k cieuelte IT 


12, 100, 102, 
143, 244, 246 


australis, Colias ... 


autumnaria, Ennomos, 84, 117, 145 
automata Epirnitames essere iis 228 
avellaneda= Phoebis mepees eae @ eee 114 
B 
badiatasAnticlea’ 1. seeacwee 69, 116 
badiellaDepressariay. > -aemeie eee 192 
bankianas Deltotenaicuss. sens 925 ss.0 
batselihyatina st eee seein 69, 226 
barony ehilotesmn icine 98, 140 
beliawAnthocharis: 4i-is.5)-) sae) eee 246 
bellargus, Lysandra. . . 11, 25, 35, 
101, 124, 178 
benanderi, Coleophora. .... 191, 220 
bennetiAodistis:. cases eases sone 88 
bermistorius@haraxes! y scree cee vee 252 
betilaeDheclay.csan cis ole 119, 178 
petularias Bistome see 20S 21226 
berulicolay Caloptiliaaes-paswsnew mene 228 
bidentata, Odontopera..... PANS eval 
bindereliay Coleophora. epee ee Sh 
biplagariniasiaa. 5 a) ce eames 89, 150 
bipunctellasEthinta se. eee le 74331 
bjerkandrella, Tebenna 28, 142, 
188, 190 
blandulella, Caryocolum....... 1)3) 
boeticus, Lampides. . 89, 99, 143, 
243, 244 
bractea, Autographa ... 92,119, 
Nee ey? 
brassicae aMamiestta ).mep-sesuem ae vee 20 


7, 104-106, 128, 
164, 243, 244, 245 
brendelli, Gnathothlibus...... 19-20 


brassicae, Pieris . 


brumata,Operophtera 4: 2. 2: 
brunnearia, Selidosema ....... 
bucephalayPhaleray ys) sree 
C 

Caecana Cy didi... G .lctetre ae eae 
GaissaAlaena’nss, aicacwe ch vets. ceaats 
CajawATCtiaias Avian) xt cate) anes 
c-album, Polygonia.... 99, 126, 

2 
callidicesPontiay. a. con eee 101, 
calodactyla, Platyptilia . 168, 169, 
camillanWadorars eas) caer 52). 
capucinas Ptilodoni uses caer 
cardamines, Anthocharis Raihes's)y 


179, 226, 246, 
cardui, Cynthia . . 87,90, 91,93, 
97/598, 99 101F OG. 17. 
124, N77 2285243" 
carolynnae, Aloeides......... 
Ccanmelita: Odontosiay-)5 4 ee ee 
carphodactylus, Leioptyla...... 
CarthamisPyreus 2) 2) eee eee 
Castanea, -Xxestiav. 2 4 a eee eee 
cataphanes, Autophila........ 
Cecelia Pyronia yn. «kt eee eee ete 
celerio, Hippotion 
celtissIhibythea =). ols commen 
cantaureata, Eupithecia =). one 
centrago. Atethmiae 5 nee oes eee 
cerasivorella, Coleophora .. .191, 
Cerasana.Pandemis<"s 2 ane onene 
cespitalis, Ryrausta ts.) .) ec) esaen es 
chloerata, Chloroclystis 3a). .csre 
GNIS peTe Olas se. =) gece pace oie 
chrysidiformis, Bembecia 76, 169, 


chrysippus, Danaus... . 66,120, 
chrysorrhoea, Euproctis . . 70, 84, 

92, 147, 
cidarella, Bucculatrix ..... 188, 


cinctana, Pariclepsis 
cinctaria, Cleora 
cinxia, Melitaea.. . 
citranasihiodia: ue 5 yee pe eee 
clathrataSemlothisaie.: 2) esse 


ClavipalpissCaradrina =f eye) sees eee 
cleopatra, Gonepterpyx .. 43,97, 

100, 
clintoni,Scrobipalpay.]e. 4e 
chlonindeSAnteos mei eter we eee 
Coleophorasps ee ae ae 187, 
columbariella) dunea,. 2265 7 see 


combinella, Pseudoswammerdamia . 
comes, Noctua 


wi Olsctah fat Tas: 1@:* 16) mw, fa” hw) 


PAGE 
Commas hesperiay.-4..= + ae 179 
complana, Eilema ..... 84 
compositellanGy diay se) ts ae 194 
comptay Hadenaw nes. Ws 57 
compunctella, Swammerdamia ... 190 
confusa, Macdunnoughia . 23, 89, 
90,91 151 
GOMLUSAHSSNOlas os ee eres le eG 70 
congressariella, Nothris .... 32, 193 
conicolanasCydiay. 2.5. a5 a2 163 
Consonatia ECtropis’.. .%.- . 226 
consortana, Dicrorampha ...... 194 
cGonspiciwians, Pgira 2.4... . « 91226 
conturbatella, Mompha ....... G18) 
convolutella, Zophodia ....187, 195 
convolvuli, Agrius 39, 87, 90, 145, 248 
coracipennella, Coleophora ..... 191 
coridon, Lysandra . 23,100,101, 
WSs) 228 
corinna,Coenonympha .... 98, 99 
corylatasblectrophaes! |. fiers e..- 226 
coryli, Colocasia’... 34.22: Tl, 226 
COStalissElypsOpyeia. -ieweaene ine 227 
GlaSSangAPTOPISi 4 4... . Eee cee 3i7/ 
crataegi, Aporia.... 45-52,124, 
161-166, 170, 232, 233, 245 
crepuscularia. Ectropism acs sale 226 
Glesphontesbaplligs a.nees -eaneneae 114 
cristatella, Bucculatrix ..... 183, 190 
eroceago- Todidie., =... setae cieeaue 71 
eroced Coliass. sara 50. 57. 9 Oodle 
93, 96, 98, 100, 101, 243, 246, 248 
eTOSC LARVA elAinteter ys. baie s, ce TIRE 189 
Gnudan Orthosiayaae uw mae Wl 225 
cryptella, Trifurcula 189 
cucullina, Ptilodontella ....... 70 
culiranias Drepanaloer-a . .) 1 5 eect DO, 
Cumilanaeucosma’-.. . wean eee 64 
CULSOLIA UNOS 5. 2c aie. 4) sk ene 119 
eynthiaskuphydtayas 2... 3.4. - 102 
ey tisellasbaltodoras cys 2 192 
D 
dale Dianrsidvcwe tees, See sane 211 
dapiine wSrenunisi caren 13 NOW 
daphnis Meleageria....... 12, 100 
daplidice, Pontia . . 100, 101, 243, 245 
dama=|@harazes a... ete eee ake 252 
darwiniana,Caenonympha ..... 13 
daueella Depressaniaie..1-) > sasieee 229 
deauratella,Coleophora ....... 219 
debiliata,Chloroclystis. 2). 4.5... - 85 
decentella»Etainia =a 24h... 189 
decorellas Teletodcam spin oie) ke 192 


decrepitalisy Udeaen.s..5 eae ene 195 


PAGE 

detoliariae EranniSiy. -1. meanest 225 
degeerella, Nemophora ....... 123 
deionesMellictars 3) 2vaseunt 13, 124 
dentaria, Selenia ... . 43,70,87, 227 
dentellasY psolophus] .).0-..:es-an 190 
dianiinay Velutacalen: cn.) mee snan 14 
didowPhilacihiniats mrt eenes sacs 1A 
didyma, Melitaea..... IB elOl 24 
dilutatasEpirrita je... . seus ee 43 
discordella, Coleophora ....... 220 
dispar Lymantria —— sees ie ls 2ee 26 
dissimilata Catachysmessa eens ole 69 
distans, Crombrugghia, ....... 15-18 
itskehe LESS: 

distinctaria, Eupithecia .:..:.:- 69 
distinctatay Alcucisie-a-uanemer -) Gane 70 
dodomaensis, Alaena....... 107-110 
dodoneata, Eupithecia........ 83 
dolabrariayPlarodis, 25 fete. = 2 226 
dominula, Callimorpha .... 82, 277 
dorus, Coenonympha ........ 97 
douglasella, Depressaria ....... 192 
dromedarius, Notodonta ...... 226 
dnyas.sManoiSeris- amet emcee aan inte 100 
duicellasStiome llanmens as ey sien te 83 
duponcheli, Leptidea ..... 100, 102 

E 

editha. Phoecbisueuemearmats © ome 113, 114 
elbana,Coenonympha........ 100 

elinguania Cro calls ise 2) ne P| 
elisas babnicianau ene cacy arene cae 99 
CuoenyeIels NOMS wa) 2 6 21b8o oe c 12, 
EMOreMaliss Mrisateles syed nn-n eae 240 
epiphronsErebiayer an - 5... 101 
@pommasvAlcnaeay es yes etic) MEE ce 66 
equitella, Glyphipterix........ 183 
erythrocephala,Conistra ...... iia 
escheri, Agrodiaetus ...... 100, 102 
esculi, Nordmannia. < 2 = .cl Of s153 
eumedon, Eumedonia ..... LSS Lo 
euphrosyne, Boloria ...... 13 6 
euphorbiae, Acronicta........ 71 
euphorbiae, Apatele ....:.... 1) 

exigua, Sposoptera . 36,57, 84, 90, 

91,94, 149 

XI PUALAS EU pILNe Cla seen ie sew uals 20 
exsoletanexylenayy pan + ethene 43 

F 

fabressei, Agrodiaetus ........ 23 
fapata, Operophiteraa: 25 ane 0: 43 
facellanDiinneaeeo- a.) austen tee 226 
fAPi a STAULODUS met ai eenew ere hele HOw 227 
fantula BIChrOMa | Sessile fila lene 69 


PAGE 
fasciaria. Hyjlaeas = 4 remote sen 145 
frolewaslamagnyas seen ener 113 
ferchaultella, Luffia .... 53,55, 56 
feroniasHamaGryass =. of. ee sats) 
ferrugaliss Wdea\ = = -es 4 ene 91, 93 
ferulasSatviuss ue ce eee is}, sayy 
filipendulae, Nepticula........ 189 
fischella, Coleophora. ........ 191 
itammecanbanolismeuces ¢.oaseamen ie 225 
flammedySentdae eae ene crews 90, 148 
flavicilianas COGhYLIS = ewes eens 193 
flavicincta, Polymixis ..... 20%) S77. 
flavipennella, Coleophora ...... 218 
flavofasciata, Perizoma .... 57, 227 
MAVUSs LV INElICUS ss cusneas ce) cmemeue 124 
flocciferus, Carcharodes ....... 101 
fluctuata, Xanthorrhoe 69, 211 
formosanus, Lozotaeniodea.... . 123 
TraxininCatocalas a. y.memeamene ee Isl 
freyerella, Cosmiotes = 29... 2.02 83 
fiitlATINTS MEY ESUS Menen eta tentieat 124 
fulgurata, Neptidopsis ........ 155 
fulipinaria’, Parascotia) 2°02 2-2. 84 
fulviguttella, Phaulernis ....... 191 
fulvimitrella, Triaxomera ...... 189 
fumatellay Ghionodesi ies) sleet 192 
funenellaayEiihinniaee sees emeneten oat 192 
UNTO RUIRCHIEY bs Sie 6-0 ceo 226 
fuscatella ampronial |. 2.5 e 189 
fuscocuprella, Coleophora. ..... 191 
fusconebulosa, Hepialus....... 72iN Ih 
G 
galathea, Melanargia .. .7,11, 13, 

LOU, WOZI24 755228 

galliiHivales) .s-u5 i ee 90, 146 
gamma, Autographa .. . 23,71, 87, 90, 
O22 7 

Cemunanay ANCYIIS) veeetemeeel tacit 194 
plaucatan(Gilixegs vy caemeraretns 69, 226 
glaucicolella, Coleophora ...... 221 
glaucinalis, Orthopygia ....... 195 
glycerion,Caenonympha ...... 101 
glyphicayEctypa-.. casasiae: peel. 226 
enomaaPHEOSIaG-senou- wena ene. 227 
gothicaOrthosiay. .-)5 - 4 - M225 
priseellassiniiunculayenei oleae eae 189 


gryphipennella, Coleophora . . 218, 226 


H 
haasij-plutella sen. eucreeeee on iUt337/, WEN 
hastatae Riheumapteraus: ise taneaene 231 
hastianalvACleris) cause aeene renee 182 
hemerobiella, Coleophora ...... 191 


heracliana, Agonopteryx, 83, 142 


PAGE 
herminata, Diplodoma..... 183, 189 
hexadactyla, Alucitaes..y-guc see! oi 125 
hibernicella Psyche =A. aces a3 


hippocastinaria, Pachycnemia. ... 70 
hippothoe, Paleochrysophanus . 13, 101 


hintanian by cia > 5 cas, ree ek 70 
homers. Papilion 5-0) ee oe 114 
honoraria. |Campacas =. ai eaten 710 
hospitons Papillion eee ee 98 
hyale,Colias ... .100,143, 244, 246 
hyalinalis, Microstega ........ 195 
hyperantus, Aphantopus 35, 102, 

124, 176 
hyperia wBiblis e-e)-yo eee Nig 
hy periciwActino tiaye sj )san aeons Hil 

I 


icarus, Polyommatus . . 23, 98, 99, 
100, 101, 124, 178, 226, 228, 249 


idas,Aviciaw.4)c...) cee oemeae 100 
ilicis, Nordmannia ....100,102, 153 
impura, Mythimina, 4) 4. 2 eneeene 227 
incertasOrthosia’ — . 42 eee 71 
inconspiculella, Solenobia...... 189 
insecurella, Epermenia.... . 188, 191 
intermedius, WuNOTeCCtSS Henne WS 
interrogationis, Syngrapha 723). i151) 
imulae., Coleophora.) eee eee 110 
io; INachisie sae D9 Se Sel ie 
180, 248 
1oOlaSLolanapeyea cee 12. 3s 4. 
iphigenia nonacriensis, Agrodiaetus, 
196-199 
Ipsilon. AprOus) = eueeseeen: 90 49 e227 
itis. -APatuitar.. ssc. 3. > Gea LOe Wg 
imrorellay Setina .". -. Skee eee 86 
J 
jacobacac-wlhyilaleeme seem een PET} 
jaspideas.V dletiaue. ta-eswerrne ei5 1 
jatrophaewAnaniiay vie eee eerie 185 
johnson, Andean athe ene 113 
}OltasyANItOeTaphiaiees 3 ieee ennai 43 
juncicolella,Coleophora....... 218 
jumiperata® Wheraney., --.aeete teen 64 
jurtina. Maniolara ys. cen 35599 SOI 
102, 124, 176, 228, 249 
jutta sOenecis p-.-n-: eee ee 140 
K 
knysiia) Zidera: =. as Sa ch ele 120 


L 


laetus, Cromburgghia 
albumeMythiminal . suc) weed cae. 
lapidellan Ws utitials cee. ay Sky iltey7e 
lappellas Metzneriay, janis cee, susie 
lanicella Coleophora.) oy.) 4 ene 
farsemin@haraxesauscere ss) cyeiecd bes) c 
larseniella, Syncopacma ....... 
lathonia, Argynnis . 
latistria, Agriphila 
lavatherae, Careharodus .... 12, 
leaublenalbithoplane)-sencnanaleeie 
fleroma. @rudanlas aiuens souencn ie ake 
leucostigma,Celaena...... 192, 
leuwenhoekella Pancalia....... 
levana, Araschnia . 11, 89, 93, 102, 
libatrix, Scoliopteryx 
lienigalis, Pyralis 
lieniganus, Leioptulus ........ 
es earshre Dida ...=) + \-ucsmcua sae 
MEUM SMEG Biete ooo bole oc 
limibalissUrespital. sess ccie Sie 
imibanias IStursiay. . - <leleeueie 
limoniella,Goniodoma ....... 
limosipennella, Coleoptera 
linteatas FivleSic.. >. + ect pei 70, 
lineola, Coleophora 
neolasdihymeliCus’ Goan secs eens 
iteranasyA'Cleris: 2) upasuebices coeur 
lithargyrinella, Coleophora . . 
184, 191, 
lattoralis-wWobesiaysewu wet wa sl ee 
littoricolella, Elachista.. 65, 187, 
livornica Hyles\ =. semen.) - 90, 94, 
lixella, Coleophora 
lOnICeTAce ZV SAciialc shee k emer 
loreyi, mythimna..... 
lucina, Hamearis ... 
lucipara, Euplexia 
lunalisaHenminiay same eae ness 
MUN aTISe Batias nen. iota she cohceeiis 
PUNATIS MIN CIAN yan eee 68, 
lunosas'Omphaloscelis 7. ss)... 
dunulariaaSeleniaen.. oe ee 43, 
iMnideolaskilentane bse) es ener 
lutescens: Alocides .... 22. Smar 
lutipennella, Coleophora 
lutulentula, Aporophyla....... 
luteolata, Opistopgraptis ... 21, 
lutulentula, Meonochroa 
lycaon, Hyponephele 


pimulkeliies yay ie,) kent jal tei in 


CWC Chueh Ame coment: 


M 


212,035 905.98, 
101 102,143. 


machaon, Papilio . 


PAGE 


244 


PAGE 
machaonidess Papilio... . 4. 114 
machinella,Coleophora ....... 191 


maera, Lasiommata 12,101,102, 124 
malvae,Pyrgus ...... 101,124, 179 


maluti Aloeides: se) ta eae oe 173 
marginaria, Agriopis ...... WO, 2S 
manitimasChilodes!. ese See 57 
maritimella Coleophora ....... Bil 
matura, halpophilay., 25 5 4.5 22) 227 
IMALUIHAaMelIGtares = es ae 11, 140 


mannii, Artogeia ... 12,13, 100, 
101,102, 124 


meeki, Gnathothilibus - 2... 2. ° 19 


megacephala Acronicta ....... 43 
megera, Lasiommata . . . 7-10, 98, 
99,100, 124,175, 248 
MenGi cay DiatSiaeer et ay eee 84 
IMC Olan aisle Oldway wearer ne ene 101 
merdella, Proterospastis, 73, 75 
meticulosa, Phlogophora . 20, 40, 

TAR TOG 227 
metzneriana,Eucosma..... 188, 194 
god yurolbiabianeel Al, Aho ola oe oe 226 
mulhausenubWanpyial ss. sue ene ee 70 
milvipennis,Coleophora....... 218 


minimus, Cupido .. . 13, 100, 124 
178, 228, 248 
miniosa, Orthosia. .... 


minorella, Glyphipterix ....... 190 


miscellasMomphaseeiiens 193 
mnemosyne, Parnassius ....... i! 
molothina, Lycophotia ....... 71 
monacha luyiniantiiaie se eee 227 
montanata, Xanthorhoe....... 21 
mucidarius,Gnophos ........ 70 
munGgayOrnchosiay eyes iwee 225 
miunaniellaMined sete ae SRO STIS) 
murinipennella, Coleophora. .... 221 
MUSCeLO da helO Slaves sae ue 222 
my rtillanasGreselda 9 so. eee 194 
N 
manellaaWeCunvaniane | es iasc ln. eos 192 


napi, Pieris (Artogeia) .. 7,10, 11, 13, 

98, 99, 124, 226, 244, 245 

narbonea, Pterophora 

NetboOnedeLOlidasen = had) eee 204 

nemoralis, Agrotera ... 37,188, 195 
ni, Trichoplusia . . . 84, 89, 90, 91, 

94,117, 150 

nicias, Aricia 

noctuella, Nomophila . 87,90,91, 93 


nodicolella, Mompha.: 5.0... - 193 
nostrodamus, Gegenes........ 120 
MOLAtAe SeIMOtMISAl. such icone cee 227 
MOUMAwATCMICATIS cee a ce a oes Dey 


vi 


PAGE 
nubilalise@strinials sas ace yee 216 
MUptaCatOCalayer. toes aseeeeat tac 84 
nymphagoga Catocala ..... 11338 }e JIS) 

O 

obscuranas Pammene = ..one ene ee 169 
obsitalis, Hypena ... . 73,74, 75, 126 
obstipata, Orthonama ... 90,91, 145 
Occvlta Euros: sss eo eee 23,90, 147 
ocellea, Euchromius .... 33,89, 142, 

188, 194 
ochredy Coleophotaueaes a aha 188 
ochroleuca, Eremobia ........ 227 
OCtaVia byte CIS anaes mace (op PALI 
oedippus,Coenonympha ...... 102 
officinalis, Sanguisorba ....... 102 
Oenone-UNOMIidy ese cmsucy cece 66 
oleracedlbacono Did spy. ces eat 20 
ononidis Parectopa "ay a. ke 190 
operculella, Phthotimaea 142,188, 193 
ophione, Neptidopsis ........ 156 
onbitellay @oleophora ss ais ae a 218 
Orbonalis, Lucmodes= . 6... 445.6 187 
orichalcea, Diachrysia . 89, Sy 
ornitopus, Lithophane........ 71 
OropanaMGviGiae «vac ee the, earn cee 194 
Opes Lttaanicias si). ene 200, 201 
Ostrina. EUblemimar.. ... . cee) eee 224 
ovetlaeti, Ornipholidotes ...... 107 
oxyacanthae, Phyllonorycter .... 83 

P 

pactolanda@yidiawens «seen 188, 194 
palaenowColiasve: = -6-) <a Dieta yal 
paleaceasEnarcidue si eeien 92, 148 
paledlismsitochrody =). wen 27, 143 
Pandora Oloiae e+ 1 eeweeeue ie 102 
pallenssMiyithimma So. sue ee eee PLS 
pallifrontana. (Cydia = 5 4.24 os - 194 
palustrella, Monochroa ....... 67 
pamphilus,Coenonympha... 99, 249 
pandora, Pandoriana 3... . 2. .- 99 
pandrose, Erebia . 140 
paphia, Argynnis 35,99,101,140, 176 
Patadoxasstiemellany se tne ae 83 
paripennella, Coleophora ...... 220 
parva, Eublemma.. . 39,90,150, 152 
pauperana,Eucosma...... 83, 194 
PaVvomMiae Satunniay esses eee Sie lel 
peltigera, Heliothis ..... 36,90, 149 
pelopi;Agrodiaetus 952 4... = 196 
Pennanias COlOLOlSmee sas nee eee 228 
peribenanderi,Coleophora ..... 220 
phicomone-Coliase.. 4a see LOL, 102 
phlaeas, Lycaena ...... 98°.99° 101 


PAGE 
phoebe Melitacagaiew., =) oe emer 124 
phoeniceata, Eupithecia....... 37 
phragmitellas€hilo: sss. aes eee 184 
pilosaria, Apocheima......... 225 
pinastri, Hyloicus..... 98,184, 227 
pityocampa, Thalmetopoea..... 70 
plebejana, Crocidosema . 117,188, 194 
pPlexippus Danausiee. . es eeene 120, 144 
pluto: Exebialer, > o.5 ce oe eee 102 
podalirnisalphichdes py. ean eeene 244 
polychloros, Nymphalis . . 37, 43, 
101, 143 
populetis Orthosiaw seman eee 225 
Populi Mimenitisi oe re elem neee 11 
populi, Poecilocampa ........ 228 
POsticanasblastesthiane sss eaenene 194 
postvittana, Epiphyas ..... 1205 237) 
potatoria, Philudoria...... PAL 2727) 
Prinvatiaeelinenian. sae sie) pees 225 
pringlei, Lepidochrysops ...... ] 
procellata, Melanthia......... D2 
procerella. Bisisnay >= 5. 4. 188, 192 
processionea, Thaumetopoea .... 216 
procellatas Melanthia’- sac enene 227 


pronuba, Noctua .... 20,71,90, 227 


pronubama, Cacoecimorpha .... 193 
prunataybulithiss © sees 227 
PLuNI, Strymmonidia =). es 42, 179 
pPuLnAaX= Discesttale nen eres ipl 
pulchella, Utetheisa .... 89,91, 147 
pulchrina, Autographa........ DT 
puppillaria, Cyclclophora ... 69, 144 
purdeyi, Clavigesta 205 <1). eases ce 194 
pusicanae. Melanchrat ses ssmenaeee 20 
pupillanas Eucosma 4 eee 194 
papillaria, Cyclophora ........ 144 
pylaonsPlebejuSee-s-)-is eae iy? 
pyramidea, Amphipyra 20 227 
PYyiinas LEUZELA« ey ae) ee 227 
pyrrhulipennella, Coleophora... . 219 
Q 
quadzras Pithosiaie see o te NO Bie 
quadrimaculella, Bohemannia 198 
quadripuncta, Oegoconia ...... 193 
quadripunctaria, Quercusia ..... 147 
quercus, Quercusia .. . . 100,120, 178 
quexcuscalis;Anidnicus - jenn see 123 
R 
ranavalonanAcracdlsie) alee eneneee 66 


rapae, Pieris (Artogeia) . . 7,100,101, 

104-106, 121, 124, 243, 245 
rapiniculas Cry phial reer os eens 231 
favidasSpaclothism. 4 seine 57 


reducta. Limenitiay, .. 2... - 3}s 
FOUGUAN Ae ODESSA) mere Gla lle 2 fe fel 
MEVAVANA NY CLEOlA 4. gaa es a cue 
thamni, Gonepteryx, 43, 175, 

225; 
thomboidaeia, Peribatodes ..... 
RAGENS sy LOL DLO Calas, cwewsicousnei olen oft 
rigana, Xerocnephasia ........ 
mparii, AeTodiaetus: ..- =... ..- 
WAAL Son ide NOS! ay iu eo cameo dao ane 
mvinlanis, Hadena = s.6 o. 26. 
FOWOLARIA BOATINIA . . 2).c.- st oon as 
roboris, Phyllonorycta..... 72. 
ropustella Caloptilia =. 2... .- 
EOLrela, Yponomeulta ©... ...:. 
rubi, Callophrys 
mubiemata, Scopula. ... 2 2 sey. = 
muiginea. CONIStta 2. =. 5. % eles 
MUINTICOSAsCrASUIS ac = eye) cite) oe 
tufata, Chesias 


ruficornis, Drymonia...... 68, 
rafifasciata, Gymnoscelis ... . 20 
Tuticinerea, Elachista.... =... « .« 
rugosana, Phtheochroa........ 
rumicis, Acronycta.... ..: 43, 
RUMMIAe LeLintotaee + = tees a: 120, 
musticelias MONOpIS. = ).t- 2. © = aac 
foticella Spudaea .°. 2.775; - 68, 
S 

sacraria, Rhodometra 39, 90, 103 

144, 216, 
salicata, Coenotephria ........ 
salicorniae,Coleophora ....... 
Salicalis/Golobochylay-. .. 5... .. 
samiatella, Stigmella ...... 188, 
sangiella, Syncopacma..... 184, 
saportella, Phyllonorycter . . . 188, 
saturatella,Coleophora ....... 
saucia, Peridroma. . . . 39, 91, 94, 
Saxiiarae= StenOptiliay. -. . 2 <.- © 
scalptata-syriata group, Eupithecia . 
shuetzeella, Dioryctria..... 187, 
SCDetIM ASTOLISE mss) cpr) aes, ops 
Scoticeilas barOnniX aos0s. 2 2) ee 
sehestediana, Choreutis ....... 
SCIENCAO@IOSSIANAy tans) a) cae 
semele, Kumenis ....-.. . ie 
semiargus, Cyaniris....... 13; 
SemmacsEnOebDISs . . ste c.. Ss 
Sep BACOLIa syste eaten sto = 53); 
sequella, Ypsolopha ......%.:. 
SericcalsSuRivula, .. 3 3 «= = 92. 
serpylletorum, Coleophora ..... 
serratella, Coleophora ........ 


siccifolia, Coleophora ........ 


PAGE 
silaceata, Ecliptopera’ = = = 2 = - > = 226 
simplonia, Euchloe..... 12,13, 245 
simulans, Rhyacia 57, 67, 84, 

87, 88, 118 


sinapis. Leptidea .. 7,10, 13, 98, 
99, 100,124,179, 246 


smaragdaria, Thetidia ........ 42 
smiilesi;'Charazes* ;-= eee ae 252 
Sociaslithophane} Gee eee 225 
sociella, Aphomia ....... IH} NSS) 
sodalianayHuUsSterOsias -i4 ates 193 
sororculana, Apotomis........ 193 
spadicearia, Xanthorrhoe ...... 83 
Sparsanas ACIenISy =. = often cee 198 
Spinis Sthymonidia fe. ees eee 100 
spissicornis, Coleophora ....... 219 
Sponsa. Catocalaeee sss. ln ene 227 
Stabilella Gosmiotes: == oe 192 
Stabiliss Orthosiays)) ss |e ZOST IS 125 
Staudinger. Conistrae. se. nee 71 


stellatarum, Macroglossum 36, 70, 
91, 93,122, 224 


sternipennella, Coleophora ..... 220 
Sticticalisa Mareanitian. 0. )- eer rne 142 
Stratatia, Biston =<. 2s ee = 2 70 
striatipennella, Coleophora ..... 220 
strigilatay Polypogon’ + 222. Sst 238 
subalbidella, Elachista -.:..... 192 
suberifolia, Epicnaptera ....... 69 
suffumata, Lampropteryx...... 226 
suffusella, Monochroa ........ 192 
sulphurellasEspertas 9.2 2... 2. - 124 
SUSpeCtasbarasticChtlsye. sees -lyr-n cee 148 
NMA JEhGMST 2555505 006 250 
sylvestris, Thymelicus ..... 79> 228 
syringella, Caloptilia ......... 83 
T 
taeniipennella, Coleoptera. ..... 72744 
tages, Erynnis 2 LOM A022 1797226 
tamesis, Coleophora ...-..... 221 
tanganyike, Ornipholidotes . . .107-110 
tarsicrinalis, Polypogon ....... 151 
tarsipennalis, Herminia ....... 133 
{AUWA Pianola ten. Ps cnsee a 69 
telejus.Maculineal a5 \.8s0- ere eer 102 
tephradactyla, Leipotylus...... 195 
terminella, Mompha ......... 193 
LELSALAMEIOTISMNEG ss. 2) Ges ahs eee eh 69 
fetralunaniaselemiay .) ees 2 eee 43 
thapsiella, Agonopteryx, 73, .... 74 
thapsiphaga, Cucullia ........ ve: 
testacealanbiydrelia 2.52.9) ee. 250 
thersites, Plebicula ....... 14, 100 
thoracella, Bucculatrix........ 190 
EtnyanilasNOlAN e-em) tote fe fel 70 


Vili 


thyravAloeidear.’ 5 4 eis 23.0 Se 
titaniaaG@losstanay .) = 2 eben Seehe 
tithonus, Pyronia..... 99, 176; 
tEyEUSHHCOGeS 2)... cei eee ee 
tophaceatasiNe bulla aes. iae- names ie 
transversa, Eupsilia . . . . 116, 123, 
trapezinasCOsmia \. eve eis oe 
tLAUTMAaN a eamMmMeticn. umes ce 
treitSchKel. DWiscestra, » aeiceeyen eee 
[Hoehne eA eLOE eens cue Eo oak otoy 
trifasciata, Arguresthia. .... oe 
thtOlievDISCEStidmayseekoeeee oeeee ns 
PIfOlieZvedetiqe ee, «| crepe hake 
txipoliana, HUCOSM ayaa ien-v oneal) 
trochilella, Coleophora .... 84, 
trogloditella, Coleophora ...... 
TUK A CTOLSH.. ce ea yal syan ane as olen 
tunbergella, Micropterix....... 
*turbidella, Ectoedemia.... 188, 
typica, Naenia 20, 


U 
uliginosellus./Crambus  « :& .%,- 
Dini Dicrantirae sues seen 68, 
ultimella, Depressaria . . 188,192, 

229, 
unguicella Ancylis) > 3 2).08 aie = 
unipuncta, Mythimna ... 90,91, 
unionalis, Palpita . . . . 90, 91, 94, 

123, 143; 188, 
Urticae, Aglais.. . -ss iar 180, 225, 

Vv 

VacCcinilConistral 9 ere eeeee (Livs 


vandaliellasRudonia |= =... scr: 
Vala GHEYSOGISTISE 4) cues eta et 
venatuss OchlodeSe:. 4 -).s5 sale 
Wemoee (Curewility 1.5 ga pro pb ee 
VeESTISTAlISssAPTOLS sey memehricneh- ere 
versurella, Coleophora ........ 
MEALS. GUIS 5 a 6 alo oul of eke 
vibummana, Apheliaye ss 4 sen Ge eee 


viminitella, Coleophora ... .191, 
Vina Genunal ene ec enema 70, 
Viretata ACAaSiSia saereysest eo see 69, 


violai@haraxesm: parvewer- citucle 
violacea(\Goleophora > sie cass eee 
virzaureatas Pupithecia is. mieyenee 
Virgauriae. Coleophora aysiu ae eee 


WITSAUTIAe VHCOGeSm ales hee ee 101, 
Vitalbata: Orismies si se cee = 69, 
vitellina, Mythimna . . 80, 90,91, 

148, 216, 
Vuloellamieleiades = 5 ean 116, 
vitisella, Coleophora ......... 


PAGE 
W 
w-album, Strymonidia .. . 35, 67, 
139° 179 
Wallatiay Semiothisal | o1ss see 57 
weaverella. Monopis' =) 5.5. 4 ..ne 2 
Weirellass Depressaiia as nen ienenen 192 
wykehami,Crudaria ......... 1 
», « 
xylostella, Plutella ..... 80, 90, 165 
Z 
*7elleralis; Herminia |: 2... < isi, 155i 
SLICES MRAUCISIen ae) caeee eaten 114 
ZOegaAnay AgaApetal eis eee eee 22, 
COLEOPTERA 
Adaliaibipunctatas-s- 0. neach cnemene 30 
Avonumypracilipes) ys caneuenene 205-7 
Amara aenea, aulica, bifrons, 
CiDIaliss vie, 2: Shavccaryemeieee ene 205 
Anomalaaeneaie =. -1- uemaeeeanens 96 
Aspisoma ignitum v. polyzona ... 185 
Atholusiconmnis\ ee vus 2)- ienenene 185 
Bradycellus harpalinus........ 205 
Broscus cephaloteSscyesasencueus meee 95 
Calviayli4-subtataes tc, 24s 21) ee 30 
Ganthanidindet. aes iecn ee mene 185 
Carabusjcrannlatuses- eens aeeneee 82 
monilis;nemoOralisy . saeco case 80-1 
PLObIeEMatICUS =) ome, Ree Cuenee 81 
VIOIACCUS's 3. Sua amen nohenene tee 81-2 
Chilocorus renipustulatus ...... 30 
Chlorophorus pilosus 
v.glabromaculatus ........ 195 
Chrysolina brunsvicensis, graminis, 
polita-staphyleas-vseuce-n-nene 152 
G@icindelaamaritimal-y-s-sses eee 96 
Coccinella, /-ounctatas |. semen 29-31 
ii ounce tata eee 29-31, 201 
Cry PUCUSISD.. 5 atom cist cack Clee 185 
Cryptorhynchus lapathi....... 96 
Cycloneda sanguinea ........- 185 


Diaprepes abbreviatus, famelicus . . 186 
Dorcatoma chrysomelina, 


HLAVICOLMIS) 4) eens 
Gnesdensisi ses ae 
SClid cemeteries 


Eburia (Eubria evr.) 10-maculata .. 185 


Eledona agricola .... 


Euchlora dubia, see Anomala 


Eurynebria complanata 


Galerucella tropica.......... 185 
Gronops *inaequelis, lunatus . . . 213-5 
Gymnetron pascuorum, 
PlantaPiniSy., znone. c= - cane cl ge 135-8 
Harpalus affinis (aeneus), anxius, 
rubripes, rufitarsis, smaragdinus 205 


H@TELOGELES SD) 2-0 5-20 2515.6, a0) 185 
Homophoeta albicollis........ 185 
Hy pera ataton ys <<. suse os ewe 167-8 
Lachnopus sp. curvipes grp...... 186 
anicoviusenichsom . 40.6 3 s).- 207 
Weistusferrugineus ... . -- «.. =: 205 
MECIN ASPs Gievene. siete sj ws erate oes 185 
Wepturascuteliata, 2). ce om make 122 
HISYTUSICUNICUIUS 2m ee) eh euclisic 185 
Litostylus pudens ~: 1... + 4. - 186 
Metabletus foveatus ......... 205 
Meimiona trisionata =: 2 c-bs sie 185 
Microlestesanaurus «<0. -4, «nse 3c 205 
Nanophyes marmoratus ....... 167 
Nebria, see Eurynebria 
Olisthopus rotundatus........ 205 
Panagaeus bipustulatus ....... 115 
Phaleria fullva) epeerectaace cyte 3. = 185 
Phiyvdano buss r30 si is eons) ol aed cite 96 
Phytonomus, see Hypera 
Rropylea U4-punctatai is acu us «). 29-30 
PSCHUGOMUS'SD). © «, «25 speaebdad comin 186 
Rhizophagus depressus, nitidulus. . 121 
Sitophilus linearis. . 2. 554.4 > 185 
MTECRUS-ODUUISUS) sii ene) Geet) 205 
Trogoderma ornatum ........ 185 
PrOxXsSabulOsus! /iaisnecs oe eet one 156 
DERMAPTERA 
Huborelliaystalian, cere. nse yen ees 185 
DIPTERA 

Acanthiptera rohrelliformis ..... 74] 
Agromyza abiens, myosotidis.... 77 
Anasimyia contracta, lineata, 

ved Sur ara avcse che suet ale ny o>, eset cle i? 
@erodonthaireoss.« seu a see o 79 
Chewosiaispser.ccuetins owe aoe 85 
Chrysogaster hirtella, solstitialis .. 85 
Miastatarne balosaiy aces eet ues: 2 25 
Dizygomyza, see Cerodontha 
Dory ceraigraminum’ 2... 24... 25 
Emp hisjeusedign ele vaue onal ie 85 
Episyrphus balteatus ;........ 41 
RIStAMS ITCH AN: pcuen acs novayencie tts fs eS 
Ernestia laevigata, rudis ....... 26 
Estheriaoretatay 705666. 3 hives 4 fe 26 
Eustalomiyia festival 25:56... . Zi 


Graphogaster, see Rondania 


PAGE 
Graphomyaipicta’.. ase) + eae Zi 
Helophilus, see Anasimyia, 

Parhelophilus 
ejoeastenmetallina seas) casi 85 
IpoptenarCeLvir. - --ueuel- denon 22-3 
Eanlomyzastrivata 2) 5 -a-wec esac ZT 
Lonchaea contigua, flavidipennis 

(limatitla), postica. 9:65 ausur 4s 25 
Mallota cimbiciformis ........ 82 
Megamerina dolium ......... 24 
Megaselia *aculeata, *insons .... 181 

PATITETCOStAta an cay Saeco 181-2 

TSUDCONVEXKA:) see. cele aera 182 
Melangyna labiatarum, 

unvoellatanumsps oe eee eae 85 
Metasyrphus corollae ........ 31 
Napomyza scrophulariae ...... a, 
Norelliaispinipesin. ssn mist eeu 26 
Ochtherajmantis: = 5 <5). - 4 iene 154 
Orthoneura nobilis, splendens ... 85 
GQUEITES PUCARAy nek caer ctier en sire aaesiasite 25 
Paraphytomyza discrepans, 

populicola, similis ........ 77 
Rarhelophiluss -sgec -tauce= abouts 1?) 
Phaonia pratensis, vittifera ..... Pad 
Pherbellia‘annulipes) <3) < js 2) « sysk- 25 
Bhnyxe villoatise) eye) sueiieemene 104,105 
Phytomyza aprilina, autumnalis, 

Calthoplitlag ce smcncecn-ae oueneus 77 

chaerophylli, crassiseta, cytisi, 

hendeli, heracleana, horticola, 

ilicis, lonicerae (harlemensis), 

MathicaMaes MIPTA] 2. 6 es cine 78 

MOCACAl cscecereysceney areca nrstevonauene 78-9 

obscurella, periclymeni, petoei, 

primulae, sphondyliivora, 

tussilaginis, virgaureae........ 79 
Rainienaicalceatar sums eminent 24 
Renocera fuscinervis......... 25 
Rondania fasciata. cee. es) ee = 26 
Senvillialuridams 9 suse. sie) eens 26 
Steganina coleoptrata ........ 25 
Tachydromia *terricola ...... 2234 
Tephritis formosa, hyoscyami, 

COMeta COMjUNCtar eis ie) eae 24 
Tintxarcaenulesceusy srene iene el eee 26 
HEMIPTERA 
Brevicoryne brassicae ........ ail 
Odontoscelis dorsalis......... 205 
HYMENOPTERA 


Allantus cinctus, Ametastegia. . . 208-9 
Andricus quercuscalicis .... 
Apanteles glomeratus ....... 104-5 


PAGE 

Apethymiuse aires as saeco once: 209 
BOmMDUSISD=. huts one oe ees 103 
Calameuta pallipes, filiformis . . 111 
Camponotus cruentatus ...... 1534 
Dineura virididorsata......... 208 
Henichroarcroced ancien mercies 208 
Wey SIDiaenana as eee ern eine 105, 106 
Rintplainstigator «1-0. seen 104, 105 
Protemphytus 2+ 4 7s ee © 209 
Pteromalus puparum...... 104, 105 
Tetrastichus galactopus ....105, 106 
WespalQVespulajispamcseie ie anne 103 

ODONATA 

Aeshna caerulea, grandis....... 131 
Cyanea mixta nt ss ore se ous i137) 
ISOSCCIES ta ie sie actiear tetas 130 
FUN CEA nena cee sie sites ics ighikeisy 
Agrion splendens, virgo ....... PX) 
INDE THT SAMO 4 og Gop aleve tio 6 129 
Brachytron pratense ...... 129,730 
Ceriacniontenellum) =. > 4 4 e-- 130 
Coenagrion hastulatum ....... 131 
mercuriale, puella, pulchellum . 130 
Cordulegaster boltonii........ 129 
Corduliadeneay. . 4... 129-30 
Enallagma cyathigerum ....... 129 


Erythrodiplax umbrata 
Erythrommanajasi seems eae 
Gomphus vulgatissimus 
Ischnura elegans 

PUMTIO  ascn aati eee 
Lepthemisivesicwlosars-)ea-ses eens 
LesteSispOmsSain cai. sca veiey ous ene 
Peucombinia@ubia eee 


«isu e) bent ieae 


eecOiceyw, Oeme Oe ce 


AUD Vials ss eee watery eee Seen 
Orthenis fermusincaly 4a eee 
Orthetrum cancellatum, 

Coerulescensis). 2.) se anne 
Platyicnemis: pennipes: cn-i-aenenees 
Pyrrhosoma nymphula........ 
Somatochloravarctica) = serene 

metallicad:s) cc vercsayel eee 
Sympetrum danae, sanguineum.. . 

MIGTESCENS) cs \-aacucs Mee ee ee 

Striolatum(.): <go -csesucue ee ne 


ORTHOPTERA 


Conocephalus dorsalis ........ 
Leptophyes punctatissima...... 
Tettigonia viridissima 


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Vol. 95 Nos. 5-6 May/June 1983 ISSN 0013-8916 


ee ee eee eee 
oe 
Ent 


THE. 
ENTOMOLOGIST’S 
RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E:S. 


with the assistance of 


A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. P. J. CHANDLER. B:SC., F.R.E.S. 
NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. 
S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. J. HEATH, F.R.E.S., F.L.S. 

J. D. BRADLEY, PH.D., F.R.E.S. E. S. BRADFORD 


Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. 
P. A. SOKOLOFF, M.SC., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S. (Registrar) 
C. J. LUCKENS, M.B., CH.B., D.R.C.O.G. 


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hy», 


TWO BUTTERFLY SURVEYS — CAN YOU HELP US? 


Concern over the status of the Marsh Fritillary (Eurodryas aurinia) 
and the High Brown Fritillary (Argynnis addippe) has led the Joint 
Committee for the Conservation of British Insects to undertake 
surveys of these two local butterflies in 1983. 

The main aims of the surveys are to locate and measure the size 
of all remaining colonies in England and Wales. Some details of all 
known sites in Scotland and Ireland will also be collected. 

We would be most grateful to receive any records for thes two 
butterflies, including sites where they are now extinct. All informa- 
tion will be treated with discretion and acknowledged in the con- 
cluding report. 


Our thanks in anticipation. 

Please contact: D. J. Simcox, 

J.C.C.B.1., 

c/o Furzebrook Research Station, WAREHAM, Dorset, 
BH20 SAS. 


WANTED 


“London Naturalist’”’ reprints. 
“The Butterflies of London and its surroundings’? 
“The Moths of London and its surroundings,” Part one only. 
Both by C. de Worms. 


C. Nissen 
Batiment F2, 
Appt. 271, 
“Résidence Beauséjour”’, 
ave. Clémenceau, 
77100 Meaux, 
France. 


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IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 89 


THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE 
BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 


By R. F. BRETHERTON* and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT** 


For numbers of records of many immigrant species, both com- 
mon and scarcer, 1982 was a bumper year, equalling or excelling 
the memorable season of 1976. The number of species which are 
usually regarded as wholly immigrant, at 40, was not indeed out- 
standing; but special interest was provided by many records of 
probable or possible immigrant examples of resident species. These 
have been marked with a star in the list of species in Annexe II, 
and the reasons for uncertainty about some of them are discussed 
below. 

The most striking event was the invasion of Trichoplusia ni 
Hbn., of which nearly 70 were reported. This was probably the 
largest yet known, as the numbers given in the annual migration 
records for the previous best years, 1958 and 1953, are only 24 
and 20. Of Eublemma parva Hbn. only one adult was reported, 
at Dumfries in July; but many larvae were found in south Devon in 
August and September from which moths were reared. The very 
scarce Plusias were well represented by three Chrysodeixis acuta 
Walker in Essex (one in September) and Sussex (two in September 
and November), two Diachrysia orichalcea Fab. in Sussex in August 
and October, and two Macdunnoughia confusa Steph. in Norfolk 
and Essex in August. The third known British specimen of the 
African Earias biplaga Walker was trapped at Lymington, Hampshire 
on July 23: this may have been naturally immigrant or, possibly 
accidently introduced. The butterfly Araschnia levana L. was pre- 
viously known in England only as a result of artificial introduction 
and temporary establishment about 1912; but on May 21 1982 
one was disturbed from bilberry in Surrey. As immigrations of 
Vanessa atalanta L. and of the moths Autographa gamma L. and 
Plutella xylostella L. were taking place around that date it is reason- 
able to suppose that it came with them from France. 

Other good single records were of Euchromius ocellea Haw. 
in Wiltshire, in October, Lampides boeticus L. seen in Suffolk on 
July 23, Hippotion celerio L. in Roxburghshire on November 7, 
Mythimna loreyi Dup. in Cornwall in August, Catocala fraxini 
L. in Hampshire in September and Utetheisa pulchella L. in Co. 
Kerry in October. 

For much of the season, from March until late June, most 
of England had dry and very sunny weather with long periods of 
high temperatures by day and, when there was cloud, by night also. 
Winds were mainly from the east, but veering fairly often to south 
east, south and even occasionally south west, so allowing varied 
arrivals of immigrants, though mostly in small numbers and from 
relatively near sources. In July and early August conditions became 

*Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE. 
**1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent BR4 9LG. 


90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 
more unsettled, with rain and longer intervals of variable wind; but 
day and night temperatures remained very high. After about the 
middle of August, however, the easterly air-stream disappeared 
altogether, giving place to alternations of north west with south 
west and occasionally south winds more favourable for arrivals 
of the usual autumn immigrants from Spain and possibly from north 
Africa. This background serves to explain the sequence and content 
of the immigrations. 

No late winter influx appears to have been noted, and in April 
only a few Agrotis ipsilon L. were seen. About May 15 V. atalanta 
L., A. gamma, P. xylostella, Cynthia cardui L. and a few Nomo- 
phila noctuella D. & S. arrived, and influxes of these species appear 
to have continued in good numbers at intervals through June and 
into July. In the last days of the month and in early June there 
was a more varied immigration which included Mythimna vitellina 
Hbn. in Cornwall, Senta flammea Curtis and Papilio machaon 
L. in Kent, Colias croceus Fourc., Orthonama obstipata Fab. and 
a number of Macroglossa stellatarum L. A further wave which 
began about June 14 added the first Heliothis peltigera D. & S.., 
Rhodometra sacraria L. (in Ireland) Mythimna unipuncta Haw. and 
Hyles livorornica Esp. All these presumably came from the south 
west during short breaks in the easterly winds. The last days of the 
month and July 1 and 2 saw another small invasion of mainly similar 
origin which included three more H. livornica, the first English sacra- 
ria, Agrius convolvuli L. and Palpita unionalis Hbn., as well as two 
probably immigrant Lithosia quadra L. 

Atter some days of cool northwesterly winds the most interest- 
ing immigration of the year came in between July 9 and 20, with 
winds varying from south east to south west and very high tempera- 
tures. It began with a major influx of Spodoptera exigua Hbn.., 
M. stellatar'um, L. quadra, with records of a dozen 7. ni spread in 
the period, many more H. peltigera, eight Nola aerugula Hbn., 
Ayles gallii Rott. in Sussex and Orkney and the only recorded adult 
of E. parva, as well as several probable immigrants of resident 
species; there were large scores of Autographa gamma along the 
south coast, and on July 13 three coastal traps in Dorset were filled 
by an estimated 6,000 Noctua pronuba, thus establishing its creden- 
tials as an immigrant. Including the commoners, at least 30 immi- 
grant and probably immigrant species were reported between July 8 
and 23. The arrivals were mainly on the south coast of England, 
but with considerable extension up the east coast to Yorkshire; 
western Britain and Ireland seem to have received little at this time. 
In the last few days of July and in early August, with a strong 
recurrence of east and south east winds and high temperatures, 
there was further movement across the North Sea, bringing H. gallii, 
a number of Eurois occulta L., probable immigrants of several other 
resident species, and a single specimen of M. confusa in Norfolk; 
but records of Mythimna albipuncta D. & S. and A. convolvuli 
in Dorset and Sussex suggest that arrivals from the south were still 
continuing. There was also a sharp rise in the records of the com- 
mon butterflies V. atalanta, C. cardui and C. croceus; but it is not 


IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 91 


clear whether this was mainly due to immigration or to the emer- 
gence of offspring from May and June arrivals. During the remainder 
of August also, most of the scattered records of these and other 
Species were probably of locally bred examples; but another /. 
confusa was trapped in Essex, on August 24. and in the last days 
M. vitellina was common in Cornwall and there were the first of 
the main invasion of A. convolvuli. 


Mass immigration began early in September, and reached its 
peak both of species and numbers about September 17 in south 
west and south winds, which blew round the areas of high pressure 
moving slowly from the Azores across Spain, France and southern 
Britain. After a week’s pause, there was a further influx in the last 
week in more disturbed conditions with fronts moving rapidly over 
the British Isles from the south west. The peak period was distin- 
guished by the second invasion of 7. ni, of which over 50 were 
reported, and of S. exigua and P. unionalis and, among the common 
species, by many C. cardui, V. atalanta and C. croceus, apparently 
moving by night: these were trapped together at Portland on the 
night of September 19, and of V. atalanta about 50 were counted at 
Padstow, Cornwall on the morning of September 14, sitting exhaus- 
ted on trees and grasses. M. stellatarum was also reported in large 
numbers; of A. gamma 272 were trapped in co. Cork on September 
16, A. ipsilon and P. saucia were widely common with, for the first 
time this year, NV. noctuella. A. convolvuli was numerous, but 
reached its peak at the end of the month and in the first days of 
October. It is to be noted, however, that single specimens were 
seen on North Sea oil rigs on September 11, 26 and 29, in Aberdeen 
City on September 28, and a Nymphalis antiopa L. in Orkney on 
September 16, being apparently exceptions to the exclusively south 
western origins of these immigrations, which provided almost all 
of the 20 scarcer species recorded in the month. 


In October the weather was dominated by a succession of 
depressions over the British Isles, during which the winds originated 
mainly in the North Atlantic. Records were chiefly of immigrants 
surviving from September or of local descendents of still earlier 
arrivals; of V. atalanta large southward movements were noticed in 
several places along the east coast. The considerable numbers of 
A, ipsilon, P. saucia and P. unionalis, however, may have included 
some new immigrants, and the second Irish example reported of 
T. ni was probably a primary immigrant, as may have been the 
Irish U. pulchella. Early November, which is sometimes an interest- 
ing period, showed some improvement on October, with some 15 
records of O. obstipata, several of M. vitellina, M. unipuncta, P. 
saucia and many Udea ferrugalis Hbn., as well as two Uresiphita 
limbalis D. & S. and singles of H. armigera, A, atropos, C. acuta, 
and the only Hippotion celerio L., which was found on November 
7 in Roxburghshire. These records coincided with more southerly 
winds, and most of them probably represented primary immigrants. 
The few V. atalanta, A. ipsilon, and A. gamma which continued 
into December were probably locally bred. 


92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 


Some explanation is needed of the unusual number, twenty- 
five species, listed as probable or possible immigrants of resident 
species. The uncertainty of status mainly concerns examples of resi- 
dent species which occurred in 1982 on or near the south and east 
coasts extending to Yorkshire, and also some in Orkney, coinciding 
with undoubted immigrants in mid July and early August. Thus of 
N. aerugula between July 9 and 15 four were recorded at Minster- 
in-Sheppey and Orlestone in Kent, one on the coast of Essex and 
three at Spurn Point and Flamborough in Yorkshire. The only 
known British colony, in Kent, became extinct about 1900, and the 
few records of singles there, and of two trapped at Spurn in 1980 
have been regarded as immigrant. It seems highly probable that all 
the examples in 1982 came in south east winds from the coast of 
Belgium, where the species is said to be common. More doubt 
must, however, attach to the numerous M. al/bula trapped on the 
same and later nights at Minster-in-Sheppey and also at Bradwell- 
on-Sea in Essex, and also to examples of Deltote bankiana Fab. 
on the cliffs above St. Margaret’s Bay and Boughton Aluph in Kent, 
since M. albula is certainly resident in Kent and been spreading 
elsewhere, while D. bankiana, once thought to be only an immigrant 
to Kent, appears to have become recently established in its eastern 
corner. 

Autographa bractea D. & S., recorded for the first time in Kent 
at Minster-in-Sheppey and St. Margaret’s Bay on July 13 and 14, at 
Muston on the Yorkshire coast on July 17 and 20, and also in Hert- 
fordshire on July 31, presents a rather different problem. 
Always resident in Scotland and northern England, in recent 
years it has spread steadily southwards through the west Midlands 
and Wales. During the same period, however, it has also moved 
south and west through the Netherlands, and scattered records on 
the coasts of Yorkshire and Sussex probably result from this move- 
ment rather than from the internal spread. Euproctis chrysorrhoea 
L., of which two were found in Yorkshire on July 7 and 15, was 
known there previously only from captures in similar circumstances 
in 1973; it is a local coastal plague from Kent to Suffolk. On the 
south coast, the wide spread of records of Lithosia quadra L. and the 
great weight of those at traps in Hampshire appear to establish them 
as immigrant, despite the known residence of the species in the New 
Forest; the fact that all were males is, however, a curious feature. 
For Enargia paleacea Esp., distance from its nearest English habitats 
in Worcestershire and further north is sufficient indication of immi- 
grant status for the examples in Dorset, Sussex and Surrey on 
July 16 and 18 and of that in Kent on August 1. 

Coincidence with the immigration of late July and early August 
gave a similar set of problems for the status of Parastichtis suspecta 
Hbn., Rivula sericealis Scop., Parascotia fuliginaria L. on the York- 
shire coast, and for Celaena leucostigma Hbn. f. tvpica there and 
in Orkney, which have not previously been suspected of immigration. 
In judging these and similar uncertainties it should be remembered 
that high night temperatures combined with unwonted abundance 
caused wide dispersal of many purely resident species and enabled 


IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 93 


them to be noted in unexpected places, as happened also in 1976. 
An alternative explanation for the appearance of some of the sus- 
pected immigrants far up the east coast might be their carriage from 
further south in winds of the same general direction as those which 
brought the undoubted immigrants. In the present state of our 
knowledge, firm verdicts may be best witheld. 


Seven species of the scarce butterflies were reported, including 
the unique occurrence of A. J/evana already mentioned; but unfor- 
tunately full confirmation of identity or natural immigrant status 
for some of the records is lacking. Of the common species Vanessa 
atalanta was abundant. Very early examples were seen on February 
15 and April 4 in S. Devon, and it benefitted from strong immi- 
grations about May 15, in early June and again in July, when con- 
ditions for local breeding were good. There were further influxes 
in the first week of August and in mid September, during which 
about 80 individuals were found in light traps. Southward flights 
were noticed in October, and in the south butterflies were still 
numerous in some places in November. The last record was of one 
settled in a house at Stourbridge, Worcestershire, on December 22. 
The species was also unusually common in Wales and Scotland, 
where its range reached Sutherland and Orkney. 

Cynthia cardui L. was in above average numbers: records re- 
ceived probably cover about 1,000 butterflies and some larvae; but 
there was no mass immigration comparable to that in 1980. The first 
record was at Malborough, south Devon on April 14, but only five 
were reported in May. There was good immigration in early and mid 
June and again about July 17. Thereafter the majority of records 
probably referred to off-spring of the early immigrants, though the 
species certainly shared in the varied invasion of mid September, 
when some were found in light traps in several places. Early cold and 
rain in October killed off both larvae and adults; records are few, 
the last being at Spurn on October 15. C. cardui was recorded, 
outside the south coastal counties, most in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire 
and widely in Scotland, where it reached the Isle of Canna as early 
as June 2 and Orkney by June 26. In Ireland it seems to have been 
widespread and fairly common. 


Colias crocea Fourc. had another poor season. About 120 were 
reported; but of these 40 were in west Cornwall, 20 in Dorset and 
20 in Sussex, in which counties alone there were records of early 
immigrants in June and July. Elsewhere it was seen very thinly in 
twelve English and Welsh and three Irish counties, with the most 
northerly singles at Newbrough, Anglesey and Spurn, Yorkshire. 
Most of the records fell between August 8 and September 20. Their 
dates and places suggest that the earlier ones resulted from local 
breeding, the later from a few immigrants in the September influx. 
The last was at Eastbourne on October 14. 

The common moths were all much above their usual numbers, 
except that V. noctuella and U. ferrugalis were few until September 
and October. Most remarkable was the diurnal M. stellatarum of 
which over 800 were reported, and also larvae in many places. The 


94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 


first were seen at Burley, Hampshire and at Aberdeen on June 6 
and 7, though some had been noticed on the Santander to Plymouth 
ferry in the Bay of Biscay on May 25. Thereafter there were almost 
daily records through July; the highest numbers were reached in 
September, with some through October and the last at Highcliffe, 
Hampshire on November 11. P. saucia, with over 300 covered by 
reports, was also much more plentiful and widespread than usual. 
The first record was of one taken at sugar at Rannoch, Perthshire 
on May 17, but immigrants in May and June were generally few. 
Later, larvae were found as far north as Gartlea, Dumbartonshire but 
it seems that most of the abundance of moths came from heavy and 
sudden immigration in September. They were still numerous in 
October, and the last was noted at Walberswick, Suffolk on Novem- 
ber 11. All the common immigrant species, however, gained from 
good breeding conditions in the early summer, and it is not possible 
to judge the proportions which primary immigration contributed to 
their totals. 

The great invasion of 7. ni was in two parts. A dozen were re- 
corded from July 9 to 23; except for one at Spurn, Yorkshire, 
these were confined to Sussex and Hampshire. A much bigger 
influx began probably on September 9 and reached its peak between 
September 15 and 18. Several anomalous records in August and the 
first week of September were perhaps of offspring from early July 
arrivals; but no larvae were reported, and several females retained for 
breeding failed to lay other than infertile eggs. This may indicate 
that the immigrant females were sexually immature on arrival. 
The second invasion was more widespread than the first, the 50 
records being spread round the coasts from south Devon to south 
Yorkshire and in four inland counties to Warwickshire. The last 
English record was in Essex on September 25; but the only 
two Irish records received were in co. Cork on September 19 and 
October 10. 

The abundance of other usually scarce immigrants is fully 
indicated in Annexe II, and needs little comment. It is, however, 
interesting to note that the two main invasions of S. exigua coin- 
cided fairly closely with those of 7. ni, which may indicate a com- 
mon origin. P. unionalis, with nearly 80 examples, did conspicuously 
better than usual, and H. /ivornica with seven did well; but the long 
distance sub-tropical immigrants did not appear. 

In judging the season as a whole, it needs to be remembered 
that the high numbers recorded of both the scarce and the common 
immigrants were probably somewhat raised by the generally good 
conditions for trapping and observing, and certainly by a large in- 
crease in the numbers of recorders, whose names are given as far as 
possible in Annexe I. To all of these the authors wish to offer their 
thanks and congratulations. We are particularly grateful to those 
who have supplied detailed records from continuously run light 
traps, and also to those who have them from others in their area. 


(To be continued) 


IN SEARCH OF EURYNEBRIA 95 
IN SEARCH OF EURYNEBRIA 


By DAVID R. COPESTAKE* 


I first saw Eurynebria complanata L. (or Nebria complanta L. 
as I believe it has now reverted to) in the Coleoptera collection of 
the National Museum of Wales in Cardiff. | was immediately im- 
pressed by it and was told that it could be found along the banks 
of the Ogmore river near to the sandhills of Merthyr Mawr Warren, 
to the East of Porthcawl, Glamorgan. The old county list of the 
Coleoptera of Glamorgan (1912) says of this beetle. ““This is one 
of the finest and most interesting of our local Coleoptera”’. 

Eurynebria is a large Carabid about 18-20mm long and is a 
light sandy colour with variable black markings on the elytra. 
They are well camouflaged when seen on a sandy shore covered in 
debris, and when encountered in large numbers (I have seen over 
60 together) they are the sort of insect to give the non-entomologist 
the creeps, as they dash quickly over the sand. 

It took me and my two boys four expeditions in search of 
Eurynebria before we found the beetle, and then we found dozens 
of them. Their preferred place of refuge has now changed from 
under old logs washed up on the shore, to rusty and battered oil 
drums which are full of nooks and crannies. Crowds of them will 
gather under one old drum. Their favourite food is yellow sand 
hoppers. 

The Ogmore river winds its way to the sea near the village of 
Ogmore-by-sea, and Merthy Mawr Warren is on the opposite side. 
Our first expedition was through the sandhills to the river side, and 
then along the river nearly to its mouth. It is fairly hard walking on 
the soft sand and with so many interesting beetles to be found on 
the way, the journey takes a long time. Following a dry stream bed 
in the summer of 1981 we eventually got to the Ogmore river to 
find the banks very muddy. At high water mark, which in places 
was 100 yards from the river, we looked under seaweed and old 
bits of wood and logs. All to no avail, there was no sign of a yellow 
and black Carabid. The large black Broscus cephalotes L. was very 
common, together with some smaller beetles, but not the prize we 
searched for. After reaching nearly to the mouth of the river we 
turned back hungry and tired. Our second expedition was on the 
opposite side of the river where one can get down near to the river 
in a car. This saves the long trek through the sandhills. However, 
Eurynebria was clearly not to be found on that side, there was 
to be no short cut to finding him. 

In the summer of 1982 we heard from the University Zoology 
Dept. that Eurynebria could be found further along the coast 
at a place called Kenfig dunes, and so one afternoon I took my 
youngest son (aged 9) on an expedition to find it. However the 
dunes at Kenfig seemed wider than at Merthyr Mawr and looked 
very easy to get lost in. We took a straight line to the sea, and 
after finding many new and interesting beetles on the way, even- 


*5 High Street, Gilfach Goch, Porth, Mid-Glamorgan, CF39 8SS. 


96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 


tually found it. Unfortunately, evening was drawing in and we 
could only spare twenty minutes on the beach before we must make 
our return journey. We looked under hundreds of stones in that 
short time (where we had been told we could find them), but no 
Eurynebria was to be found. 

Not daunted, we decided to have a full expedition at Merthyr 
Mawr, and take plenty of food and orange squash with us. We picked 
a warm sunny day in July and set off for the day visiting our carrion 
traps in a wood on the way. I decided to trek through the sandhills 
in a more westerly direction in order to reach the coast beyond the 
mouth of the river Ogmore. This entailed 1% - 2 miles up and down 
the high dunes. We encountered many species of beetles on the way, 
Cicindela maritima Dejean (what we call the sand-tiger, which is 
very hard to catch), the black and white weevil on small poplars 
Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. the chafer Anomala aenea Degeer the 
black Phylan gibbus' Fab. crawling on the sand, and the small 
hollows in the dunes provided natural beetle traps and my two 
boys crawled around them on hands and knees picking up minute 
specimens of one species or another. 

Eventually we neared the coast line, and there the dunes 
towered some 200 feet high. From the tops there was a magnificent 
view and it was like a scene from a film in a foreign desert. We could 
see debris which very high tides had carried into the dunes and our 
excitement rose. We looked under all manner of debris as we made 
our way to the shore line. Then, some 50 yards from the beach, just 
as the dunes came to an end, there I found two of the yellow Cara- 
bids as I lifted up a large piece of plywood. We had found their 
habitat at last! Overjoyed, I popped them into the collecting jar. 
My two boys looked around eagerly — I had offered them a SOp 
reward for finding the beetle! I soon found four more under some 
wood, and then Stephen (aged 11) shrieked with delight, ““Come 
quickly, there are hundreds of them, they’re running all over the 
place.”’ He had turned over a rusty and battered oil drum and there 
underneath must have been over 60 Eurynebria. We collected a 
few, and watched them for a while before putting the drum back 
carefully. Our expedition was successful, we had found our prize 
at last! 

This part of the beach was covered with debris, brought down 
by the river, and is a place where a sandy beach merges with the 
dunes. It was worth the search to find this beetle at last, and we 
made the way home very happy after a good days outing. 


CLOUDED YELLOW AND DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARIES 
IN. CUMBRIA. -— _ During the first two weeks of August, 1982, 
at least two near-perfect specimens of Colias croceus, were seen 
feeding from flowers along the tow-path of the Lancaster Canal, 
between Crooklands and Stainton, grid reference SD 5285. Perhaps 
it is also of interest to note that elsewhere in Cumbria, earlier on in 
the year, about 10 specimens of Hamearis lucina were seen in an 
area densely covered with primroses and cowslips. — DAVID C. 
HOCKIN, 12 Starling Close, Runcorn, Cheshire. 


SOUTHERN EUROPE IN 1980 Ii 


SOUTHERN EUROPE IN 1980 
By W. J. TENNENT* 
Part 1: Corsica and Elba 


Spurred by the accounts of collecting trips made in the 1960s 
by Bretherton, de Worms and Greenwood, I visited Corsica during 
July 1980 in the hope of obtaining some of the endemic butterflies 
for which the island is renowned. Unfortunately the weather, which 
cannot be relied upon nowadays even in Southern Europe in July, 
was not at it’s best and collecting suffered accordingly. This, to- 
gether with the fact that this was a late season, resulted in very 
mixed fortunes. 

The first stop of any entomological note after leaving England 
was the night of 7th July where, after driving through pouring rain 
for most of the day, I stopped at 1090m on the Col de la Croix 
Haute (Isere) in Southern France. There I was introduced for the 
first time to some of the small and very attractive ‘tiger’ moths 
among the surprisingly large number of moths attracted to the MV 
trap in the persistent drizzle. It may be appropriate here to mention 
that, although I had with me a trap and generator and caught a large 
number of moths, they figure little in this account simply because 
many remain unidentified for the moment. There is a dearth of 
reasonably priced up-to-datz2 literature to aid identification of Euro- 
pean moths in the English language; it may be that this goes some 
way to answering the question posed by C. L. Nissen in his letter to 
the Editor (Vol. 94. (5-6) p.88)? 

The rain continued all of the following day as I motored south 
through Digne to Cannes and then west toward Marseille. No butter- 
flies were seen; the only ray of sunshine was the ready availability of 
good coffee which makes such a pleasant change from the coffee 
generally sold in England (no wonder we English drink so much tea) 
However, the following day dawned dry and by 10 o’clock the sun 
shone weakly although a fresh breeze was blowing. The morning and 
early afternoon were spent between 400 and 725m on the slopes 
near the Col de L’Espigoulier a few miles to the east of Marseille. 
Butterflies were by no means plentiful. Vanessa cardui and Gonep- 
teryx cleopatra europaea were not uncommon and a single Fabri- 
ciana adippe was netted. On a small peak at 725m, small numbers 
of Coenonympha dorus, Plebejus argus and Nordmannia esculi were 
to be found resting in the short grass amongst the rocks. They were 
not easily disturbed and when they chose to fly were whisked away 
by the wind, making collecting frustrating, if rather sporting. 

I drove to Marseille later that afternoon to catch the ferry and 
after an uneventful crossing, arrived at Ajaccio early on the 10th 
of July. The intention was to head directly into the mountains 
around Vizzavona but a heavy mist obscured all but the very base of 
the mountains. Although conditions seemed ideal, a look around the 


98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 


lower ground during the morning produced no butterflies at all, 
even in some flowery fields at sea level. During the drive up into the 
mountains at midday only a single Papilio was seen crossing the road 
some distance in front of the car. The weather in the mountains was 
miserable; the Col above Vizzavona was shrouded in mist with 
visibility reduced to only a few yards. At Vizzavona itself the mist 
cleared during the afternoon and although the sun remained hidden, 
a few very dark Lycaena phlaeas, one or two Celastrina argiolus and 
several Polyommatus icarus were disturbed in the wet grass near 
the village railway station. A worn male Lasiommata megera para- 
megera was also captured in the same area. 

The next day dawned overcast but by mid-morning the clouds 
had gone, the sun was shining brightly and the only hinderance was 
a fairly gusty wind. The short grass and many flowers around the old 
Genoese fort above the Col de Vizzavona proved a lucrative area 
although it soon became apparent that many butterflies were just 
emerging. Two Coenonympha corinna and three male Plebejus argus 
corsica, all in very fresh condition, were taken near the fort as were 
several 1. megera paramegera, past their best. Slightly higher up a 
single Aglais urticae ichnusa was found resting on the bare ground; 
there were a few Artogeia napi meridionalis, Pararge aegeria, Lep- 
tidea sinapis and the odd Colias croceus, including form helice. A 
single Psuedophilotes baton was taken and one Jnachis io seen. A 
climb to a mountain summit at 1500m yielded nothing other than a 
number of V. cardui but the climb was enjoyable and the view from 
the top magnificent. 

The following two days were mainly spent in the same area. 
On the 12th it rained for most of the day but the 13th dawned 
fine and dry and both C. corinna and male P. argus corsica were to 
be found in small numbers, though a careful search failed to turn 
up a female of the latter. C. croceus, P. icarus and A. napi were 
common as was L. megera paramegera, mainly chipped. Several 
A. urticae ichnusa were seen but were not easy to net as most 
seemed to be merely ‘passing through’ and I climbed again to the 
high point at 1500m, mainly for the view and to take some photo- 
graphs. Around the summit careered a Papilio which I assumed, 
probably because of it’s fresh condition, to be P. machaon. Isat on 
a rock and watched it for some time until it settled on a patch of 
bare ground and it was only when I was in striking distance that I 
realised it was a male P. hospiton, This and another rather more 
worn male caught five minutes later in the same place, constituted 
the only records of P. hospiton and indeed of almost any Papilio 
whilst in Corsica. 


The 14th of July dawned bright again and I was pleased to find 
my first Striped Hawk Moth, Celerio livornica amongst the more 
usual Hyloicus pinastri in the trap. C. corinna and P. argus were 
now in fair numbers above the Col and, moving to slightly lower 
levels to escape the wind, I stopped just below 900m where the 
narrow guage railway crosses the road and disappears into a tunnel 
above Tattone. I walked the mile or so along the track into Tattone; 


SOUTHERN EUROPE IN 1980 2) 


the banks on either side were overgrown and supported plenty of 
flowers and trees, ideal for the fair numbers of C. argiolus, L. sinapis, 
A, napi and Maniola jurtina, P. megera was common although almost 
all were females, in contrast to the area only 300m higher where 
almost all were males (I only saw three females above the Col 
throughout my stay). There were many P. icarus flying with small 
numbers of Lampides boeticus and one or two I/ssoria lathonia but 
only two male P. argus were seen. A very brightly coloured Satyrid 
disturbed from between the railway lines disappeared into the 
undergrowth 50m further along the track and turned out to be 
Hipparchia neomiris, the only example seen although a careful 
search both then and again two days later was made. I ran the trap 
in the forest near Tattone that night and was visited by a local 
gendarmarie patrol who after a very cautious approach and much 
gesticulation, eventually decided that I was probably harmless and 
left me to ponder, not for the first time, why I don’t have a con- 
suming interest in stamps! 

The 15th of July was my last full day around Vizzavona and the 
Col; C. corinna was now very common on the rough ground and on 
the grassy slopes nearby. I found the first female P. argus in mid 
morning and a further three during the day, A. urticae was to be 
found in small numbers at flowers below the ruins but little else 
of interest was noted. The following day both sexes of P. argus 
were quite common and I was able to take a good series of females 
before driving again to Tattone where only those species noted on 
the visit two days earlier were flying. 

I set off in the direction of Bastia without having seen sign of 
Fabriciana elisa and stopped in mid morning at 500m in an open 
area on the edge of a forest near the village of .Francardo. There 
I saw (but did not catch) a single Papilio (machaon?), flying with 
several Polygonia c-album, Pandoriana pandora, Hipparchia aristaeus 
and Pyrgus amoricanus. A field full of pink thistles growing in some 
cases to shoulder height was the home of a large colony of Brin- 
tesia circe and very large numbers of V. cardui including some 
extremely small specimens of the latter which when seen on the 
wing were at first unrecognisable as that species. Forewing lengths 
of V. cardui here varied from 17mm to 34mm! A single fresh but 
badly damaged Argynnis paphia immaculata was seen and a small 
colony of fresh Everes alcetas was found near a marshy area flying 
in the company of P. icarus. Pyronia tithonus and M. jurtina were 
to be found in moderate numbers along the hedgerows. 

The following day, 17th of July, it rained all day and I took 
the opportunity to look around Bastia and to book my ferry for the 
Italian mainland the following day. In so doing J learned that the 
ferry stops at Piombino and leaves again almost immediately for 
Elba, a journey which could be booked with minimal extra cost 
and I decided to spend a day on the island. The next day was dry 
but dull and the only butterflies to be found flying in an area close 
to sea level south of Bastia were L. phlaeas, Coenonympha pam- 
Philus, P. tithonus, Pyronia cecelia, C. argiolus, P. icarus, A. napi 
and M. jurtina. A female of the last species was taken with almost 


100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 


all of both hindwings white. I caught the ferry that afternoon and 
arrived at Portoferraio, on the north side of the island of Elba, 
about 9 o’clock that evening. 

The next day was sunny and warm and although not too many 
butterflies were to be found on the hills around Procchio, Gonep- 
teryx cleopatra cleopatra and L. sinapis were not uncommon. I 
caught large numbers of Artogeia rapae in the hope of finding 
Artogeia mannii amongst them but didn’t find any at all, whilst 
Pontia daplidice, Thymelicus acteon, Carcharodus alceae and L. 
megera of the nominate form were found in small numbers. Only 
two or three Coenonympha elbana were seen fluttering weakly 
over the rough ground at this low level but at 320m in similar 
surroundings on the slopes of nearby Mt. Perone, they were very 
common. The moth Syntomis phegea was also flying at this latter 
locality in very large numbers in the late afternoon. From the little 
I saw of the island it is most attractive and worthy of a longer stay 
in the future. 

Part 2: Arquata Scrivia and the Alpes Maritimes 


I left Elba on the 20th of July on the ferry to Piombino, drove 
up the west coast of Italy to Genoa and thence inland to the town 
of Arquata Scrivia, recorded by Baron de Worms (1960) and also 
recommended to me several years ago by Lt. Col. W. B. L. Manley, 
who said this was one of the best areas he knew for Lycaenids, an 
appraisal with which I was to agree completely. Having arrived 
in the town I found a track wide enough for the car, bordered on 
one side by a narrow stream and on the other by garden allotments 
stretching from the track to the slopes of a ridge. The opposite side 
of the stream consisted of flowery slopes and thick luxuriant grass 
and although it was almost 8 o’clock in the evening when I came to 
the end of the track at the head of the valley, a walk through the 
flowers disturbed one or two large blues which turned out to be 
Meleageria daphnis. The following morning I woke early and heard 
an irregular and very unusual bird call from the tree beneath which 
I had camped; the owner turned out to be a Golden Oriole, a bird 
which [ had not seen before but of which I saw a lot that day and 
the next. The entomological wealth of the area soon became ap- 
parent. One of the first butterflies to appear was the large Satyrid 
Minois dryas which was common but difficult to approach. Nor- 
dmannia ilicis and Strymonidia spini were sparse and rather worn as 
was Quercusia quercus and among the other Lycaenids of the area 
were Cupido minimus, Lysandra coridon, Polyommatus icarus, 
Everes alcetas, Aricia idas, Agrodiaetus escheri and Agrodiaetus ther- 
sites. M. daphnis was common, all the females being of the blue 
form and Maculinea arion ligurica was in fair numbers, most of them 
very large and of a very attractive silvery blue. 

The genus Colias was represented by croceus, hyale and aus- 
tralis, Leptidea sinapis was common on the track near trees over- 
hanging the stream and Leptidea duponcheli rather less so. Artogeia 
mannii was present among the numbers of Artogeia rapae and one 
or two very fresh examples of Limenitis reducta flew in the com- 


SOUTHERN EUROPE IN 1980 101 


pany of some battered brethren, remnants of an earlier brood. 
Melitaea didyma, Clossiana titania, worn Brenthis daphne, Melanar- 
gia galathea, M. jurtina, Coenonympha arcania, Thymelicus acteon, 
Carcharodus flocciferus and Pontia daplidice flew on the hillsides 
and at the top of the ridge I took a single Papilion machaon. In the 
wood at the head of the valley were Argynnis paphia, Pararge 
aegeria and several very fast flying Nymphalis polychloros. 

I moved on the morning of the 23rd of July and took the auto- 
strada with it’s many tunnels and picturesque viaducts, from Genoa 
until the French border where I turned off towards Sospel, heading 
for St. Martin Vesubie in the Alpes Maritimes. There was a fair 
amount of traffic on the mountain road and it was a while before 
I was able safely to park to investigate the identity of large Satyrids, 
commonly seen crossing the road. The butterflies were Hipparchia 
alcyone and were very common, flying up and down the mountain 
side, often pausing to sit on the hot road until disturbed by passing 
cars. M. galathea, A. paphia, P. icarus, V. cardui and A. rapae were to 
be found with singles of A. mannii and Erebia ligea. | did not stop 
for long but continued to St. Martin Vesubie where I took the right 
fork above the village to the valley of the Boreon where, around 
1500m, Parnassius apollo flew commonly on the flowery slopes with 
Erebia alberganus, C. arcania, C. titania, Mesoacidalia aglaja, Cyaniris 
semiargus, Plebejus argus, Paleochrysophanus hippothoe and Aricia 
artaxerxes. Skippers included Erynnis tages, Pyrgus malvae and 
Pyrgus alveus. Higher on the mountain at 1900m, on rocky ground, 
flew a few Erebia epiphron. 

The 24th of July was dull for most of the day, I returned to St. 
Martin Vesubie the next morning and took the left fork up the 
winding road to an area near the La Colmaine chair lift. The sun 
appeared occasionally but at least it remained dry. This was a rich 
area. Coenonympha glycerion was common and in fresh condition 
between 1600 and 1800m whilst among the common Maculinea 
arion obscura were to be found Maculinea alcon rebeli, mainly worn 
but obviously an established colony restricted to a very small area. 
L. coridon, Heodes tityrus, Eumedonia eumedon, a few Lysandra 
bellargus, several Agrodiaetus amanda and a single Pseudaricia nicias 
flew over the short grass with the odd P. apollo, C. croceus and the 
inevitable V. cardui (1980 was obviously a good year for V. cardui 
throughout Europe, it was to be found everywhere at all altitudes, 
generally in greater numbers than | have ever seen it). Slightly higher, 
around the station at the top of the chair lift, was Lasiommata 
maera, E. epiphron, Heodes virgaureae, P hippothoe and P. machaon. 

The following day, 25th of July, I decided to climb a high peak 
on the opposite side of the valley and set off early through the pine 
woods. Erebia meolans was flying quite commonly among the trees 
but not above 1800m, whilst E. ewmedon and L. phiaeas were plen- 
tiful in the forest clearing. Above the tree line it was very windy 
and none too warm, no butterflies were flying although around a 
weather station at the 2220m peak and in a sheltered grassy hollow 
just below, they were to be found in reasonable numbers. Colias 
phicomone and Pontia callidice were found near the top, the for- 


102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL 95 15.v.83 


mer being far more tiring to catch than the latter; at least with P. 
callidice it was only necessary to select a suitable spot and wait for 
them to fly close whereas C. phicomone settled often and was easily 
disturbed, flying a further 20m, generally either straight up or 
straight down the hillside, even when approached with stealth! 
Two P. machaon dashed around the peak and L. maera was present 
but impossible to catch as they made no attempt to fly against the 
wind and were whisked away as soon as they were disturbed. Such 
was also the difficulty with Hypodryas cynthia alpicola around the 
hollow, though I fared rather better with Boloria pales which flew 
very close to the ground and settled on the short grass. The only 
Erebias found before the rain clouds put a stop to collecting were 
singles of £. alberganus and £. pluto and the last capture was a 
Callophrys rubi in good order. 

I left the general area in very dull conditions on the morning of 
the 26th of July, the poor weather persisted until late morning when 
the sun shone for about two hours at which time I was just west of 
Digne. Here on the overgrown edge of a cornfield not far from the 
main road were numbers of JN. ilicis, Agrodiaetus ripartii, A. thersites, 
A escheri, C. australis, M. galathea, L. duponcheli and quite large 
numbers of Satyrus ferula which seemed to have a penchant for the 
tall purple thistles. I also caught specimens of A. mannii and Hypo- 
nephele lycaon, 

I arrived at Domene, a few miles east of Grenoble that afte- 
noon in the hope of obtaining Coenonympha oedippus and Macu- 
linea telejus, both recorded from the nearby marshes by Bretherton 
and de Worms (1953). A search produced nothing of interest 
although the next morning produced a few Aphantopus hyperantus, 
M. jurtina, Erynnis tages and a single Araschia levana of the summer 
brood. I came across a large area of long grass, thistles and the 
foodplant of M. telejus; Sanguisorba officinalis which was the most 
productive area, although neither of the species I was particularly 
searching for were found. However, there was a flourishing colony 
of Everes argiades and E. alcetas, together with enormous numbers 
of A. hyperantus and my efforts were rewarded with the capture of 
a A. hyperantus ab. obsoleta with no trace of ocelli on the underside 
and the merest pinpoints on the upperside forewings. It began to 
rain heavily that afternoon and the next day dawned similarly 
disappointing, in addition to which I had caught a heavy cold 
through sleeping out for so long in such damp conditions. I therefore 
decided enough was enough and headed for home. 


References 


Bretherton, R. F. & de Worms, C. G. M. 1953. A fortnight’s col- 
lecting in the Durance Valley (Hautes Alpes) with an epilogue at 
Grenoble (Isere) July 1952. Entomologist, 86: 237. 

Bretherton, R. F. & de Worms, C.G. M. 1963. The Alpes Maritimes, 
July and August 1962. Entomologist, 96:27-31. 


SOUTHERN EUROPE IN 1980 103 


Bretherton, R. F., de Worms, C. G. M. & Johnson, Major-Gen. Sir 
G. 1963. Butterflies in Corsica, 1962. Ent. Rec. 75:93-104. 

de Worms, C. G. M. 1960. Two Collecting trips in Europe during 
1960 (1) Arcuata Scrivia, Piedmont 4th to 10th June. Ent. Rec., 
7222356. 

de Worms, C. G. M. & Mackworth-Praed, C. W. 1956. Collecting near 
St. Martin Vesubie (Alpes Maritimes) 1955. Entomologist, 
89 :25-30. 

Greenwood, J. A. C. & D. 1965. Corsica, May and June 1964. Ent. 
ReCia/1 33-5). 

Higgins, L. G. & Riley, N. D.1980.A Field Guide to the Butterflies 
of Britain and Europe. 


PAROCYSTOLA ACROXANTHA MEYRICK (LEP.: OECOPHORIDAE) 
IN SOMERSET. — In 1981, while staying for three nights at the 
house of a friend in the town of Yeovil, six moths of this species 
came to the actinic trap that I was operating there. Four appeared 
on the 29th May, and one on the 30th May. — G. H. YOUDEN, 
16 Castle Avenue, Dover, Kent. [I have seen the specimens, having 
been shown them in Mr. Youden’s collection. This appears to consti- 
tute anew record for Somerset and a marked extension of its known 
range in this country. Moreover, the early dates suggest these were 
first generation insects and that the species has at least two broods 
in England. — J. M. C.-H.] 

HYMENOPTERA IN LATE 1982. — On the morning of New 
Year’s Eve which was fine and sunny we were interested to see a 
large queen Bombus (sp.?) gathering nectar and pollen on our 
Winter-flowering Erica in the garden here and soon afterwards a 
queen Vespa (sp.?) was also observed flying around a dwarf 
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. — T. G. HOWARTH, ‘Highview’, 4 
Clinton Rise, Beer, Seaton, Devon EX12 3DZ. 

THE APPEARANCE OF THE VESTAL IN THREE CONSECUTIVE 
YEARS IN CROYON. — _ In 1980 a male Rhodometra sacraria 
L. came to my Addiscombe trap and last year I reported three 
further examples and thought myself fortunate. This year on 25th 
September, I found in the trap a male and female of the same 
species and although R. sacraria has been observed widespread 
this year I find it very difficult to believe that this moth is making 
a habit of migrating to my part of the concrete jungle known as 
Croydon. Interestingly, the female is the smallest I have ever seen of 
this species, measuring only 21.5mm across the tips and I rather 
doubted its ability to produce ova. However, after much cossetting 
with sugar, water, honey, sherry etc. it laid 39 eggs. The imagines 
therefrom fed on dock and at normal temperatures, were full size, 
well coloured and with a strong tendency to aberration. With these 
almost regular arrivals of sacraria and the unusually small size of 
one specimen, do we possibly have a case for the presence of a local 
colony? I feel we have. — K. G. W. EVANS, 31 Havelock Road, 
Addiscombe, Croydon, Surrey CRO 6QQ, 10.xii.1982. 


104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 


THE TIMING OF EMERGENCE OF PARASITIC 
HYMENOPTERA OF PIERIS RAPAE (L.) 
AND PIERIS BRASSICAE (L.) 


S. C. LITTLEWOOD * 


In December 1979, an aggregation of pupae of two species of 
Pieris was discovered, together with clusters of the cocoons of their 
parasite, Apanteles glomeratus (L.) (Braconidae), on a small east- 
facing wall, about ten yards distant from the vegetable garden of 


t [ x * 
- 
{ 
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2 e @ 
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e 8 
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8 
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1 10 20 30 9 19 


May June 


Figure 1. Species and dates of emergence from individual pupae of Pieris 
rapae. 

46 = Pimpla instigator (Ichneumonidae). @ = Phryxe vulgaris (Tachinidae). 
@= Pteromalus puparum (Pteromalidae). © = Pieris rapae. 


* Formerly of the Science Department, Mountbatten School, Hemel Hemp- 
stead, Hertfordshire, now at 14 Temeside, Ludlow, Shropshire, SY8 1PD. 


TIMING OF EMERGENCE OF PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA 105 


Melverley, Rowton, near Wellington, Shropshire. In all, 60 pupae 
of P. rapae (L.), 7 pupae of P. brassicae (L.) and 29 clusters of 
A. glomeratus were collected and placed in individual, corked 
glass tubes. The tubes were placed in an outhouse to ensure that 
the pupae maintained their obligatory diapause. 

Emergences began on April 8th., 1980 and continued until 
June 20th. and the results are shown graphically in Figures | and 2. 
Of the 60 pupae of P. rapae, 25 were normal emergences, 26 pro- 
duced a total of 997 Pteromalus puparum (L.) (Chalcidoidea, Ptero- 
malidae) and three produced the solitary parasite Pimpla instigator 
(Fabricius) (Ichneumonidae). Two pupae produced the fly, Phryxe 
vulgaris (Fallen) (Tachinidae), while the remaining four failed to 
develop. The seven pupae of P. brassicae all emerged normally, 
while the 29 clusters of Apanteles cocoons gave rise to 422 A. 
glomeratus, 12 Tetrastichus galactopus (Ratzeburg) (Chalicidoidea, 
Eulophidae) and 256 Lysibia nana (Gravenhorst) (Ichneumonidae). 
- & 

° 


1S) 

: Lohans 
Ro } 
Eee 6 
CGey == (e) 
0 A: 
= 
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ee) a= : : ‘ 1 1 a 

10 20 30 10 20 30 
eS ee eee ee ee eee 
April May 


Figure 2. Species and dates of emergence from individual pupae of Pieris 
brassicae and clusters of cocoons of Apanteles glomeratus ex larvae of P. 
brassicae. 

O = Pieris brassicae. O = Apanteles glomeratus (Braconidae). 

@ = Lysibia nana (Ichneumonidae). A= Tetrastichus galactopus (Eulophidae). 

T. galactopus is a true hyperparasite, in that it attacks the 
Apanteles while they are still feeding inside the Pieris, whereas 
L. nana is a pseudohyperparasite, since it attacks Apanteles cocoons 
after the Pierid host is dead. 

Figure 1 shows that, while the Ichneumons emerged coin- 
cidentally with the Pieris imagines, the adult Tachinids did not 
finally emerge until after this period, having formed their puparia 
some three weeks earlier. The Chalcids emerged well into what 
would be the next larval generation of P. rapae. 


106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 


Figure 2 shows similarly that the pseudohyperparasitic phy- 
gadeuontine ichneumonid L. nana emerged very much earlier than 
either the adult A. glomeratus or the Pieris imagines, while, in two 
clusters, there was a late emergence of the truly hyperparasitic 
Chalcid 7. galactopus. 

Acknowledgements 


I am most grateful to Dr. Mark Shaw, of the Royal Scottish 
Museum, for his advice and assistance, so generously given; and to 
Mrs Joan Nicklen of Rothamsted Experimental Station for practical 
help with the diagrams. 


CELESTRINA ARGIOLUS L.IN 1982. — The Holly Blue 
was comparatively plentiful in both spring and summer broods at 
Kew Gardens, Surrey during 1982. The spring brood was first 
seen on 24th April; 16 had been observed up to the 15th May, 
more than double that of previous years. The summer brood com- 
menced in the middle of July and could be seen at the rate of 
3-4 per hour during the last 10 days of July. This the first time the 
summer brood has been observed to be greater than the spring one. 
About 50 years ago a large ivy covered barn here was demolished, 
up to that time the Holly Blue used to occur almost in profusion 
year after year. — A. J. BALDWIN, 33 Defoe Avenue, Kew Gardens, 
Surrey. 


THE ANGLE-SHADES IN JANUARY. — _ The exceptionally 
mild weather of late may have stimulated the early appearance of 
a fresh specimen of Phlogophora meticulosa L., found in West 
Wickham on the 13th January 1983, by my friend Mr. L. Keegan. — 
J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT. 


LARVAE OF PHALERA BUCEPHALA L. (BUFF-TIP) ON ROSE. — 
Mr. B. K. West (Ent. Rec. 94: 198) discussing foodplants of this 
moth, writes ““There are very few instances for the Rosaceae in 
general — Wilson... (1880)... mentions rose’. Perhaps, there- 
fore, | should report having come upon a colony of young bucephala 
larvae on the latter plant in my garden in July or early August 2 
or 3 years ago. They were thickly clustered on a single spindly 
shoot which had grown up through a dense mass of honeysuckle, 
and which they had almost defoliated. Several days later they had 
evidently dispersed. Lime appears to be the usual foodplant of the 
species in this district (S. E. London). — A. A. ALLEN. 


THE RED ADMIRAL: VANESSA ATALANTA L. IN NOVEMBER 
IN S. E. DEVON. — My wife and I were very pleased to see two 
perfect specimens of the Red Admiral flying and settling a few feet 
from one another and then sunning themselves on a stone wall 
near here at about 11.30 a.m. on 20th November 1982. The morning 
was bright and sunny with a shade temperature of approximately 
48° Fahr. (9° Cent.) with a cool S. W. wind. The species was com- 
mon with Cynthia cardui (L.) the Painted Lady during the Summer 
and early Autumn in the garden and neighbourhood. — T. G. 
HOWARTH, ‘Highview’ 4 Clinton Rise, Beer, Seaton, Devon EX12 
3DZ. 


SOME NEW BUTTERFLIES FROM TANZANIA 107 


SOME NEW BUTTERFLIES FROM TANZANIA 
(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) 


JAN KIELLAND* 
Abstract 


Two species of Rhopalocera from Tanzania are described, Ornipho- 
lidotos tanganyikae sp. n. and Alaena dodomaensis sp. n. 


Introduction 


While examining my own collection of Ornipholidotos from Tan- 
zania, there turned out to be two species in the series of O. over- 
laeti Stempffer. Both species were taken in forest remains in a 
comparatively restricted area, but strangely enough, the two species 
were never taken together in the same forest (see map). 


Ornipholidotos tanganyikae sp. n. (Figs. | and 2) 


Diagnosis. — Closest to QO. overlaeti Stempffer, but overlaeti is 
whiter, more densely scaled and its hindwing marginal black band 
usually narrower and tapering towards tornus; in tanganyika the 
width of the band is quite even. The tanganyika male has a more 
prominent black patch at the end of the cell. The male genitalia 
differ considerably (see figs. A, B). 


External characters. — Male; Length of forewing 19.5 mm.; wings, 
ground colour greyish-white; forewing black margin rather sparsely 
scaled, inner border somewhat uneven, broadest at apex, tapering 
towards tornus; costa black, inner border straight, not intruding cell 
(in overlaeti the black colour intrudes the cell in the basal area); 
there is a large, rounded black spot at the end of the cell, darker 
than the border. Hindwing distal margin with an evenly broad, 
black band, in one male 2 mm. wide, in the other 2.2 mm. There 
is a prominent black spot at the end of cell, darker than the margin 
Underside as the upperside. 


Female: Length of forewing 19 to 21.2 mm.; ground colour and 
markings as in the male; forewing a little more rounded. 


Genitalia male. — (Fig. A) Uncus wide (broken in the preparation), 
composed of two rather unsymmetrically, divided lobes which 
protrude laterally; the tegumen (which is rather distorted in the 
preparation), is very large; special processes consist of two pairs 
of lobes, one small and a large pair, both pairs a little unsymmetrical ; 
sternite almost symmetrically bilobed; aedeagus incurved near 
the dorsal end, vesica armed with fine cornuti. 


*4916 Boroy, Norway 


108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 


Fig. 1 O. tanganyikae. Holotype male 


Fig. A. O. tanganyikae. Male genitalia Fig. B. O. tanganyikae. Female genitalia 


SOME NEW BUTTERFLIES FROM TANZANIA 109 


Key 
re) O. overlaeti Stf. 


e  O. tanganyikae sp. n. 


AGN 
© \ 
LUBALIZI a 


Fig. C. Map showing relative distribution of O. tanganyikae and 
O. overlaeti. 


Habitat. — Riverine forests in half shade. The usual slow flight of 
the genus, settling on dry twigs, often several together. 900 to 
1300 m. 

Known flight period. — December and April-May. 

Known range. — Lubalizi riverine forest and Kefu forest in Kigoma; 
Ntakatta forest and Mishamu in Mpanda. 

Holotype male: Tanzania, Kigoma, Kefu for.,17-IV-1971, J. Kielland. 


110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 


Allotype female: Same data and collector. Paratypes: Tanzania, 
Kigoma, Lubalizi, 18-V-1970, 1 o& , 19 ;Kefu for., 13-IV-1971, 
1 9 ;Mpanda, Mishamu, 7 & 8-XII-1979, 2 o , all J. Kielland. 


Holotype and allotype to be deposited in the British Museum (Nat. 
Hist.), one male paratype to the National Museum, Nairobi, the rest 
in J. Kielland collection. 


Alaena dodomaensis sp. n. 
Related to A. caissa Rebl. & Rog. 


External characters. — Male: Upperside ground colour blackish grey; 
white markings strongly reduced; forewing cell with two white dots; 
the discal row of spots in space 2 to 7 small and only a little paler 
than the ground colour. Hindwing almost uniformly _blackish- 
grey, with indications of paler markings in space 2 to 5 of the discal 
row. Underside somewhat greyer than in caissa; forewing with 
white discal markings in space 2 to costa, but much shorter than 
in caissa; space 1 uniformly grey from base to the marginal spot; 
there are three white spots in the cell and a basal streak as in caissa, 
but smaller; hindwing markings almost as in caissa, but greyer and 
the white marginal spots a little larger than the submarginal spots, 
while in caissa the submarginal spots are longer than the spots in the 
marginal row. Length of forewing 12.4 mm.; antenna-wing ratio 
0.505; in caissa 0.466 (But only one specimen is available of each 
species). Female: Ground colour as in the male, but light markings a 
little more pronounced in the forewing and clearly defined in the 
hindwing; the wings are considerably larger and wider. Underside 
forewing with a white discal spot in 1; otherwise as in the male. 
Hindwing marginal white spots considerably larger than the sub- 
marginal spots. Length of forewing 15.6 mm.; antenna-wing ratio 
0.45; male-female antenna-wing co-efficient is 1.122. 

Habitat: Settling on rocks in thornbush country. 

Holotype male: Tanzania, Dodoma, 30-XI-1965, J. Kielland. 
Allotype female: Same data and collector. 

Holotype and allotype are both in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) 
collection. 


Acknowledgements 


My thanks are due to the staff of the British Museum (Natural 
History). In particular to R. I. Vane-Wright, Philip Ackery and 
Ramnik Arora for their help while studying the Museum collection 
and to the Officers of the Department of Wildlife in Tanzania for 
issuing permits to collect butterflies in Tanzania and for valuable 
assistance. 


A SAWFLY NEW TO IRELAND 111 


CALAMEUTA PALLIPES (KLUG) 
(SYMPHYTA: CEPHIDAE), 
A SPECIES AND A FAMILY OF SAWFLY 
NEW TO IRELAND 


By J. P.O’CONNOR and M. A. O’CONNOR* 


On 12th June 1982 we collected a female adult of Calameuta 
pallipes (Klug) at Curracloe, Co. Wexford (Irish Grid Ref T.113270). 
The specimen was swept from vegetation on sand dunes adjacent to 
a marsh between 8 and 9 pm. No other specimens were observed. 
This species has not been previously found in Ireland. It is the first 
representative of the Cephidae to be discovered in this country. 

Curracloe is situated near the extreme south-east of Ireland, 
just north of the town of Wexford. At Curracloe, there is a moraine 
marking the point where the Irish Sea ice (Midlandian age) was 
temporarily stationary. Sand dunes backed by marshes and lagoons, 
lie inland. The calcareous marsh flora includes the water parsnip, 
Berula, and the water dock, Rumex hydrolapathum. The area has 
been classified as a site of scientific importance with regional signi- 
ficance (Anon., 1981). Nevertheless during our visit, it was evident 
that drainage of the marsh had commenced. 

The adults of C. pallipes have been recorded from May to July. 
It is widely distributed in England and Wales. It also reaches central 
Scotland (Quinlan and Gauld, 1981). Dr. M. C. D. Speight (pers. 
comm.) has found it as far north as Kincardineshire. Abroad, it has 
been recorded from central Europe north to Sweden and Finland, 
south to Greece (Benson, 1951). The larvae have not been recorded 
but its congener C. filiformis (Eversmann) inhabits Calamagrostis 
epigejos, small stems of Phragmites communis and various grasses 
(Quinlan and Gauld, op. cit.). 

When the above distribution is considered, it is suprising that 
C. pallipes has not previously been found in Ireland. No records of 
the Cephidae are cited in a manuscript list of the Irish Symphyta, 
compiled by A. W. Stelfox and R. C. Faris, now in the National 
Museum of Ireland. Recent collecting for sawflies in a wide variety 
of grassland types in this country had not revealed C. pallipes sug- 
gesting that it is unlikely to be widely distributed here. In southern 
England, the species is not infrequent in small damp patches (e.g. 
by ditches) within dry grassland (Speight, pers. comm.). There 
was grassland (with grazing cows) and a wet ditch near the site of 
capture of our specimen. 

It is of some significance that Stelfox failed to find C. pallipes 
at Curracloe despite several visits. It is unlikely that such an ex- 
perienced hymenopterist would have missed this distinctive insect. 
It is possible therefore that the species is a recent immigrant. 

The specimen has been deposited in the National Museum of 
Ireland. 


*c/o National Museum of Ireland, Kildare Street, Dublin 2. 


112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 
Acknowledgements 


We are very grateful to M. C. D. Speight for confirming our 
determination of C. pallipes and for his most helpful advice. We also 
wish to thank A. B. O. Riordain and C. E. O’Riordan for their help 
and encouragement with this work. 


References 


Anon. 1981. National Heritage Inventory Areas of Scientific Interest 
in Ireland. An Foras Forbartha, Dublin. 

Benson, R. B. 1951. Hymenoptera Symphyta. Handbk. Ident, Br. 
Insects. 6(2a): 149. 

Quinlan, J. and Gauld, I. D. 1981. Symphyta (except Tenthredini- 
dae) Hymenoptera. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects. 6(2a): 1-67. 


The Red Admiral early in 1983 


On January 8th 1983, a female Vanessa atalanta L. was obser- 
ved at noon flying and basking near Plymouth. Strong and active. 
Rather tarnished. Shade temperature 43°F. At 12.25 a peacock 
was also seen. My notes show that V. atalanta has been seen in 
every month of the year over the last four years. I saw another 
female red admiral in excellent condition elsewhere in South Devon 
on January 15th 1983, in very windy conditions with a shade tem- 
perature of 53°F — A. ARCHER-LOCK, 4 Glenwood Road, Manna- 
mead. Plymouth. S. Devon. 

Whilst admiring some exceptionally early primroses in the 
Rewell Wood, near Arundel in West Sussex at noon today, I was 
astonished to be‘buzzed’ by a red admiral, Vanessa atalanta L. in 
near mint condition. This seems to be further evidence that the 
species hibernates in this country with some degree of success. — 
E. C. M. HAES, 45 Grove Road, Worthing, W. Sussex BN14 9DQ, 
LS ies 3. 


I was working in the garden this morning when suddenly there 
was a butterfly flying round me — the first of the season — it 
settled on the wall of the house on a climbing rose to sunbathe and 
I saw it was a Red Admiral! It must have been one of the ones we had 
last autumn and it must have hibernated — probably in the boiler 
house which has an unglazed window onto the garden. My last 
sighting of one last year was on 13th November. — Miss ELIZABETH 
WARREN, 31 Clifton Crescent, Flat 2, Folkestone, Kent CT20, 
1O5i1.1983: 

I observed a Red Admiral on the 3rd March, an exceptionally 
warm and sunny day. It was on heather in the rock garden of the 
R.H.S. gardens at Wisley near Guildford, Surrey, about 2.30 pm. 
Surely not a migrant? — G.F. ARNOLD, Three Pines, Wisborough 
Green, W. Sussex. 


NOTES CONCERNING CERTAIN WEST INDIAN BUTTERFLIES 113 


‘ 
NOTES CONCERNING CERTAIN WEST INDIAN 
BUTTERFLIES 


By JOHN G. COUTSIS* 


In the period between 1952 and 1959 I was fortunate enough 
to spend my summers collecting lepidoptera on several West Indian 
islands. The totality of the material gathered there was deposited 
in the Peabody Museum, at Yale University, in New Haven, Con- 
necticut, U.S.A. 

The publication of the Field Guide to the Butterflies of the 
West Indies (Riley, 1975) and of Part 1 of the Butterflies of the 
Neotropical Region (D’Abrera, 1981), prompted me to present 
here a number of personal observations about some West Indian 
butterflies, which either do not quite agree with the Opinions ex- 
pressed by the authors of the two aforementioned works, or add 
new information about these butterflies. 

1. Prepona amphitoe Godart: A single male captured and 
several other specimens observed in the El Yunque forest, in Puerto 
Rico. Not recorded by Riley from this island. 

2. Anaeajohnsoni Avinoff & Shoumatoff: The single male 
specimen taken by myself at Boutilier, Haiti, island of Hispaniola, 
was fresh, thus making it rather improbable that it was a chance 
vagrant from Jamaica, as suggested by Riley. Furthermore this 
butterfly does not possess any migratory habits. 

3. Hamadryas feronia L.: Despite extensive collecting, I did 
not find this species in Haiti. Old records of it from that country 
probably refer to Hamadryas februa Huebner. 

4. Biblis hyperia Cramer: I found this butterfly to be common 
in the xerophytic forests of St. John, Virgin Islands. This locality 
is not mentioned by Riley. 

5. Philaethria dido Clerck: I did not find this species in His- 
paniola despite extensive collecting. Old records of it from this 
area almost certainly refer to Siproeta steneles L. as suggested by 
Riley. 

6. Anteos clorinde Godart: This species was found to be locally 
very common in the vicinity of the small town of Savannette, 
in eastern Haiti, near the border with the Dominican Republic. 
Recorded on several occasions and during different years, thus 
showing that it is well established there. Captured mostly at mud 
puddles. A series, both male and female, is deposited at Yale Uni- 
versity. Neither Riley, nor D’Abrera, record it from Haiti. 

7. Phoebis editha Butler: Quite abundant in the vicinity of Port- 
au-Prince, Haiti, but nowhere as common as Phoebis sennae Ibe 
which is sympatric and synchronic with it. D’Abrera considers 
the possibility of its being a localised and rare race of sennae, but in 
my opinion this butterfly is specifically distinct from sennae for 
the following reasons: 

(a) The existence of anatomical differences in the genitalia. 


*4 Glykonos Street, Athens 139, Greece. 


114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 TS.v-83 


(b) The fact that despite sympatry and synchrony, no intermediate 
forms have ever been recorded. (c) The fact that the larval food- 
plant is different. I was able on several occasions to rear sennae on 
Cassia, from eggs laid either in the wild, or in captivity. Never 
once did I manage to get editha to lay eggs on Cassia, nor did I ever 
see it laying eggs on this plant in the wild. (d) The fact that females 
of editha observed in copulo, were always found mating with males 
of this morph. 

An extensive series, both male and female deposited at Yale 
University. 

8. Phoebis avellaneda Herrich-Schaeffer: I never saw this species 
in Haiti in spite of extensive collecting in almost all parts of the 
Republic. Perhaps older records are erroneous. 

9. Battus zetides Munroe: The few specimens I observed and the 
single male I captured, were all found singly, at a considerable alti- 
tude and patroling a specific area. Both sexes with tails on HW, so, 
apparently, Riley’s tailless figure surely refers to a damaged speci- 
men. 

10. Papilio machaonides Esper: | reared this species on several 
occasions from eggs laid in the wild on the leaves of Citrus. The larva 
is astonishingly similar to that of Papilio cresphontes Cramer, thus 
showing the very close affinity between these two species, despite 
rather pronounced superficial differences in the imago. 

11. Papilio homerus Fabricius: Though reported from Hispaniola 
in the 19th century, the possibility of its being presently found in 
Haiti should be excluded, because of the total destruction of the 
forests. 


References 


D’Abrera, B., 1981. Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part 1. 
Papilionidae & Pieridae. Lansdowne Editions, Melbourne. 

Riley, N. D., 1975. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of the West 
Indies. Collins, London. 


Obituary 


T. D. FEARNEHOUGH. — It is with much regret that we 
have to record the death from lung cancer on the 22nd January, 
1983, of T. D. Fearnehough of Lymington, Hampshire. Born the 
25th July 1911 at Sheffield, where he was employed as a metal- 
lurgist in the Admiralty, Mr. Fearnehough contributed numerous 
notes and articles that were published in the Record from 1937 
onwards. In 1961, he moved to Shanklin, and while there wrote an 
account of the butterflies-of the Isle of Wight (in Ent. Rec., 84: 
57-64,102-109). One of his most remarkable entomological achieve- 
ments was the successful rearing of the Queen of Spain Fritillary: 
Argynnis lathonia L., from eggs laid by a female captured in 1949 
by O. G. Watkins at Stoke Point near Plymouth (see Ent. Rec., 
61:109-110). We understand his collection is to go to the Sheffield 
Museum. — J.M.C. -H. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 115 


Notes and Observations 


ERISTALIS TENAX L. (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE ) IN JANUARY. — 
It may be of interest to note the occurrence of a single female 
Drone-fly, Eristalis tenax L. feeding on the winter-flowing Jasmine 
blossoms in my garden at East Ham, Essex, (O.S. Ref. TQ 4282) 
on the rather early date of 3rd January, 1983, during a period of 
mild weather. The species is, of course, one which hibernates as an 
adult in various sheltered locations, this individual probably having 
emerged from my garden shed. — C. W. PLANT, Assistant Curator. 
Natural Science (Biology), Passmore Edwards Museum, Romford 
Road, Stratford, London, E15 4LZ. 


PANAGAEUS BIPUSTULATUS FAB. (COL.) IN GLAMORGAN. — 
Whilst searching a sandy area of the Merthyr Mawr Warren near 
Porthcawl (SS 872 767) which is covered with sparse grass and a 
few small poplars on the dull evening of June 22nd 1982, I dis- 
covered the pretty red spotted carabid Panagaeus bipustulatus 
running between the grass. This is not recorded in the old Glamor- 
gan Coleoptera list of Tomlin (1933), and the National Museum of 
Wales has no record of it having been found before in South Wales. 
This would appear to be a new record for Glamorgan, and perhaps 
South Wales. The beetle is noted for a small square head with 
protruding eyes and a circular pronotum. The pronotum and elytra 
are covered in a fine golden pubescence which makes the insect 
very beautiful. — D.R. COPESTAKE, 5 High St., Gilfach Goch, 
Porth, Mid-Glam. CF39 8SS. 


DORCATOMA CHRYSOMELINA STM. AND D. FLAVICORNIS F. 
(COL.: ANOBIIDAE) IN SUBURBAN KENT. — These two some- 
what uncommon beetles are both noted as very rare in Kent in the 
VCH list for that county (Fowler, 1908), with one locality apiece: 
Tonbridge and Cobham Park respectively. I have seen no more 
recent records for Kent, but in any case it seems worth pointing 
out that both species occur in the extreme north-west of the county 
(S. E. London) — chrysomelina being apparently the more frequent. 
Of this, some half-dozen examples have occurred to me, singly and 
at longish intervals over a good many years, at m.v. light at Black- 
heath, and one or two more similarly at Charlton. Of D. flavicornis I 
have taken but one specimen in the district, on the trunk of a 
moribund hybrid poplar in a park at Charlton (18.vii.75). Perhaps 
my experience here reflects some unsuspected behavioural difference 
between the two species, but no such difference is detectable in 
ordinary collecting elsewhere. Both have their headquarters in the 
old forest areas where they are to be found not infrequently and 
sometimes together, in June and July, by brushing the foliage of 
ancient oaks, etc., where red-rotten wood is present, and may also 
be swept or found running on fallen branches. Fowler (1890, Col. 
Brit. Isl., 4: 198) includes among his records of each species an old 
one for S. E. London. 

The VCH entry for Dorcatoma flavicornis gives as the habitat 
“In fungi on trees” (unlike the data in ‘Col. Brit. Isl.’ which are 


116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 
virtually the same for both species). Tree fungi, however, are the 
development-medium not of flavicornis (nor of chrysomelina either) 
but of serra Panz. and dresdensis Hbst. — neither known to be 
British at that period — and also of the continental punctulata Muls. 
and robusta Strand (either or both of which might possibly yet be 
found here). Could, therefore, J. J. Walker’s Cobham Park specimens 
of 1889 and 1895, or some of them, really have belonged to one of 
the other species just mentioned? Unfortunately, it seems unlikely 
that they could be traced after the lapse of a century. There appears 
to be no secure Kent record of dresdensis or serra, though the 
latter, at least, is now know to occur fairly widely. — A. A. ALLEN. 

TISCHERIA ANGUSTICOLLELLA DUPONCHEL IN KENT. — 
During a visit to Thornden Wood, Whitstable on 11th September 
1982, I found several mines of Tischeria angusticollella many of 
which had been parasitised. This is the first record for Vice County 
15 and I believe only otherwise recorded in the West of the County 


from Chattenden. — N. F. HEAL, Fosters, Detling Hill, Nr. Maid- 
stone, Kent. 

THE PRIVET HAWKMOTH: SPHINX LIGUSTRI L. IN VICE 
COUNTY 16 (WEST KENT). — _ Apropos B. K. West’s note in 


Ent. Rec., 94: 242 on the apparent decline of this moth, I may say 
that while I was trimming my privet hedge here in 1982, I noticed 
a larva of this species, the first seen for many years. — W. G. St. 
JOHN, 11, Vancouver Road, Forest Hill, SE23 2AG. 

TELEIODES VULGELLA HBN. ON JUNIPER. — On the 8th May 
1982, whilst beating Juniper bushes in Surrey, two small Gelechiid 
larvae were dislodged from an isolated bush. These fed up on 
Juniper needles and two specimens of T. vulgella emerged on 31st 
May. The normal foodplants for this species are Crataegus or Prunus 
spinosa. PAUL SOKOLOFF, 4 Steep Close, Orpington, Kent. 

MOTHS ATTRACTED TO ROSE HIPS. — Recently I came across 
the note written by Dr. N. Birkett (Ent. Rec. 69. 75) in which he 
relates finding moths of two species only, Conistra vaccinii L. and 
Eupsilia transversa Hufn. attracted to rowan berries at Kendal, 
Westmorland, in October 1953, a time of the year when ivy bloom 
or sugar may bring a wide variety of moths for sustenance. On March 
10th, 1961, I was collecting freshly emerged Earophila badiata 
Hbn. which were settled on the wild rose bushes at Eynsford, Kent, 
when in the torch light I noticed several Noctuid moths resting upon 
the hips which were largely black rather than orange; they were of 
two species — C. vaccinii and E. transversa. Subsequent searching 
revealed that many of the fruits had attracted moths, some of which 
appeared to be imbibing, and all were of these two species with 
the exception of two specimens of EF. badiata. Two days before, 
the common Orthosias and other early species had fallen in showers 
when near-by mature sallows had been shaken, although very few C. 
vaccinii and no E. transversa were noted. It appears therefore that 
these two fruits at a certain stage of ripeness, while not attracting 
moths in general, may have a strong and selective attraction for 
C. vaccinii and E. transversa, one before and one after their hiber- 
nation. — B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Bexley, Kent. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 117 


SATURNIA PAVONIA (L.) IN ASSOCIATION WITH POTENTILLA 
PALUSTRIS (L.) SCOP. IN WEST CUMBRIA. — On reading the note 
by Dr. P. D. Hulme regarding the foodplant of Saturnia pavonia 
(Entomologist’s Record, 93: 153) it prompted me to record the 
following brief observation. While searching for the weevil, Phyto- 
bius comari (Herbst) on Williamsons Moss, Eskmeals. SDO9 on 
26 June, 1982 I came across several large larvae (possibly final 
instars) of S. pavonia which were feeding low down on the leaves 
of a few individual plants of Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. (Marsh 
cinquefoil). The larvae were quite difficult to detect at first while 
on the plants as the colour of the body resembled very closely that 
of the foliage. P. palustris was the dominant plant in the open 
areas on the moss, with smaller communities of Potentilla erecta 
(L.) Raush, Calluna vulgaris and Erica sp. — R.W. J. READ, 43 
Holly Terrace, Hensingham, Whitehaven, Cumbria, CA28 8RF, 
22.xii.1982. 

CROCIDOSEMA PLEBEJANA ZELL. IN KENT. “= On’ 9th. 
September 1982 a specimen of Crocidosema plebejana Zell. was 
captured in my garden m.v. trap. This species is normally confined 
in the British Isles to the Scillies and South-West England where it 
feeds on Lavatera arbora (Tree Mallow). It would seem probable 
that my specimen was an immigrant, as an example of Spodoptera 
exigua (Huibn.) was captured on the same night. — P. J. JEWESs, 
Boyces Cottage, Newington, Sittingbourne, Kent ME9 9JF. 


THE NI MOTH AND OTHER INTERESTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 
1982. — On the evening of 18th September 1982, I accompanied 
Bernard Skinner to the Peacehaven area, Sussex, where we met 
Mr. C. Pratt prior to working an area of agricultural land for Tri- 
choplusia ni Hb. Shortly after dusk on the first inspection of a 
series of MV lights being run, one female 7. ni Hb. was taken. What 
promised to be a most interesting evening after this reocrd, was 
thwarted by the arrival of heavy mist and a drop in temperature. 
No other moths of note appeared that evening, but my MV trap 
kept producing the same two butterflies, one Cynthis cardui L. and 
a Vanessa atalanta L., despite repeated efforts to lose them in a 
nearby hedge. The 7. ni Hb. was retained by Mr. Skinner in an 
attempt to obtain ova, but without success. 

The MV trap in my garden produced the first specimen of 
Autographa bractea D. & S., that I have seen in the area, on the night 
of 31st July/Ist August 1982. With it in the trap were about 75-100 
Autographa gamma L. Two nights later, together with a reduced 
number of A. gamma L., I found a worn specimen of Eurois occulta 
L. It was a mid grey hue consistent with the continental form. 

In mid. September I noted a steady arrival of specimens of 
Ennomos autumnaria Werneb. at light. Some seasons pass here 
without any records of this species. At the same time, the first 
specimens of Rhyacia simulans Hufn. arrived. Probably about a dozen 
moths, and I have not noted this species here prior to 1982. 

D. E. WILSON, Joyce House, Green Tye, Much Hadham, Herts. 
SG10 6JJ. 


118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 


THE BROWN-TAIL: EUPROCTIS CHRYSORRHOEA L. AND 
SCARCE BLACK ARCHES: NOLA AERUGULA HBN. IN S. E. YORKS 
IN 1982. — By midnight on 13th July, 1982, a slight offshore 
breeze had brought very cold air down the cliffs at Flamborough, 
near Bridlington, and few moths were coming to the m. v. lamp. I 
was about to switch off the generator when a male Euproctis 
chrysorrhoea settled on the sheet, so I stayed a little longer. Five 
or ten minutes later my attention could not fail to be drawn to a 
tiny, white moth, eight or nine feet from the lamp and flying on a 
steady course from the beach with no intention of stopping. I 
netted it, expecting a micro, but on examination realised it was one 
of the Nolidae. The fore-wings were entirely white, having only the 
faintest trace of a grey submarginal line, but the three raised scales 
were prominent. The following morning I confirmed that it was 
Nola aerugula and as it sat quietly all day and seemed to tolerate 
being moved, I decided to photograph it. Alas! It escaped and 
vanished within seconds. Although the room was besieged for 
several days, it never even appeared in the window and I must 
confess that I now possess neither specimen nor picture. 

Following the first capture in Yorkshire two years ago, at Spurn 
(Ent. Rec. 94. 99), this is now probably the most northerly record 
of N. aerugula in Britain. Up to 1981, seven E. chrysorrhoea had 
been seen this century in Yorkshire: all were coastal and five ap- 
peared on 16th July, 1973 (Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, Annual 
Report, 1973). It is perhaps more than coincidence that, on that 
date, the only county specimen of Meganola albula D. & S. (Kent 
Black Arches) accompanied three of them into my garden trap 
near Filey. — P. Q. WINTER, West End Farm, Muston, Filey, N. 
Yorks, YOI4 OES. [Mr. Winter’s aerugula appears to conform to 
ab. candidula Stdgr. — J. M. C.-H.] 

POLYDESMUS ANGUSTUS LATZEL (DIPLOPODA: POLYDESMIDA) 
FEEDING ON CARRION. — During a stay in Haltwhistle, Northumber- 
land, in November 1982 one of us (JR) had occasion to examine the 
corpse of a red squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris L., which had been flung 
onto a rocky outcrop of a quarry. The squirrel was killed and 
brought to the house by a cat on 1 November when it was disposed 
of on the quarry. On 2 November the corpse was examined and was 
found to be covered with very large numbers of Polydesmid milli- 
pedes. All parts of the squirrel, including the tail, were covered with 
millipedes at various stages of development. The weather and soil 
were damp, and the area was overgrown with grass, nettles and willo- 
wherb. A sample of the millipedes was preserved in alcohol. The 
specimens were examined by YZE and it was found that all the 
identifiable specimens belonged to the common species Polydesmus 
angustus Latzel. Also present were several specimens of the wood- 
louse Oniscus asellus L., one light-coloured aphid and a few small 
Staphylinid beetles. 

The presence of this species on a corpse is interesting, as Poly- 
desmids are generally regarded as being feeders on decaying vege- 
table, rather than animal, matter; P. angustus is, in particular, 
associated with cultivation. These observations are also of interest in 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 119 


the field of forensic entomology where the succession of insects and 
other arthropods is of use in attempting to determine the time of 
death. Further observations on this point would be of interest. 
Y. Z. ERZINCLIOGLU and J. RICHARDSON, Department of Zoology, 
University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham 
DHI3 LE. 

EUXOA CURSORIA HUEN. IN MID-KENT. — On 3rd. August 
1982 a male specimen of Euxoa cursoria Hufn. in excellent con- 
dition was captured in my garden mvv. trap at Newington, N. Kent. 
I believe that all the other confirmed Kentish records of E. cursoria 
are from G. H. Youden at Dover and this would constitute the first 
inland record for this species. — P. J. JEWESS. Boyces Cottage, 
Newington, Sittingbourne, Kent ME9 7JF. 

APATELE EUPHORBIAE F.: ONE NIGHT OF ABUNDANCE. — 
On August 4th, 1974, near Fanore on the coast of Co. Clare I 
operated my m/v light on the open limestone hills overlooking the 
coastal road. The night was mild and somewhat illuminated, despite 
a little patchy cloud, by a near full moon in the eastern sky. Having 
seen A. euphorbiae but once previously, a specimen at Aviemore, 
I was amazed to find this insect arriving at the sheet in embarrassing 
numbers: sixteen were recorded definitely but there must have been 
over twenty, mostly in excellent condition, and so far as I could tell 
all males. Only one other species arrived in quantity, that being 
Selidosema brunnearia Vill., mostly males and also in good condition, 
although surprisingly the three females seen were ragged. 

The light was in operation at the same place the following night, 
under seemingly not dissimilar meteorological conditions, but 
whereas S. brunnearia was again much in evidence, A. euphorbiae 
did not appear, and it may be added that of those seen the previous 
evening less than half were taken. — B. K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, 
Bexley, Kent. 

THE DEATH OF A BUTTERFLY. — This day, 22 August 1962, 
was one of the few, warm, sunny days of a dreadful August. A female 
brown hairstreak had hatched in my study on 21 August. I put it in 
a pill-box and at 14.30 hrs 22 August I went out with my youngest 
son, aged nine, to release her at the spot where I had found her as an 
egg. This egg, and 24 more, I had found in September 1961 by 
watching her dam lay on little, stunted sloe bushes on the edge of 
Kimpton Down Wood, 2 miles from my home. 

All through the long, cold winter of 61/62 this small white 
egg had remained glued to the sloe twig on which I had found it. 
I had kept it in my cellar. In May, when the first young leaves 
appeared on the sloe bushes, the egg was placed in warmer sur- 
roundings. Soon the very small larva emerged and took its first 
meal of sloe leaf. It throve, pupated, and then appeared as a perfect 
butterfly. I released her at the exact spot where I had first seen her 
mother. She fanned her lovely orange and black wings several times, 
and then took her first flight. With astonishing speed she mounted 
to the top of a tall oak tree; the same tree to which I had seen her 
mother fly after a bout of egg laying: a remarkable fact. 

While watching the oak tree to see if I could see my brown 


120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 


hairstreak again, I noticed a dozen or more purple hairstreak flying 
round the top of a neighbouring oak. Soon I saw some much lower 
down, and shortly took two very worn females as they sipped nectar 
from bramble blossoms at the foot of the tree. When released they 
quickly mounted to tree-top height. Then, suddenly, I saw one 
purple hairstreak start coming earthward. It pitched on oak leaves 
several times, but seemed not to have the strength to hang on to 
the leaves, shaken by a brisk breeze. Slowly it fluttered ever lower 
and collapsed in the grass at my feet. I let it cling to my finger and 
examined it. It was a very worn and tattered male. Soon he fell 
from my finger and expired in the grass. I imagine the sight of his 
fellows, playing in the warm sun, had made him try one last fling. 
But old age had caught up with him: he just had no strength left in 
his little body. So his short, gay and charming dance of life had 
come to its appointed and apparently painless end. 

Thus my young son, so early in his life, had learnt the order- 
liness, the inevitability, and the kindness of nature. I was left 
wondering how seldom it must be that one is fortunate enough to 
witness the death, from old age, of a tiny butterfly. — Brig. E. C. 
L. SIMSON, 4 Dumford Close, Chilbolton, Stockbridge, Hants. 
Oxi L982. 

ZERINTHIA RUMINA L.: A SECOND BROOD, AND OTHER 
INTERESTING BUTTERFLIES IN SPAIN. — On the 14th Sep- 
tember 1982, we visited a coastal locality in the Province of Granada, 
Spain, in which we encountered four fresh imagines of Z. rumina, 
which must represent a second generation; an event for which we 
have been unable to find previous reference. 

The locality was all the more interesting for we observed two 
examples of Danaus plexippus L. and four of D. chrysippus L. 
In condition they varied from fresh to very worn, and the presence 
of some Asclepias species suggested local emergence. Other butter- 
flies noted included Gegenes nostrodamus Fabricius and Zizeeria 
knysna Trimen. — SHEILA and DAVID HOWELL, 12 Harrow 
Dene, St. Peters, Broadstairs, Kent. 

EPIPHYAS POSTVITTANA WALK. NEW TO KENT AND THE LON- 
DON AREA. —  Anunfamiliar Tortrix taken at my m.v. lamp here 
on Ist June, 1982, was tentatively named much later from Bradley, 
Tremewan & Smith (1973, British Tortricoid Moths, 1) as the above 
species; it is a male in very fair condition. Of the four examples 
figured it most resembles fig. 15 (pl. 32), but the forewings are 
redder in tone and rather more variegated, besides other minor 
differences. At the recent Verrall Supper, through the kind offices of 
Lt.-Col. Emmet, I was able to show the specimen to Mr. E. C. 
Pelham-Clinton, who with two expert colleagues obligingly con- 
firmed it as E. postvittana. 

This native of Australia has been established in south-west 
England, chiefly west Cornwall, for about half a century; it has 
occurred also in Devon, and once in Hampshire (op. cif.: 127). I 
am informed that it has recently been taken in Essex, but the pre- 
sent capture appears to be the first in Kent or the London suburbs. 
It is clear that the species has lately been spreading eastwards. — A. A. 
ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS i172 

NEW VICE-COUNTY RECORDS OF RHIZOPHAGUS SPECIES 
(COL., RHIZOPHAGADAE). — [have in my collection the following 
species from vice-counties not listed in the distribution given by 
Peacock (1977, Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects 5(Sa)). 

Rhizophagus depressus (F.), Slindon Common, West Sussex 
(VC 13), 23.v.1969, under bark of unidentified conifer stumps; 
Rhizophagus nitidulus (F.), Brampton Bryan Park, Herefordshire 
(VC 36), 21.v.1980 and Reddings Inclosure, Forest of Dean, Mon- 
mouthshire (VC 35), 31.v.1980, in both cases under the bark of 
fallen oak. — J. COOTER, 20 Burdon Drive, Bartestree, Here- 
fordshire, HRI 4DL. 

THE DRINKER: PHILUDORIA POTATORIA L. IN JANUARY. — 
On the 9th January 1983, Mr. David Blake, a member of the “Mid- 
Sussex Breakers Entomological Group” found a male Drinker Moth 
on the pavement outside St. Francis Hospital, Haywards Heath. 
Although nearly dead when found, it was in perfect condition having 
apparently recently emerged. I have since seen the specimen which 
is a pale example, but of about average size with a wing span of 
approximately S2mm. — T. NEWNHAM, The Victory, Staplefield, 
Haywards Heath, Sussex RH176EU. 

EARLY APPEARANCE OF THE HEATH FRITILLARY: MELLICTA 
ATHALIA ROTT. IN 1982. — I found this butterfly on the wing 
in the Chestfield area of North Kent on Ist June 1982, in a rather 
patchy partly overgrown clearing mainly of sweet chestnut coppice. 
At least a dozen were seen, including several females. As quite a 
number were already fairly worn, the indications are that the insect 
started emerging about the 25th May. — J. PLATTS. 11 Maydowns 
Road, Chestfield, Whitstable, Kent. 

OBSERVATIONS ON THE SMALL WHITE: PIERIS RAPAE L. AND 
AN ABERRATION. — _ In July 1982 while looking over numerous 
Small Whites on a nearby allotment, I noticed a pair in cop. that 
were flying strangely. The male was dangling from a hair-like cord 
attached to the female and spinning round. On closer observation, 
the female was seen to be aberrant, with a bold spot between the 
two forewing spots. I carefully took them home, put them in a cage 
with flowers and a choice of foodplants. I expected that in due 
course they would part naturally, but they were still joined together 
the following morning sitting on the cage muslin. The cord was 
about 4 inch long, so I decided to separate them and cut the cord 
about midway. Despite this, later on that day I was surprised to see 
the female actively depositing (on the underside of leaves, chiefly of 
Hedge Garlic: Alliaria officinalis). She died the following morning 
having deposited about 130 eggs. From these, the aberrant form in 
the Fl generation ranged from a light dusting of dark scales between 
the forewing spots, to a bold spot of the same size as the other two. 
and in one case a light dusting of scales carrying on to the apical 
blotch (ab. fasciata Tutt). Further matings produced many eges, but 
the resulting larvae were not healthy, feeding was extremely slow 
and many have died. Notwithstanding this however, I have some 
pupae and one hopes to carry on the aberration in 1983.— J. H. 
PAYNE, 10, Ranelagh Road, Wellingborough, Northants, NN8 1JG. 


122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 

LEPTURA SCUTELLATA FAB. (COL., CERAMBYCIDAE) ON THE 
SURREY/BERKS. BORDER. — Windsor Forest in Berkshire 
is generally given as a good locality for this longicorn. Therefore it 
was not too much of a surprise to find one in flight at Virginia 
Water on 7.vi.82 near to but outside the entrance of Windsor Great 
Park. However, Kaufmann (1948, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 84: 
66-85) does not record it from Surrey and there seems to be no 
such report since. — D.PRANCE, 23 Brunswick Road, Kingston Hill, 
Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey. 

AN EARLY MACROGLOSSUM STELLATARUM L. -— During 
a sunny spell on a cold morning on Sth. April, 1983 I was greatly 
surprised to see a Humming-bird Hawkmoth, Macroglossum Stella- 
tarum L. flying in my garden. The moth inspected polyanthus in 
flower and a flowerless fuchsia (which attracted several last autumn) 
but soon flew off at high speed. The moth must have been hiber- 


nating near-by. — R.C. DYSON, 58 Stanford Avenue, Brighton, 
E. Sussex, BN1 6FD. 
NOTES ON VANESSA ATALANTA L. IN 1982. — _ The larvae 


of this butterfly were abundant on nettles the end of July and much 
of August in a rough field a few miles south of Shaftesbury. On 
22nd and 23rd August, Mr. John Simner and myself collected 
around 30 larvae from which 28 adults emerged in September. 
John Simner made the interesting observation that only one of these 
was a female. Whether this is normal or not we do not know, but it 
is surely remarkable and I should welcome comments or hear of 
any similar observations. It is also interesting to note that this brood 
contained abs. bialbata Cabeau and fracta Tutt and that the single 
female had a yellow streak in the red band on one forewing. Finally, 
I may mention that on 3rd October, a warm day, among 20 atalanta 
feeding on rotting apples here in our garden, one which I captured 
has the normal red band on right hindwing yellow and the bands 
on the other wings paler than normal (ab. flavescens Fritsch). — 
R. D. G. BARRINGTON, Old College Arms, Stour Row, Nr. Shaftes- 


bury, Dorset. 
BUDDLEIA DAVIDII AND LEYCESTERIA FORMOSA AS LARVAL 
FOODPLANTS OF THE VAPOURER MOTH. = Dr... DsBOwen’s 


note in Ent. Rec. 95:20 concerning lepidopterous larvae feeding 
on Buddleia davidii omits the species I most readily associate with 
this shrub, for in the 1950s when Orgyia antiqua L. was much 
commoner in N.W. Kent than now, my parents’ garden at Dartford, 
Kent, possessed a colony of this species for many years, the larvae 
feeding on climbing and rambler rose and Buddleia davidii. My 
collection contains specimens from larvae collected there from this 
shrub on July 7th, 1968. 

A larval foodplant of O. antiqua | have not seen noted is Ley- 
cesteria formosa [Caprifoliaceae], a shrub native of the Himalayas 
and Western China. Each summer from 1949 to 1955 the caterpillars 
largely defoliated two of these shrubs and rose bushes bordering a 
school quadrangle at Crayford, Kent, and the cocoons almost 
covered the ceiling of an adjacent porch. — _B. K. WEST, 36 Briar 
Road, Bexley, Kent. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 123 

THE GREAT GREEN BUSH-CRICKET: TETTIGONIA VIRIDISSIMA 
L. AND SPECKLED BUSH-CRICKET: LEPTHOPHYES PUNCTATISSIMA 
(BoSsc.) IN PEMBROKESHIRE. — _ Although Tettigonia viridis- 
sima_L. is well known as an inhabitant of southern Pembrokeshire 
(see Haes, E.C.M. 1979., Provisional Atlas of the Insects of the 
British Isles: , Part 6 Orthoptera), as | had seen for myself in August, 
1970, I think it is still worth mentioning here that I found it quite 
plentiful on the Marloes Peninsula during August, 1981. 

At 1745 hrs. on August 25th I counted a dozen males stridu- 
lating in the little reed marsh which straddles the road from the Dale 
to Marloes where it crosses the head of a little estuary (map. ref. 
SM 812084). In and around Marloes village several were to be heard 
stridulating every afternoon and evening from the hedgerows, and 
my daughter heard and saw them above Marloes Sands. 

My daughter also tells me that while on a Young Ornitholo- 
gists’ Club holiday based on Broad Haven and led by Noel Jackson 
they noted Speckled Bush-crickets Leptophyes punctatissima 
(Bosc.) on Dinas Island during August, 1981. Judging from Haes 
(1979) this species appears to have been unrecorded previously 
from this part of north Pembrokeshire. — J. F. BURTON, 11, 
Rockside Drive, Henleaze, Bristol, BS9 4NW. 

LOZOTAENIODES FORMOSANUS GEYER AND PALPITA 
UNIONALIS HBN. IN WARWICKSHIRE. — In 1982, I took single 
specimens of these two moths at the m.v. light trap here in my 
garden. The Tortricoid L. formosanus occurred on 21st July, and 
the Pyralid P. wnionalis on 8th July. I should be interested to know 
if either species has been previously recorded from Warwickshire. — 
C. WALE, 150 Dulverton Avenue, Chapelfields, Coventry, Warwick- 
shire CVS 8HB. 

THE SATELLITE: EUPSILIA TRANSVERSA HUFN. FEEDING IN 
JANUARY. — _ I found an example of this species feeding from a 
damaged wild rose berry along a country lane near Great Chart, 
Kent, on 26th January 1983. There were only two ‘hips’ on the 
shrub, and the moth which appeared to be female had chosen the 
bruised berry. An hour later and two hours after dark the moth was 
still there. I also had one of this species at light and an early Also- 
phila aescularia D. & S. turn up ona mild evening before the February 


cold spell set in. — J. PLATTS, 11 Maydowns Road, Chestfield. 
Whitstable, Kent. 

ANDRICUS QUERCUSCALICIS BURGSDORF. — The year was 
omitted from my Note (antea 86). It should read ‘‘On August 25th 
1982 Norman Heal and myself... .”’ — L. CLEMONS. 

NEMOPHORA DEGEERELLA L. (LEP.: INCURVARIIDAE) IN 
SCOTLAND. — There appears to be no published confirmed record 


of Nemophora degeerella L. from Scotland. George Bolam (1930, 
Hist. Berwicks. Nat. Club 27 (2), 229) makes a tentative claim with 
the comment that ‘James Hardy .... thought that he had seen it 
in Pease Dean, Berwickshire.’ It has however long been known from 
the border counties of England e.g. Fenwick Wood, Northum- 
berland (Bolam, 1930 ibid.) and Carlisle, Cumbria (Day, F. H. 
(1901) V. C. H. Cumberland Vol. 1, 137) so its absence from Scot- 


124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 


land would be surprising. It is now a number of years since I first 
met the species in Scotland and perhaps I should, somewhat be- 
latedly, put the facts on record. 

On June 25th 1977 it was flying in some numbers in the early 
afternoon in bright sunshine in and about a small clump of birch 
and sallows on open heathland at Longbridgemuir, Dumfriesshire 
(V.C.72: O.S.Ref. NY/05.69). The following year I met it again in 
another locality on the opposite side of the Nith estuary. About 
noon on June 16th 1978 there was a large swarm of 200+ individuals 
composed of both sexes, but with a heavy preponderance of males, 
flying between 3ft to 5 ft above the path leading into the N.N.R. 
at Kirkconnell Flowe from the south-east. I have since seen this 
species on numerous occasions in the last half of June and early July 
flying among the birches in both ‘squares’ covered by this reserve 
(V.C. 73; O.S. Ref. NX/9670 & NX/9769.) — (Sir) ARTHUR B. 
DUNCAN, Castlehill, Kirkmahoe, Dumfries DG 1 1RD. 

MELLICTA DEIONE BERISALIIT RUHL AT MARTIGNY. — After 
reading Dr. C. J. Luckens comment (Ent. Rec., 95:13) ““There have 
been few reports of M. deione berisalii recently — in fact we are 
unable to trace any records in literature for over thirty years”. 
I feel rather guilty in not recording my experiences in the Rhone 
Valley for the years 1967 and 1969, when in the former year on 
June 20th, I found this species in reasonable numbers and took a 
dozen in perfect condition. They occurred in a small area 30 to 40 
sq. yards in size, in the rock face about 100 yards up the Martigny/ 
Salvan road which runs above what used to be called in Tutt’s day — 
“The Undercliff Martigny to Vernayaz’’. Unfortunately owing to 
a heavy fall of rock, the path along the Undercliff at the Vernayaz 
end was blocked about 200 yards in from the Montreux/Martigny 
road but I found it could still produce 29 species in one morning. 
The following is a list of species observed. Pyrgus malvae L., P. 
fritillarius Poda, Carcharodus lavatherae Esp., Thymelicus flavus 
Brunn., Ochlodes venatus Bremer, Parnassius apollo Le Aporia 
crataegi L., Artogeianapi bryoniae Hbn., A. rapae L., A. mannii 
Mayer, Leptidia sinapis L., Heodes virgaureae L., H. alciphron 
gordius Sulz., Cupido minimus Fuessly , Aricia allous Hbn., Agrodiae- 
tus amanda Schneider, Lysandra bellargus Rott., Polvommatus 
icarus Rott., Vanessa cardui L., Aglais urticae L., Melitaea cinxia 
L., M.didyma Esp., M. phoebe D. & S., Hipparchia alcyone D. & S., 
Melanargia galathea L., Maniola jurtina L., Aphantopus hyperanthus 
L., Lasiommata megera, L. maera L. — L.J. EVANS, 73, Warren 
Hill Road, Birmingham B44 8HA. 

ESPERIA SULPHURELLA (FABRICIUS) (LEP.: OECOPHORIDAE ) 
PUPAE IN JANUARY. — On 24th January, 1983, my atten- 
tion was drawn by a colleague, Mr.C. Smith, to several lepidopterous 
larvae and pupae which he had discovered beneath the bark of a 
small dead stump of a sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus at St. Mary 
Magdalene Churchyard, Museum Nature Reserve, East Ham, Essex, 
(O. S. Ref. TQ4282). I collected a total of ten pupae and eight 
larvae and brought these into the laboratory where, at a temperature 
of 22° to 25° C., all the larvae pupated within 48 hours. The moths 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 125 


emerged between 21st February and 9th March, 1983, and I was 
surprised to discover that they were all the Oecophorid Esperia 
sulphurella (Fab.). 

Undoubtedly it was the short period of mild weather at the 
beginning of January, (which also brought forth from hibernation 
Alucita hexadactyla L. and Agonopterix alstroemeriana C1.), that 
was responsible for the early pupation of some of the larvae, but it 
is interesting that the ensuing frosty weather, with overnight 
temperatures down to minus 4°C. locally, did not harm these pupae. 
Presumably, those which failed to pupate during the early mild 
spell were not so well fed as those which did. Those ten insects 
collected as pupae all emerged within a seven day period, from 2 Ist 
to 27th February; the eight collected as larvae, although they 
pupated within 48 hours of collection, all emerged somewhat later, 
between 6th and 9th March. There were no significant differences 
between the imagines of either batch. — CC. W. PLANT, Assistant 
Curator, Natural Science (Biology), Passmore Edwards Museum, 
Romford Road, Stratford, London, E15 4LZ. 

EARLY APPEARANCE OF ORTHOSIA STABILIS D. & S.: COM- 
MON QUAKER IN SURREY. — _ I operate a Rothamsted light- 
trap at Haslemere, Surrey, as part of the Rothamsted Insect Survey. 
On the night of January 7th, 1983, a single Orthosia stabilis was 
the first moth to be caught this year. The weather during early 
January had been very mild with minimum air temperatures at 
Alice Holt Lodge (13 km north west of the trap) ranging from 1.4°C 
on January 7th to 10.4° on January 6th. 

The trap at Haslemere has operated continuously since 1973 
and during this time the mean date for O. stabilis first appearance 
is March 25th, with a range from March Ist in 1975 and February 
29th in 1976 to April 21st in 1979. The record on January 7th this 
year is 104 days earlier than the mean for the previous ten years, and 
53 days earlier than in 1975 and 1976. 

These dates for the first appearance of O. stabilis at light in 
Haslemere are in agreement with Heath (Ed.) 1979, The Moths 
and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, where it is stated that 
this species “Occasionally emerges during mild weather in mid- 
winter, but the main emergence is from mid March”. — T.G. 
WINTER, Forestry Commission Research Station, Alice Holt Lodge, 
Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey, 21.11.83. 

NOTES ON THE LARVA OF OMPHALOSCELIS LUNOSA HAW.: 
THE LUNAR UNDERWING (LEP.: NOCTUIDAE). — From eggs 
laid in October 1982 by a female of this species taken at Dartford, 
Kent, larvae hatched about three weeks later. They were kept in 
a plastic box and supplied with various grasses gathered from a 
weedy ditch at the back of my garden. Larval development was 
extremely slow throughout the early winter, and by Christmas 
most had moulted only once and were little more than a quarter 
inch long. The container was kept in the sun lounge where there 
was plenty of damp air. By New Year there had been a number 
of losses, and although a few larvae reached the third instar, only 
three survived to the end of January. By February only one larva 


126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.v.83 


remained and was preparing for the third moult by the middle of 
the month. The final instar was reached by early March when 
feeding became more intense. Within a week the larva was full 
grown and eventually went to earth by the middle of the month. 

E. Newman (/llustrated Natural History of British Moths) 
furnishes a good description of the larva (after Guenée), but South 
(Moths of the British Isles) gives a most inadequate one. For those 
not familiar with the full grown larva, here is my description of it. 

Length about 25mm. Body greenish-whity-grey. Three whitish 
lines along back, dorsal one more distinct, the others edged darker. 
Each segment has four white-centred raised spots. On the first two 
rings these are in a line at right angles to the dorsal line. The other 
body segments have the front pair of spots much closer to the dorsal 
line than the pair behind. On the penultimate ring they are placed 
symetrically, whereas on the last segment the spots are placed ob- 
liquely. Spiracles whitish, ringed with black, a darker somewhat 
indistinct line below them. Head: smooth, dark with a very distinc- 
tive dirty cream coloured prothoracic plate edged behind with dark 
brown. The larva tends to resemble an Agrotid with fairly firm skin 
texture and conspicuous raised spots, but the dark head and distinc- 
tive plate gives the impression of an Apamea. 

In conclusion, I may add that in my experience of searching 
for larvae in the spring months, I have only infrequently encoun- 
tered the larva of O. lunosa, and the only wild larvae of this species 
found by me were at Portland (Dorset), — J. PLATTS, 11 
Maydowns Road, Chestfield, Whitstable, Kent. 


COMBAT BETWEEN RED ADMIRAL AND SPECKLED WOOD 
OVER FALLEN FRUIT. — On the 9th September 1982, my wife 
Mary witnessed here a remarkable combat between a Red Admiral 
and a Speckled Wood over a decaying pear lying on a garden path. 
They buffeted each other with their wings in a most determined 
manner for some little time. Finally, Vanessa atalanta flew off, 
leaving Pararge aegeria to enjoy the spoils of victory. We had no idea 
that the latter had a penchant for the juice of over-ripe fruit. Red 
Admirals and Commas are the only butterflies we have noticed as 
having a liking for it. — P.B.SANKEY-BARKER, Plas Langattock, 
Crickhowell, Powys NP8 IPA. 

THE BLOXWORTH SNOUT: HYPENA OBSITALIS HBN. IN 1983. 
— On March 6th I disturbed a moth in my garage, which flew and 
resettled on a beam, and was easily boxed. I recognised it as a 
specimen of this rare species and have checked its identity against 
the series in the B.M. (N.H.). The circumstances suggested that it 
had hibernated in the garage. — M. W. F. TWEEDIE, Barn House, 
Rye, Sussex TN31 7PT,  15.iv.83.[This appears to be only the 
eighth British specimen and the first for Sussex of this suspected 
immigrant. Previous records are: Bloxworth, Dorset, 21.ix.1884 
(Pickard-Cambridge, Entomologist, 17:265); “Cambridgeshire 1895”’, 
one so-labelled (in RCK coll. in BMNH); Near the Frome at Iford, 
Dorset, 11.vii,1917 (Haines, Entomologist, 59: 256); Ummera, Co. 
Cork, 5.x.1936 (Donovan, Entomologist, 69:264); Boscastle, Corn- 
wall, 12.ix.1943 (Richardson, Entomologist, 79: 22); St. Agnes, 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 17) 


Scilly Is., 8.ix. 1965 (Richardson, Ent. Rec., 75:181); Brownsea 
Island, Dorset, 10.x.1965, A. T. Bromby (Lorimer, Proc. Dorset 
Nat. Hist. Arch. Soc., 87: 39). The Paignton record in Entomologist, 
50:44 referred to H. obesalis Tr. and was corrected in Entomo- 
logist, 79:212. — J.M.CHALMERS-HUNT]. 


Current Literature 


A Key to the Families of British Diptera by D. M. Unwin. 1981. 
Field Studies 5: 513-553. An Aidgap Guide available from Field 
Studies, Nettlecombe Court, Williton, Taunton, Somerset TA4 
4HT. 

This new artificial key to the families of British Diptera was 
developed by Denis Unwin because of problems experienced in using 
the existing keys. It includes a brief introduction on the characters 
of flies in general and on the best means of taking identification 
to the species level within families. The keys employ easily seen 
characters, which are well illustrated by line drawings and a short 
diagnosis of each family is provided. In general it works well 
although some aberrant genera run down with difficulty. The key 
to the acalypterate families, which departs from previous practice 
in dispensing entirely with costal breaks, is not entirely satisfactory 
and it is in this area that difficulties are most often experienced 
by those familiar with the Diptera. A few minor inaccuracies in the 
figures, e.g. the Sciaridae wing have been noted and the numbers 
of species in some families is widely underestimated. This work 
should be of most assistance in the context of the Field Studies 
courses for which it was intended. — P. J. CHANDLER. 


Insect Neurohormones by M. Raabe. xiv + 352 pp. 91 text figs., 
48 tables. AS, boards. Plenum Press, 1982. price US $ 51. 
(translated from original French). 

It is a daunting task to attempt to produce an up-to-date text- 
book of any aspect of insect endocrinology, and this volume is a 
reasonable “‘primer” for many aspects of this complex and rapidly 
advancing subject. 

The structure of the book is logical, beginning with the source 
sites and release modes of neurohormones followed by a considera- 
tion of the various functions in which neurohormones have been 
shown to be involved, such as endocrine gland activity, diapause, 
reproduction, visceral muscle functioning, colour change, behaviour, 
water and ion balance, protein, sugar and fat metabolism, tanning 
and other processes occurring at the cuticle level. Each section 
within each chapter is numbered for ease of reference, and the 
contents pages permit ready access to the desired information. The 
narrative style is terse, and the treatment of many topics is vanish- 
ingly brief — however the reader is never left without a reference 
from the bibliography, which extends to over 60 pages. Numerous 
text figures and tables attempt to give an overview to each topic. 


128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.V.80 


This is not a book for the uninitiated, and at the price purchase 
will probably be confined to institutions. However most active 
physiologists and endocrinologists would benefit from having access 
to this volume. — PAUL SOKOLOFP. 


Large White Butterfly , The Biology, Biochemistry and Physiology of 
Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus) by John Feltwell. Roy. 8vo., 
decorated hard cover, i-xvii, 1-S35pp., 10 plates, 79 tables and 
50 figures. Series Entomologica Vol. 18. W. Junk, P. O. Box 
13713, 2501 ES The Hague, Holland. 1981. Price $98 
(about £52). 

Few books have been published on a single butterfly species, 
and of those that have, still fewer cover the subject adequately. Not 
so the book under review, whose author seems to have left no stone 
unturned in his search for every scrap of information pertaining to 
the Large White, and in the process has collected 8,000 references 
to the species, of which 4,000 have been selected for this compila- 
tion with a brief indication of their contents. 

Although a major pest of cabbages, it is the ease with which 
it can be reared in captivity — and on synthetic diets in particular - 
that makes the Large White so ideal for experimental purposes in 
the laboratory, and of such importance to the economic entomolo- 
gist. With the research scientist especially in mind therefore, the 
author has in this monograph outlined the work already done and 
shown where to find the information resulting. 

The preface by Miriam Rothschild is followed by 18 specialised 
chapters embracing an enormous amount of knowledge on every 
aspect of the Large White as under: Nomenclature (in part by 
R. I. Vane-Wright), Distribution, Life history, Foodplants, Breeding, 
Development, Morphology and anatomy, Physiology, Hormones, 
Biochemistry, Migration, Senses, Economic importance, Parasitic 
control (in part by M. R. Shaw). Pathogenic control (in part by 
H. D. Burges), Predators, Chemical control, Integrated control. 
To each of these chapters is appended an imposing list of biblio- 
graphical references. 

Among those sections likely to be of particular interest to 
readers of the Record are that on variation (Chaper 1), with a list 
of subspecies and 75 aberrational names arranged alphabetically 
with their authors, based on that in the British Museum (Natural 
History). The references to original descriptions of early stages, 
the earliest by Maria Graffinn in 1699, and a selection of records 
of abundance or otherwise of the species in Great Briatain since 
1842. The section on breeding, with an account and list of synthetic 
diets, their preparation, together with a review of current research 
on P. brassicae and a world-wide list of addresses, and the various 
sections on migration in chapter 11, and on foodplants in chapter 4. 

Regarding the make-up of the volume itself, the number of 
unnnecessary blank spaces in the text is wasteful, and the paper used 
so heavy that one may have to exercise special care so as not to 
loosen the contents from its casing. The book is contained in a hard, 
durable cover however, and is well printed. — J.M.C.-H. 


FOR SALE — Female specimen of Lycaena dispar dispar (British 
Large Copper) — Extinct for 135 years. £110 o.n.o. M. Elvidge, 
29 Guildown Road, Guildford, Surrey. 


WANTED — Oxford Scientific Films require news of a nest building 
queen of Bombus pratorum for filming on location. Would anyone 
who knows the whereabouts of such a nest please contact Karen 
Bishop on 0993 — 882819. 


FOR SALE — “Entomological cabinet’. 30 drawers in two tiers, 
internal drawer measurements 19” x 13” x 2’’, corked and papered, 
no lids or built in cells. External cabinet 37” high x 28%" wide x 
20%" deep. Polished mahogany. Made to order in Hong Kong but 
due to misunderstanding glass insert intended for front of drawers 
was placed across top giving veiwing access to top drawers. Despite 
shortcomings specimens kept in it sucessfully for last 10 years. 
Offers? Buyer must collect — from North Yorkshire. John Tennant, 
01-409 7380 HQ PM(A), Lansdowne House, Berkeley Square, 
London W1X 6AA. 


FOR SALE — Republication of Frederick Valentine Melsheimer’s 
1806 “A Catalogue of Insects of Pennsylvania”, the first separate 
work devoted to American insects. The facsimile lists more than 
1300 species of Coleoptera (other orders were not completed), and 
includes a short biography of Melsheimer. Price: U.S., $ 5.00 (over- 
seas, airmail $ 6.50). Checks payable to Entomological Society of 
Pennsylvania, c/o Entomology Dept., Pennsylvania State University, 
University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. 
L. CHRISTIE 
129, Franciscan Road, Tooting, 
London, SW17 8DZ 
Telephone: 01-672 4024 


FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Books, Cabinets and Set Specimens 


Price lists of the above are issued from time to time so if you would 
like to receive them p ease drop me a line stating your interests. 


Mainly a postal business but callers welcome by appointment 


Member of the Entomological Suppliers’ Association 


THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY 


The Society was founded in 1935 and caters especially for the younger or 
less experienced Entomologist. 


For details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 30p 
towards costs) to A.E.S. Registrar, c/o 355 Hounslow Road, Hanworth, Feltham, 
Middlesex. 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 
(Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) - 


CONTENTS 


The Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1982, R. F. 
BRETHERTON and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, 89. In Search of 
Eurynebria, D. R. COPESTAKE, 95. Southern Europe in 1980, W. J. 
TENNENT, 97. The Timing of Emergence of Parasitic Hymenoptera of 
Pieris rapae (L.) and P. brassicae (L.), S. C. LITTLEWOOD, 104. Some 
New Butterflies from Tanzania, J. KIELLAND, 107. Calameuta pallipes 
(Klug) (Symphyta: Cephidae), a Species and a Family of Sawfly New to 
Ireland, J. P. and M. A. O'Connor, 111. Notes Concerning Certain West 
Indian Butterflies, J.G. COUTSIS, 113. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS, 96, 103, 106, 112, 115-127. 
OBITUARY: T. D. Fearnehough, 114. 
CURRENT LITERATURE, 127-128. 


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Booksellers & Publishers 


Important new titles — just published or about to be published 
Spring 1983. 


A BIOLOGY OF DRAGONFLIES By Philip S. Corbet D. Sc., Ph. D. 
This important title has been out of print for a considerable 
time. Originally published in 1962, a reprint is now in produc- 
tion and will be published in May 1983. It consists, as in the 
original, of 16 preliminary pages, 247 pages of text, a colour 
frontispiece, 5 half-tone plates and 115 text figs. An important 
feature is the 26 pages of literature references, comprising a 
bibliography essential to any worker on the Odonata. 

Leaflet available. £15.00 


LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ORKNEY ISLANDS By R. |. Lorimer. 

Expected May 1983. Approximately 96 pages. Card cover. 
An up-to-date list of the whole of the lepidopterous fauna — 
with localities assigned to Parish and, in appendix, to map 
reference. A new and authoritative work. With a large number 
of records based on recent work by the author and other 
acknowledged specialists. 

Limited edition of 750 copies. £6.00 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE ENTOMOLOGY OF THE SMALLER 
BRITISH OFF-SHORE ISLANDS. By K.G.V. Smith & A. V. Smith. 
With outline maps and a Supplement on the Spiders and 
Preface by the late W. S. Bristowe. June/July 1983. Approxi- 
mately 160 pages and 24 maps. A definitive bibliography which 

will be invaluable to conservationists, participants in recording 
schemes and all who visit islands. It is based on more than 20 
years of literature scanning and islands visits by the authors. 
£7.00 


NTRODUCTION TO THE MOTHS OF SOUTH EAST ASIA 
By H. S. Barlow. With plates by Bernard D’Abrera. 313 pages. 
Colour frontispiece and 50 fine colour plates. Bound. 
Available now. A fine new book showing many of the com- 
moner moths found, especially in Malaysia. £37.50 


THE GENUS AGRIAS , By P. E. Barselou. A Taxonomic and 
Identification Guide. May 1983. 96 pages, 15 fine colour 
plates from paintings by the author. Bound. An important 
new book on a magnificent group of butterflies, well illustrated 
in colour to provide easy identification by the amateur. 
25x33cm £46.00 


These are a few titles. Send for our full PUBLICATIONS LIST. 
We also issue regular lists of New and Available Books and also of 
Second-hand and Antiquarian titles. These catalogues all contain 
books of interest to the amateur and specialist, collector, conser- 
vationist, taxonomist, ecologist — in fact to anyone interested in 
Entomology at any level. 


A YEAR OF ODONATA 129 
A YEAR OF ODONATA 


By ANTHONY ARCHER-LOCK* 


Whatever the merits of beginning with Micros immediately on 
vacating the pram, it is never too late to supplement with dragon- 
flies. The refreshing vignette by Lt. Col. C. F. Cowan in The Record 
(Vol. 92, page 282) prompted me; thus, late May 1982 found me 
camera stalking The Beautiful Demoiselle (Agrion virgo L.) on a 
Dartmoor stream, when suddently there was a devastating clatter on 
the ancient granite hump bridge as a farmer shed his load of corru- 
gated iron from his trailer. Whilst we re-loaded, and talked of otters, 
he suddenly remarked that a student up at the farm was “‘mazed 
on dragonflies”. I was away. 

Within a radius of a few miles around the south Devonshire 
market town of Newton Abbot, there are many dis-used ballclay pits 
which now form wonderful sedge and scrub-fringed ponds much 
frequented by loner fishermen pensive under immense green umbrel- 
las. Here, towards the end of May, and during June, we watched 
Downy Emeralds (Cordulia aenea L.), and a female Hairy Dragonfly 
(Brachytron pratense Mueller) emerging — after an hour or two with 
wings folded over their backs in butterfly fashion, the wings spring 
flat in a twinkling; there follows a spell of quivering, and then a 
deliberate flight over the trees away from the water. Here too, The 
Emperor Dragonfly (Anax imperator Leach), largest of the hawkers, 
appeared in tireless majestic flight at every pond, sometimes hover- 
ing in tentative approach, inquisitive as with most of the hawkers 
and emeralds. Other company included The Broad-bodied Libellula 
(Libellula depressa L.), so fond of perching on a twig sentry post. 

At the very end of May, a Bank Holiday trip to Wales enabled a 
stop at Whixhall Moss in Shropshire where the first males of The 
White-faced Dragonfly (Leucorrhinia dubia van der Linden) were 
flighting over the cottongrass filled peat cuttings, very difficult to 
follow and approach. From a post-emergence sheltered corner of 
scrub, Four-spotted Libellulae (Libellula quadrimaculata L.) rose 
in a cloud. Not far from the west coast of Wales, beneath Craig-yr- 
Aderyn, The Bird Rock, around whose summit a flock of choughs 
with another of cormorants, drifted, The Large Red Damselfly 
(Pyrrhosoma nymphula Sulzer) consorted with The Common Blue 
Damselfly (Enallagma cyathigerum Charpentier) in the ditches. The 
GColden-ringed Dragonfly (Cordulegaster boltonii Donovan) was first 
observed from the train at a halt 1500 feet up Snowdon, causing the 
crews’ welsh chatter to pause at the pointing finger. 

Returning, we stopped at Symonds Yat to search the huge loop 
in the River Wye. Soon, The Club-tailed Dragonfly (Gomphus 
vulgatissimus L.) was in evidence, very local, but in numbers. They 
alternated between mid-river hovering, and sweeping on to the 
banks for a bask. Banded Demoiselles (Agrion splendens Harris) 
were numerous, the males taking up territories from the floating 
flowers of River Crowfoot, whilst along the sedgy margins, White- 


*4 Glenwood Road, Mannamead, Plymouth. 


130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL.95 15.VI1.83 


legged Damselflies (Platycnemis pennipes Pallas) abounded in com- 
pany with The Blue-tailed Damselfly (Uschnura elegans van der 
Linden). A sudden thunderstorm, blotting out the sun, caused 
all species to vanish. 

A quick round trip to the Broads took in Surrey’s Henley Park 
Lake, where a long watch proved necessary at this picturesque 
water of lilies, pink rhododendrons, and pine trees, before The 
Brilliant Emerald (Somatochlora metallica van der Linden) put in 
an appearance, fortunately to hover very close indeed. Meanwhile, 
numerous Red-eyed Damselflies (Erythromma najas Hansemann) 
were observed guarding their lily leaves with menace, and C. aenea 
was abundant upon this latter day of June. 

During a long and somewhat vague walk along dyke paths 
around the eastern part of the Broads, pleasantly interrupted by 
a cheerful fenlady who intrigued me with the life history of her 
ancient treasured donkeys, I chanced upon a small colony of The 
Norfolk Hawker (Aeshna isosceles Mueller) waltzing around the 
edge of some carr, their wings glittering brilliantly against the sun- 
shine in this flat landscape with distant windmills. A happy scene 
indeed, to which B. pratense also contributed. Bouts of communal 
activity alternated with synchronized spells of basking well down in 
the lush herbage of yellow iris and buttercups as if by secret com- 
mand — one could easily pass by and miss the whole spectacle. 

A test of identification was posed on the Somerset Levels, 
where The Azure Damselfly (Coenagrion puella L.) consorts with 
the much more local Variable Damselfly (Coenagrion pulchellum 
van der Linden) along the rhines. Textbook study. is a necessary 
prerequisite, but the males are not too difficult to tell apart, espe- 
cially because of the often broken and variable anti-humeral stripes 
of the latter species. C. pulchellum favours the lea-side of bushes. 
The rarer Southern Damselfly (Coenagrion mercuriale Charpentier) 
was seen in tentative wafting flight also in mid-June, the insect 
occurring on the Venn Ottery reserve in Devonshire and in the New 
Forest. 

The Scarce Chaser (Libellula fulva Mueller), which is so local, 
best seen in the New Forest area, was seen on the River Frome, 
an interesting event because any degree of pollution is thought to 
be a fatal element. The males settle frequently on the riverside 
vegetation where they permit close approach with caution. 

In the Fowey Valley of Bodmin Moor, full of the music of 
curlews, male Keeled Skimmers (Orthetrum coerulescens Fabricius), 
of a pleasing powder blue, were active over the orchid laden bogs 
where The Small Red Damselfly (Ceriagrion tenellum de Villers) 
flew feebly amongst the rushes, accompanied by numerous teneral 
Black Darters (Sympetrum danae Sulzer); during August, the males 
would mature to a glistening black. 

Late July required another brief visit to the ballclay ponds, 
for here now, on the hard baked white shores, The Black-tailed 
Skimmer (Orthetrum cancellatum L.) indulged in prolonged basking 
although wiley when approached, whilst in the rushy areas, the mi- 
grant Ruddy Darter (Sympetrum sanguineum Mueller) which is only 


A YEAR OF ODONATA 131 


locally resident, made short flights of electritying speed. Discovered 
recently to be much more widespread than originally thought, The 
Scarce Ischnura (U/schnura pumilio Charpentier) was found in rushy 
marshes beside old china clay workings, and on the cornish moors. 
A common dragonfly of the south east, The Brown Hawker (Aeshna 
grandis L.) was found to be plentiful by early August, for example 
around the old gravel pits near Marlow — best photographed along 
verges of abundant vegetation. 

No great degree of persuasion was needed for a scottish holiday 
consensus — essential to find four species. The Northern Emerald 
(Somatochlora arctica Zetterstedt), sometimes on the wing by late 
May, was located in late July on moorland pools near the famous 
Chequered Skipper country of Loch Arkaig, where they hovered 
interminably over one pool or the next; as for some other species, 
this enabled surprisingly good photography in flight, at one thou- 
santh of a second using a 135mm lens, mutual curiosity closing the 
distance. 

Rarest of all the species, The Northern Damselfly (Conenagrion 
hastulatum Charpentier) was eventually discovered in Speyside, 
roosting low down on pines around a boggy verge, and in the com- 
pany of The Emerald Damselfly (Lestes sponsa Hansemann). One 
interesting specimen of the former was photographed, where the 
anti-humeral stripes showed broken irregularity typical of C. pul- 
chellum, and the spear mark was replaced by a crescent. 

Upon the first morning after the train drivers’ strike ended, we 
waited on the immaculate station at Tyndrum, learning that the 
train had already broken down en route; strident bells rang fre- 
quently whilst an exceedingly attentive stationmaster fussed over 
his first passengers of many a day, with frequent bulletins. Not so 
fortunate was a german student who leaned his rucksack against a 
flower pot — there was a mighty roar from the office; the first 
time I have seen a sun tanned face turn pale. Eventually we reached 
Corrour station and Loch Ossian for a good view of The Azure 
Hawker (Aeshna caerulea Stroem), brilliant blue, and truly splendid 
over the pools fringed with all shades of sphagnum moss, snow 
patched Nevis towering behind. This dragonfly landed on a sundew, 
a second specimen visiting to show apparent concern, before strug- 
gling achieved freedom. In the meantime, my family had vanished, 
so it was with relief that I saw them breasting the brow of the track 
towards me, waving re-assuringly. Most heart warming I though until 
realising that they were merely fighting off the squadrons of horse- 
flies. There must be, and is, an easier way of photographing A. 
caerulea! Go further north-west. 

That left The Highland Darter (Sympetrum nigrescens Lucas). 
On the west coast, the locals said ‘“‘the redyens are not aboot ‘til 
August”, and they were right, but on July 30th, we watched several 
at the far end of Loch an Eilein near Aviemore in Speyside — these 
had been out for nearly a fortnight. On the following and last day, 
sitting beside a tarn, at 2300 feet, above the White Corries chairlift 
in Glencoe during continuous sunshine, we admired several Common 
Hawkers (Aeshna juncea L.) flighting and breeding, whilst Mountain 


132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


Ringlets drank nectar from the Heath Spotted-orchids, and a golden 
eagle sailed against the heavens in wide sweeps. 

The last of the summer wine, in the form of a final spell at the 
Devonshire pools,found The Migrant Hawker (4eshna mixtra Latreille) 
locally abundant on the lowland sites including those at Slapton Ley, 
in September, sharing many such haunts with the very widespread 
ultra-curious Southern Hawker (Aeshna cyanea Mueller); at one 
pool, both were flighting above a young otter endeavouring to stalk 
some panic stricken young coots. Extraordinary as it might seem, 
at a Dartmoor quarry pool, we watched a male cyanea pounce upon 
a laying female juncea, and pairing took place during an aerial flight 
in tandem. The juncea then immediately returned to the identical 
spot where she continued laying. Somewhat dumbfounded, although 
confident of the identities, we captured both, just to make sure — 
the released female made a whirlwind tour of the quarry, and then 
once again went back to lay exactly as before! On November 18th, 
two pairs of Common Darters (Sympetrum striolatum Charpentier) 
were still laying, the last specimen being seen on November 20th. 

So that was the thirty seven species. It just remained to com- 
plete the all important Odonata Records cards from Monks Wood, 
and to place the photographs in the album. Such photography 
and observation is thoroughly challenging, enjoyable, sporting, 
and harmless to either party. 


MEMORIES OF EVELYN CHEESMAN. — I am preparing a pro- 
gramme for Radio 4 about the late Miss Evelyn Cheesman (1881- 
1969), entomologist and explorer, and would be glad to hear of 
any personal memories that readers may have of her and which 
they would not mind my using. The programme is due to be broad- 
cast in August this year. There is no need to write in detail: a brief 
outline will do. Please give your telephone number. — JOHN F. 
BURTON, FRES, BBC Natural History Unit, Broadcasting House, 
Bristol, BS8 2LR (Tel: 0272-732211 Ext. 2406). 

ACLERIS HASTIANA L. BRED FROM SALIX CAPREA IN SURREY. 
— I only lately noticed, to my surprise, that Surrey is not among 
the few southern counties given for this well-known polymorphic 
species in Bradley, Tremewan & Smith (1973, British Tortricoid 
Moths, 1: 203), where it is stated to be extremely local in southern 
England, and that the larva prefers small-leaved sallows and is 
apparently not found on S. caprea. It is therefore doubly note- 
worthy that in 1957 I bred a few specimens of A. hastiana from 
spinnings found on bushes of the latter species at Oxshott, among 
those of A. emargana F. and various other sallow-feeders. They 
were of the first brood, and the first moth to emerge was of the very 
characteristic ramostriana form, the others being plain. Since writing 
this I find that hastiana is recorded from another Surrey locality, 
viz. Bookham Common — see London Naturalist, 56 (1977): 81. — 
A. A. ALLEN. 


TWO SPECIES OF NOCTUIDAE NEW TO BRITAIN 133 


CATOCALA NYMPHAGOGA ESPER AND HERMINIA 
ZELLERALIS WOCKE: TWO SPECIES OF 
NOCTUIDAE NEW TO BRITAIN 


By I.J.L. TILLOTSON* 


In late July 1982 I encountered two species of moth new to 
Britain which had been taken at light traps. Two specimens of 
Catocala nymphagoga Esper were captured in Rothamstead traps 
at Tregaron, Cardiganshire and at Denny Lodge in the New Forest, 
Hampshire, on 28th July and 31st July respectively. I operate and 
identify catches from the Tregaron trap, and the Denny Lodge trap 
is operated by Mr. F. A. Courtier who sends the catches to me for 
identification. It goes without saying that these two specimens 
provided me with a great deal of interest, no small measure of puz- 
zlement, and some delight, when their identity was finally revealed. 

During the same week a single specimen of Herminia zelleralis 
Wocke was taken at Stackpole National Nature Reserve on the 
Pembrokeshire coast. During this busy period, this dull moth was set 
aside with a number of others for later identification and the precise 
date of capture became a little confused. It was taken by Miss Nicola 
Davies, a post-graduate student studying bat feeding behaviour, for 
whom I have been identifying moth catches. The insect was captured 
in a Heath trap which had been baited with a ‘Vapona’ type house- 
hold insect killing strip. 

[C. nymphagoga: Concerning this small oak-feeding Catocala, 
whose range abroard extends through Southern Europe to Western 
Asia and Algeria, Kirby (Butterflies & Moths of Europe, 277) has: 
“Fore-wings varied with grey and brown, with slightly dentated 
black transverse lines; hind-wings yellow, with the base dusky, a 
broad black border, narrower and almost interrupted in the middle, 
and a narrow central stripe forming a right angle at its lower ex- 
tremity, and extending nearly to the hind margin. Expands from 
1% to 1% inches”. The insect is figured in colour in Seitz (Macrolep. 
Pal., 3: fig. 74g), Forster & Wohlfahrt (Die Schmetterlinge Mittel- 
europas, 4: plt. 28, fig. 7) and Novak & Severa (Field Guide, p. 198, 
fig. 1); the latter adding that this is the most abundant of the yellow- 
coloured european Catocala. Lhomme (Cat. des Lep. de France et 
de Belgique, 1: 309) gives it as occurring in South France but mainly 
in the mediterranean region. 

H. zelleralis Wocke (=tarsicristalis H.-S.): This central and 
southern european species whose larva is said to feed on “rotten 
leaves and low plants generally” (Seitz), agrees somewhat in size 
with H. tarsipennalis Treit. and H. lunalis Scop. (=tarsiplumalis 
Hbn.) (one taken in 1977, vide Ent. Rec., 90: 37), but bears a closer 
resemblance to the latter. There are coloured figures of the moth 
in Seitz (op. cit., 3: fig. 74g), Koch (Wir Bestimmen Schmetterlinge, 
3: plt. 19, fig. 439), Forster & Wohlfahrt (op. cit., 4: plt. 31, 
fig. 16) and Culot (Noctuelles & Geometres d'Europe, 2: plt. 


*Chief Warden, Dyfed-Powys Region, Ty Coed, Tregaron, Dyfed SY25 6JF. 


134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL.95 15.VII.83 


79, fig. 14). According to Lhomme (op. cit., 1: 333) the moth 
occurs in South France, with June as its time of appearance. 

The specimens have been deposited in the Department of 
Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), where the identi- 
fications were confirmed by Mr. Honey in the case of the C. nym- 
phagoga, and by Mr. D. Carter in the case of the H. zelleralis. One 
suspects that all three specimens were immigrants. — EDITOR.] 


The Buprestidae (Coleoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark by S. 
Bily. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica Vol. 10, 111 pages + 
two colour plates. 1982. Published by Scandinavian Science 
Press Ltd., Langasen 4, Ganlose 2760 Malove, Denmark. Or- 
dinary price 100 D-Kr., subscription price 70 D.Kr. 


This excellent entomological series was launched in 1973, 
but the Buprestidae form the subject of the first volume of the 
Coleoptera, another, covering the aquatic Adephaga is due to be 
published soon. 

The present work follows the usual format of the series with an 
Introduction giving a brief history of Buprestid taxonomy; Mor- 
phology of the adult and immature stages; Bionomics and Ecology; 
Collecting and Preserving. There are separate keys to adults and 
larvae at sub-family, tribe and generic level, the key to species being 
included in the sections dealing with each genus; important sub- 
species are included. The main text is rather like “Fowler”, with 
details of the genus followed by very adequate notes on each species 
including their biology and distribution. 

Alas, Agrilus sinuatus has been omitted from the work, but this 
is the only “error”; other very minor points may well indeed be 
printing errors — viz the marking of five non-British species as 
British in the Catalogue (pages 100-105), but omitting Aphanisticus 
emarginatus. However, these minor points are not repeated in 
the text so any ambiguity is at once overcome by reference to 
the text Phaenops cyanea is included as British (in the cata- 
logue) and given as ‘Not native in Great Britain” (p. 45); it is 
a pity this information was not expanded to “Britain, 19th century 
record” or similar. 

In all this is a very sound work; possibly the first treatment of 
the north European/Scandinavian Buprestid fauna, and for the 
British Coleopterist, a great expansion on the Royal Entomological 
Society’s Handbook (111 pages as compared to 8). A total of 48 
species are treated in the book, and as the British fauna includes 
only twelve, all of which are instantly recognisable in the field, it 
might have restricted appeal to the general Coleopterist, but forms 
necessary reading for the serious student. 

The standard of printing and quality of paper and binding are 
good, the 108 text figures excellent, and the two colour plates faith- 
fully depict the metallic colouration of the adults. — J. COOTER. 


THE BRITISH STATUS OF GYMNETRON PLANTAGINIS 15S 


AN INQUIRY INTO THE BRITISH STATUS OF 
GYMNETRON PLANTAGINIS EPP. 
(COL.: CURCULIONIDAE) 


By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.! 


This species has the dubious distinction of being perhaps our 
most misunderstood weevil, as well as apparently one of the rarest. 
The present paper attempts to expose the confusion, whilst affirm- 
ing its position as a member of our fauna — though, for the moment, 
one or two small questions remain. 

T. H. Edmonds (1930), bringing it forward as British, wrote:— 

“In June, 1926, I took. ...a very small Gymnetron which is obviously 
distinct from any species in the British list . . . . I sent it to Col. Deville and 
suggested to him that it was G. plantaginis. He agrees that it is probably that 
species, but points out that it is badly rubbed... .” 

He goes on to list the differences between this species and 
G. pascuorum Gyll., which in a general way it much resembles. 
Unfortunately he omits some of the more important, and states 
others incorrectly. Thus, ‘narrower’ is true of the thorax only, 
not of the whole beetle; and he gives the antennae as ‘black’ instead 
of ‘red’, a point corrected by Donisthorpe (1931) in reproducing 
Edmonds’s note (actually the character is not diagnostic). These 
shortcomings were probably due partly to inadequacies in his source, 
and partly to the fact that his insect was in reality not plantaginis at 
all! This fact should occasion little surprise, given the failure? of 
authors in general to appreciate the variability of the common G. 
pascuorum, especially in size, and the frequency of dwarfism in the 
species — a failure evidenced in Edmonds’s case by the word 
‘obviously’ above. He appears to have made up his mind that his 
specimen was probably plantaginis before sending it to Deville, 
whose agreement was, very properly, qualified and cautious. As 
the species is very rare in France and Germany, and perhaps every- 
where, Deville may not have known it at first hand. Rather too 
much has been made of its allegedly close likeness to its commoner 
relative, which really is little more than superficial (cf. the table of 
differences to follow later). 

Fortunately I was able to borrow Edmonds’s beetle for exami- 
nation, and found it — not unexpectedly — to be only an undersized 
G. pascuorum in poor condition. On the basis of this erroneous 
record G. plantaginis has remained on our list, and is included by 
Joy (1932). He, however, gives quite other characters for it than 
did Edmonds, and they tend to prove that what Joy had before 
him as that species was a female pascuorum, perhaps rubbed and/or 
with reduced puncturation and pubescence on the elytral intervals 
such as is often found in that sex when underdeveloped. He seems 


149 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


2A failure which also caused the addition to our list of G. melas Boh. and G. 
marshalli Donis. — now rightly synonymized. Truly G. pascuorum has 
much to answer for! 


136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


not to have realized that the difference in the point of antennal 
insertion on the rostrum, which he gives to separate the two species, 
in fact separates the two sexes of pascuorum.3 The many good 
distinctions exhibited by the true planiaginis (see below) could 
not have escaped him, had he been able to examine a genuine 
specimen. 

Besides the original example, I have been able to study two 
others in the BMNH purporting to be British plantaginis; they had 
been separated out by the late Dr. K. G. Blair from the Power series 
of pascuorum, with a label “from description and Bedel”’. Again, 
however, they are plainly nothing more than small females of the 
last-named. One would think that in view of the rarity of plantaginis 
Blair might have published a note on these insects, but possibly 
after all he was not fully convinced. 

I have seen but one further reference to-this weevil in Britain, 
and that is in Donisthorpe’s list of Windsor Forest Coleoptera (1939): 
“One specimen by general sweeping 10.vi.38”’. Yet again, inspection 
of the beetle in question in his collection revealed it as merely a 
dwarf pascuorum; I have an almost identical one from the same 
locality. There may, possibly, be other records unknown to me; 
if so, they will certainly need to be considered very carefully. 

What proved the most interesting specimen in the late H. 
Dinnage’s collection when it came into my hands some 25 years ago 
was a small blackish weevil doing duty for Gymnetron veronicae 


Germ., with the data ‘Burgess Hill, Sussex, ix.1901, A. C. Vine’.4 
Careful scrutiny showed it to be neither G. veronicae nor any other 


of our better known species. It is a male in good preservation except 
that the upperside seems abraded (see note 5 following the table). 
Not being sure that it could be referred to plantaginis, I submitted it 
to Dr. L. Dieckmann, the Curculionid specialist, with whom I was 
in touch at the time. He replied that it did indeed appear to be that 
very rare species, as far as he could say without an authentic exam- 
ple for comparison, and that it agreed at least tolerably with the 
description. As any other identity for the beetle is unlikely in the 
extreme, I propose to accept Dr. Dieckmann’s expert opinion, and 
to regard the Sussex insect as giving sufficient grounds for retaining 
G. plantaginis on our list. 

The accompanying table of characters, drawn up largely from 
this specimen (see, however, note 5 below), is supported substantial- 
ly by the literature, e.g. Reitter (1916), Hoffmann (1958). Several 
of them may not have been previously noted, but should be useful 
in separating the two species. I compare it there with G. pascuorum 
because, as we have seen, it is always that often deceptive species 
which British coleopterists have hitherto mistaken for plantaginis; 
and not as implying specially close kinship. In fact, the latter is in 
some respects equally (though not closely) allied to veronicae, 
but differs in its narrower pronotum with more marked ‘collar’, 


3Under 14(15) Joy mentions a tooth on underside of front tibia in pascus- 
rum co ;here ‘tibia’ should of course read ‘femur’. 

4Vine is remembered chiefly as a lepidopterist, but the Dinnage collection 
includes a number of beetles taken by him in E. Sussex. 


BRITISH STATUS OF GYMNETRON PLANTAGINIS 


Clothing of upper 
surface 


Sides of body in 
lateral view 


Rostrum 


Insertion of 
antennae 
on rostrum 


Antennal scape 


Pronotum 


Pronotal punctures 


Elytral humeri 


Elytral intervals 


Femora 


Inner side of apex 
of tibiae 


Segment I of 
hind tarsi 


Tarsal claws 


plantaginis 
Extremely short, not concealing 
colour of surface; except at sides 
of pronotum, where it is thicker 
& whiter> 


With a thick crust of whitish 
scales 


CO : about as in ? pascuorum 
? : very long, much longer than 
head & thorax together (Reitter) 


o*: 2/3 of the way to apex 
9 : ? (doubtless well behind 
middle) 


Much longer, about as long as 
as funicle 


Narrower and longer, scarcely 
transverse, with a groove right 
across front forming a collar: 
surface dull 


Smaller, each bearing a minute 
light scale almost flush with the 
surface 


Marked, somewhat callose 


With a row of extremely 
short white setules 


Unarmed in both sexes 


With a smaller, shorter tooth 
concolorous with tibia (rufous) 
& hardly visible from above 


Longer than lobes of 3, which 
are broader 


Small, rufous, concolorous 
with tarsi 


11 337/ 


pascuorum 


Surface fairly closely 
covered by long, pale, 
often shining scale- 
hairs, on elytra partly 
raised (except in worn 
or depauperated exx.) 


Without such a crust 
of scales 


oO -:relatively short 
9 : considerably 
longer than ing 


Oat or rather before 
middle 
2: well behind 
middle 


Very short, much 
shorter than 
funicle 


Broader, plainly 
transverse; if such a 
groove is traceable, 
it is very near apical 
margin, so that collar 
is much narrower; 
interstices shining 


Larger, each bearing a 
long decumbent scale- 
hair 


Not marked, not at all 
callose 


With more than one 
row of long raised 
scale-hairs 


With a tooth in gd , 
strong & sharp on 
front pair 


With a thorn-like black 
tooth set almost at a 
right angle, very small 
in (may be largely 
hidden by pubescence) 


Shorter than lobes of 
3, which are narrower 


Long, shiny black to- 
gether with apical 
part of onychium 


138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL.95 15.VII.83 


long antennal scape, flat eyes not disrupting outline of pronotal 
sides, and reddish antennae, tibiae and tarsi, of which the claw-joint 
is shorter than the rest together, and the claws much shorter. It is 
also generally smaller. It shares however with the veronicae/bec- 
cabungae/villosulum group the character of a band of lighter scales 
at sides of pronotum, on account of which Reitter and others place 
it in that section. 


Acknowledgements 


I am grateful to Mr. Colin Johnson, of Manchester Museum, 
for the opportunity of studying Edmonds’s putative G. plantaginis; 
to Dr. L. Dieckmann, Eberswalde, for his valued opinion of my 
specimen and much other help with weevils; and to the staff of the 
Coleoptera Section at the BMNH Entomological Department for 
their kind co-operation on various Occasions. 


References 


Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K., 1931. An annotated list of additions to 
the British Coleopterous fauna; 82. London. 

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K., 1939. A preliminary list of the Coleop- 
tera of Windsor Forest: 107. London. 

Edmonds, T. H., 1930. Gymnetron plantaginis Epph., a species of 
Coleoptera new to Britain. Ent. mon. Mag., 66: 110. 

Hoffmann, A., 1958. Faune de France, 62 (Coléoptéres Curculioni- 
des 3): 1298. Paris. 

Joy, N. H., 1932. A practical handbook of British beetles, 1: 223. 
London. 

Reitter, E., 1916. Fauna germanica: die Kafer des deutschen Reiches, 
5: 226, 228. Stuttgart. 


SIn two or three respects the Vine specimen appears not to fit the 
description: the uniformly scaled pronotum, i.e. scales not whiter and more 
thickly placed at sides; the broad flat elytral intervals, seemingly glabrous and 
filled with illdefined puncturation, compared with Reitter’s ‘intervals narrow” 
and a row of punctures and of tiny white setules on them as he and Hoffmann 
indicate. Abrasion may possibly account for two of these discrepancies, but 
not for all. There thus remains a minute element of doubt about the identity 
of the Burgess Hill specimen; in any case the two characters marked 5 above 
are taken not from it but from the literature, since authors seem agreed that 
plantaginis possesses them. 

It should be added that the elytra are either extensively red except to- 
wards base, or, as in the British example, black with an apical red patch 
extending broadly up the sides. In pascworum the area of red coloration varies 
greatly, and Reitter is incorrect in stating, among his key-characters for its 
group (p. 226), that the elytra are “‘niemals einfarbig schwarz” — since uni- 
formly dark examples are frequent, here if not in Germany. 

Hoffmann states that according to Eppelsheim the species under notice 
lives on Plantago media L. British coleopterists able to recognize P. media 
should give it close attention when they meet with it, for this Gymnetron 
surely awaits rediscovery in our country. 


THE WHITE-LETTER HAIRSTREAK: A NATIONAL SURVEY 139 


THE WHITE-LETTER HAIRSTREAK 
(STR YMONIDIA W-ALBUM KNOCH): 
A NATIONAL SURVEY 


By C. PEACHEY* 


As a follow-up to the request for information on the status of 
the White-letter Hairstreak by A. Archer-Lock (Ent. Rec., 92: 254), 
the Nature Conservancy Council is organising a national survey 
under the auspices of the Invertebrate Site Register. Initially, a re- 
quest for information on the butterfly was placed in the News of the 
British Butterfly Conservation Society (April 1982). Over 20 mem- 
bers responded and three major points emerged from the letters. 

(i) The majority of the colonies mentioned, excepting the most 
northerly, appear to be on the decline and could become extinct in 
a matter of years. For example, in the Ruthin Valley in North Wales 
the White-letter Hairstreak was the commonest butterfly in the area 
prior to 1977. In 1977 Dutch Elm Disease hit the area and has been 
spreading very rapidly, and not surprisingly the butterfly has since 
undergone a decline. In fact in 1982 only two specimens were 
seen. 

(ii) The White-letter hairstreak appears to have survived better 
on Wych elm rather than English elm. Smooth-leaved elm was also 
mentioned although it is not certain whether the butterfly will use 
this species as a foodplant. 

(iii) There is evidence to suggest that the White-letter Hair- 
streak can utilize growth from suckers — but can they survive on 
these indefinitely? When the young trees reach a certain height elm 
disease has a tendency to recur. 

Clearly more information is needed before any effective conser- 
vation measures can be undertaken. The means of doing this would 
be to have a team of recorders from all over the country — ideally 
one percounty. Existing county lepidoptera recorders might like 
to take this up as an ongoing survey. A county survey could in- 
clude:— 

(a) a survey to check out all known colonies (surviving colonies 
could then be monitored each year), and a search for new colonies. 

(b) a survey to locate elm trees. Elms which have survived the 
disease should be conserved for they could be used for future ex- 
perimental introductions. Elm sucker growth, wherever it is still 
alive, should also be retained, particularly in areas which have been 
hit badly by the disease. (Do we know if Dutch Elm Disease has 
reached the furthest limits of the White-letter Hairstreak’s range and 
are steps being taken to halt the spread of the disease?) 

May I appeal to all butterfly enthusiasts to have a good search 
for the White-letter Hairstreak this summer. It is possible that the 
species is not as rare as we think it is. All Hairstreaks are secretive 
butterflies and tend to spend much of their time flying around 


*NCC, 19/20 Belgrave Square, London SW1 8PY. 


140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


tree tops and feeding on honeydew. Time and patience is certainly 
needed and binoculars will be helpful. Searching for eggs in late 
July/August is another way of locating a colony and becomes 
easier after finding the first egg! 

I would be very happy to offer any advice to readers who wish 
to participate in such a survey. I would also welcome any views you 
may have on this species and would be interested to know of people 
who have successfully reared it on alternative foodplants. If you can 
help please write to Caroline Peachey, NCC, 19/20 Belgrave Square, 
London SWIX 8PY. 


The Butterflies of Northern Europe by Bjorn Dal. Edited by Michael 
Morris. Translated by Roger Littleboy. Croom Helm, London. 
July 1982£5.95: 


This is a particularly attractive book because of its fresh approach 
to illustration and lay-out, the author, Bjorn Dal, being an artist of 
skill and sensitivity. Described on the flyleaf as an identification 
guide and general introduction to the butterflies of Northern Europe, 
it covers Britain, Fennoscandia and the Baltic countries. The fas- 
cinating butterflies of the high Arctic are unfortunately excluded, 
although one of them, Erebia pandrose makes a mysterious, uni- 
dentified appearance on page 49. 

The introduction is followed by short accounts under various 
headings — the section on conservation containing some eminently 
sensible comments on the subject of collecting. In the main part of 
the guide the butterfly species are not arranged systematically but 
are grouped under biotopes. This arrangement is quite effective in 
view of the difficulty with overlapping habitats in many species. It 
is surprising however to find Argynnis paphia in the Meadowland 
and Marsh group rather than with the woodlanders. Each species 
also has a concise but informative descriptive text and a distribution 
map. The latter is differentiated by three colours into the normal 
range in northern Europe, the normal range in the rest of Europe 
and areas where the insect occurs irregularly. This generally works 
well apart from the two maps on page 47 which are obviously in- 
correct. 

The illustrations depicting butterflies in natural positions are 
delightful, and I know no other artist who has captured so well the 
attitudes of butterflies at rest and in flight. One is hard put to 
choose favourites but selected for special mention are the two hiber- 
nated Nymphalis antiopa (frontispiece), Oeneis jutta page 26, 
Euphydryas maturna page 47, the delicate trio of Philotes baton 
page 74, and Aglais urticae page 122. There are also enlarged figures 
of individuals’ wings of those species more difficult to determine, 
such as the three members of the 7hymelicus genus the Heaths and 
the Clossiana. 

The English edition has been thoughtfully edited by Dr. Michael 
Morris. As a supplement and northern summary to the Field Guide 
to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe, it succeeds admirably. — 
C. J. LUCKENS. 


IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 141 


THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE 
BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 


By R. F. BRETHERTON* and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT** 


(Concluded from page 94) 


An especially interesting novelty this year has been arrangements for 
recording on several of the North Sea oil rigs, which, if they can 
be repeated to cover longer periods and more species, could throw 
much light on the conditions for immigration from northern Europe. 


ANNEXE I 
Names of recorders 


Albertini, V. M.; Agassiz, Rev. D. J. L.; Allen, Dr. A. A.; Allen, 
D. per PB; Badmin, J.; Baker, B. R.; Baldock, D. W.; Baldwin, A. J.; 
Barber, T. per MANM; Batten, A. per CRP; Bell, R. A.; Beraet, P.; 
Billett, D. F. per JMW; Birchenough, R.; Birkett, Dr. N. L.; Blath- 
wayt, C. S. H.; Bond, K.G. M.; Bonney, J.; Botwright, G.; Bradford, 
E. S.; Bretherton, R. F.; Briggs, J.; Brown, D. C. G.; Buckham, A.; 
Buddle, R. F.; Burgess, G. per RGW; Burrage, W. per CRP; Burton, 
J. F.; Campbell, Dr. J. L.; Carpenter, E.; Castle, E. per IH; Chalmers- 
Hunt, J. M.; Chambers, D. A.; Chatelain, R. G.; Chipperfield, H. E.; 
Chastie, 1. C.; Church, S. H.: Clarke, Dr. J.; Classey, Ey Wes Clouter: 
F. H.; Collins, G. A.; Colombé, J.; Convey, P. per NMH; Corley, 
M. per DJLA; Courtier, F. A. per IJLT: Craddock, B. per RGW; 
Craske, R. M.; Dacie, Sir John; Davey, P. A.; Davies, Miss N. per 
IJLT; Dewick, A. J.; Dey, D.; Dillon, T. J.; Dixon, D.; Dobson, 
a He Doe. B. per Dickerson, G.; Down, D.; Dunn, 1. C.; Dyer, 
J. per.B. Skinner; Dyke, R.; Dyson, R. C.; Eley, R. per JLF; Ellis, 
Dr; E. A. per HEC; Elliot, B.; Elvidge, M.; Emley, D. per RGW; 
Emmet, Col. A. M.; Enfield, M. A.; Evans, K. G. W.; Ezard, A. H. 
per PQW; Fairclough, R.; Fenn, J. L.; Fitzacerley, Mrs. per PS; 
Fordham, B. per CRP; Foster, A. P.; Gandy, M.; Gardiner, B.O.C.; 
Gardner, A. per DCGB; Gascoigne, J. per CRP; Gauld, S. V. per 
RIL; Gill, N.; Goater, B.; Green, J. E.; Greenwood, J. A. C.; Gregory, 
J. per CRP; Hadley, M.; Hall, N. M.; Halsey, M. & J.; Halstead, A. J.; 
Hancock, E.G’: Harman, IT. W.; Harmer, A. 'S.; Hart, €.; Harvey, 
M. S.; Harvey, R. per MAE; Haynes, R. F.; Heal, N. F.; Heath, J.; 
Heckford, R. J.; Hogg, P.; Holborn, J. M.; Horton, Dr. G. A. N.; 
Hudson, I.; Ironside, Miss M. per MAE; Jackson, S. M.; Jenkins, 
A.; Jewess, P. J. & G. T.; Jordan, M.; Kiddie, R.; Knapp, D. per 
AHD; Knill-Jones, Dr. R.; Lane, C. G. & R. E.; Langmaid, Dr. J. R.; 
Largen, R. E. per CRP; Lavery, J. W. per RFH; Levington, R. per 
BRB; Lorimer, R. I.; Lovell-Pank, R.; Luckens, Dr. C. J.; Lumley, 


* Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE. 
**] Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent BR4 9LG. 


142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


T.; Mackay, Mrs. L. per J. Heath; Mackworth-Praed, H. N.; 
McCormick, R. F.; McRitchie, B. B.; Majerus, Dr. M. A. N.; Mansell, 
G.; Mascard, I. per CRP; Merrifield, R. K.; Miller, J. R.; Milne- 
Readhead, E. per CRP; Mitchell, D. W. per J. Heath; Morgan, Mrs. 
M. J.; Morris, Dr. M. G.; Morris. R. K.; Moss, G. per RGW; Mow- 
bray M. J. per CRP; Murray, R. J. H.; Myers, Dr. A. A.; Newnham, 
T.; Newton, J.; Notton, D. per BRB; Oates, M. R.; O’Connor, 
Dr. J. P.; O'Heffernan, H. L.; Owen, D.; Owen, J. Palmer, S. per 
MRY;; Parsons, M. S.; Peet, Dr. T. N. D.; Pelham-Clinton, E. C.; 
Penney, C. G.: Philips, A. per CRP; Phillips, J. W.; Philp. E.; Phil- 
pott, V. W.; Phillpotts, J. L.; PickessB. P.; Pickles, Aw J-. Pilcher, 
RoE: Me Pittis, (Rey. s., C.; Platts. Je: Pooles. so. W. Pa pennies 
Porter, J; Potter, T. A. per PQW; Prance, D. A.; Pratt, D. A.; Pratt, C. 
R:: Price, LL. per JN: Pyman,'G. Av Radtord, J; 1. per By skinner 
CRP; Reid, J.; Ralph, Miss J. M. per CRP; Rogers, M.; Rough, K. per 
CRP; Ruck, A.; Sankey-Barker, J. P.; Shearer, I. per NMH; 
Skidmore, P.; Skinner, B.; Smith, E. G.; Smith, Dr. F. H. N.; Smith, 
G.; Smith, Miss P. per RGW; Softly, R. A.; Sokoloff, P. A.; Spalding, 
A. per FHNS; Spence, B. R.; St. John, W. G.; Stallwood, B. R’; 
Statham, B:; Sterling, Col. D. H.; Sterling, M. J.; Sterling, P. H.; 
Sutherland, G. per RIL; Thomas, R. per DCGB; Tillotson, I. J. L.; 
Torlesse, Rear Admiral A. D.; Tremewan, W. G.; Tubbs, R. S.; 
Turk, Miss S. per J. Heath; Tweedie, M. W. P., Tyler, M. W. per J. 
Heath Utten: “RoW VicesMeper DEG Vincent Nie 
Wake, A.; Wale, C. A. R.; Walters, J. M.; Warren, Miss E.; Warren, 
R. G.; Waters, P. per CRP; Waterton, P. W. per RWJU; Weddell, 
B. W.; Weekes, B. per MAE; West, B. K.; Whiteside, J. G.; Whittaker, 
E. per CRP; Wild, E. H.; Wilkes, Miss M. per MGM; Wilson, D. E.; 
Winter, P. Q.; Withers, B. per B. Skinner; Woodward, C. J. per 
CRP; Young, Dr. M. R.; Youden, G. H. 


ANNEXE II 


Records of scarce immigrant species in 1982 
(probable or possible migrants of resident species marked*) 


* AGONOPTERIX HERACLIANA L.(1) NORTH SEA: oil 
rig F Delta, August (per MRY). 

*TEBENNA BJERKANDRELLA Thunb. (16) DEVON: Bud- 
leigh Salterton, two bred 11/14.9; Heybrook Bay, 15/16,9, three 
bred; Axmouth, 24/25.9, two bred: all from cocoons on Pulicaria 
dysenterica (RJH). CO. CORK: Douglas, 20.8/4.9, nine at flowers or 
dusk flight (KGMB); is first Irish record. 

*PHTHORIMAEA OPERCULELLA Zeller (1) KENT: New 
Romney, 10.9, in trap with other immigrants (ECP-C); possible 
immigrant, or from imported tomatoes or potatoes. 

EUCHROMIUS OCELLEA Haw. (1) WILTS: Steeple Ashton, 
7.10 (G. Smith, Ent. Rec., 95: 33). 

*MARGARITIA STICTICALIS L. (1) HANTS: Southsea, 
7.8.(JRL). 

URESIPHITA LIMBALIS D. & S. (2) ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 
2.10, female (AJD). KENT: Westbere, 1.10, very worn (TWH). 


IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 143 


*SITACHROA PALEALIS D. & S. (4) HANTS: Isle of Wight, 
July, n.d. (RK-J). SURREY: Milford, n.d. (DWB). SUSSEX: 
Walberton, 14.7 (JTR per CRP); Peacehaven, 15.7 (CRP). 

PALPITA UNIONALIS Hbn. (c. 80) CORNWALL: Trebrown- 
bridge, 25.10 (AS per FHNS). DERBYSHIRE: Kelstedge, 19.9, 
male (BE). DORSET: Portland, 12.9. female (PHS), 13.9 (RAB), 
17.9 (NMH), 9.9, 17.9 (BWW). ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 31.7, 
13.9, 2.10 (AJD); Grays, 1.7 (DJLA) HANTS: Highcliffe, 13.9, 
15.9, 16.9, two 17.10 (EHW); Hayling Island, 15.9, female, 16.9, 
male, 18.9, male, 21.10, male, 30.10, male (JMW); Lymington, 
17.9, male, 5.10, male (AJP, ASH). HERTS: Welwyn, 3.9, 18.9 
(RWJU). KENT: Dover, 9.7 (GHY); Gravesend, 9.7, 10.7, worn, 
9/28.9, nine (RK); Wye, 14.9 (MAE); West Wickham, 15.9 (RB), 
17.9 (M & JH); Westbere, 12.9, 18.9 (TWH); New Romney, 10.9, 
four (JRL, ECP-C); Dungeness, 18.9 (J. Bonney per -RD), 18.9, 
female (RKM). SURREY: Croydon, early 7 (GAC); Bramley, 18.9, 
male, 20.10, female (R. F. Bretherton); Buckland, 20.10, female, 
21.10, male (CH); North Cheam, 16.9 (RFMcC); Wimbledon, 17.10 
(Sir J.. Dacie). SUSSEX: Peacehaven, 1.7, 19.9 (CRP), 17.9. (B. 
Skinner); Plaistow, 27.10 (SHC); Eastbourne, 12.7 (SWP per CRP); 
Walberton, 14.9, 15.9, 16.9, three, 17.9, 19.9, two, 17.10 (JTR 
per CRP); Ninfield, 18.9 (MSP per CRP); Rogate, 20.10 (JACG). 
WARWICKSHIRE: Chapelfields near Coventry, 8.7 (CARW). 
INNER HEBRIDES: Mull, n.d. (MC per DJLA). CO. CORK: Foun- 
tainstown, 12.9, 17.9,8.10(AAM). 

*DIORYCTRIA ABIETELLA D. & S. (1) ORKNEY: Orphir, 
5.8, with other immigrants (RIL); is probably first Orkney record. 

PAPILIO MACHAON L. (3 or 4) DURHAM: Nevill’s Cross, 
seen in a garden by Dr. P. Evans, 5.6; Durham City, 11.6, seen by 
Dr. P. MacDougal (TCD). KENT: Foreness Point, about 25.7, 
photographed by David Allan (PB). LANCS: Farnworth, 5.8, ap- 
peared to be of continental form, but much rubbed (EGH). 

COLIAS HYALE .L.- or C.- AUSTRALIS ‘Vty> (2). DEVON: 
Branscombe, 2.6, male seen (ECP-C,JRL). SUSSEX: Seven Sisters 
cliffs, 15.7 (J. Gascoigne per CRP). 

LAMPIDES BOETICUS L. (1) SUFFOLK: Freston, 23.7, 
seen by a reliable observer (EM-R per HEC). 

*NYMPHALIS POLYCHLOROS L. (7 or 8) KENT: Park 
Gate near Elham, 16.5, photographed by Miss M. Ironside (MAE, 
EP); Hayes, 15.7, on buddleia (M. Halsey), 19.7 (BE); Beckenham, 
29.7 on ground, and again on 30.7, on buddleia (BD per GD); 
Newington, three on buddleia, about 7.8 (GJJ per PJJ). SURREY: 
Ranmore Common, 9.5, watched settling and flying round tree 
trunks (MSH, Ent. Rec., 94: 203). WARWICKSHIRE: Langley 
Green, 12.8, possibly locally bred (JEG). 

NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA L. (4) LINCOLNSHIRE: Saltfleetby, 
9.8 (REMP). YORKS: Balby, Doncaster, 12.8, seen by K. Rich (PS). 
ABERDEEN: Brig of Don, 19.8 (SP per MRY). ORKNEY: Race- 
wick Hoy, 16.9, two witnesses (per RIL). 

ARASCHNIA LEVANA L. (1) SURREY: Friday Street, 21.5, 
in mint condition, beaten from bilberry and retained (D. Down). 


144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


Suspected immigrant; previously known in England only as a result 
of artificial establishment about 1912, but is widespread in France; 
its foodplant is Urtica dioica (nettle). 

DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. (7) DEVON: Fingles Bridge, Drew- 
steignton, about 10.8, followed in flight by D. Liley (per JMH). 
DORSET: Durlston, 2.6, 30.6, 7.7 (RJHM). ESSEX: Laughton, 
end July, in garden, identified later from book (Miss Wilkes per 
MGM). KENT: Wye, August, early a.m., seen by B. Weekes (per 
MAE); Harty Ferry, Sheppey, 8.9, probably this species (RH). 
Recent prevalence of releases from captivity makes immigrant status 
for these very doubtful. 

CYCLOPHORA PUPPILLARIA L. (5) CORNWALL: Lizard, 
11.9, male; Poltesco, 12.9, male (B. Skinner). HANTS: Highcliffe, 
31.8 (EHW, Ent. Rec., 94: 204). CO. CORK: Fountainstown, 
14.9, 17.9 (AAM). 

*SCOPULA RUBIGINATA Hufn. (1) KENT: Dungeness, 
31.7, at light (J. Porter per B. Skinner). 

RHODOMETRA SACRARIA L. (c. 130) CORNWALL: Ky- 
nance, 19.6 (M. Halsey); Lizard, 2.9 (J. Clarke), 11.9, 12.9, four 
males (B. Skinner); Perranporth, 9.9, 18.9, two (FHNS); Mawnan 
Smith, 11.9, two males (APF); Ruan Minor, several (BE); Mullion, 
12.9 (HEC); Par, 15.9, onwards, many, 1.11, f. sanguinaria (JG per 
CRP). DEVON: Yealmpton, 9.8 (RL-P); Stoke Beach, 3.9, male 
(J. Clarke); Plymstock, 5.9, male (J. Clarke); Axminster, 18.9, 29.9 
(ECP-C); Plymouth, 20.9, disturbed from grass (RFH). DORSET: 
Portland, 19.6 (AB per CRP); Brownsea Is., 5.9, male (AAA); Port- 
land, 17.9, two (NMH), 18.9, two (DCGB), 23.9 (SCP); Poole, 
20.9, 21.9 (SCP). ESSEX: Grays, 8.9 (DJLA); Bradwell-on-Sea, 
10.9, 22/29.9, five (AJD). HANTS: Winchester, 4.9., 5.9 (DHS); 
Havant, 5.9, male, 25.9, male (JWP); Highcliffe, 7.9, two, 9/21.9, 
six (EHW); Weyhill, 8.9, male (MJ); Oakley, 10.9, Stockbridge, 
11.9 (AHD); Hayling Is., 17.9, male, 20.9, male ab. labda, 29.9, 
male (JMW); Lymington, 25.9, 4.11, 7.11 (ASH); Sway, 25.9 
(ADT); Sparsholt, 29.9, male, 3.11, male (RAB); Sutton Scotney, 
n.d. (DO). HERTS: Royston, 10.9, female (JR). KENT: New 
Romney, 9.9 (ECP-C, JRL); Minster-in-Sheppey, 17.9/20.9, four 
(FHC); Gravesend, 26.9, two, 28.9 (RK); St. Mary Cray, 28.9, male 
(RGC). SOMERSET: South Chard, 7.9/19.9, twelve including one 
f. sanguinaria, 3.11 (AJ). SUFFOLK: Walberswick, n.d. (HEC). 
SURREY: Addington, 20.9, female (B. Skinner); Bramley, 14.9, 
female, 1.10, male very worn (R. F. Bretherton); Croydon, 25.9, 
two (KGWE); Leigh, 25.9, male, 3.11, female (RF); Buckland, 
28.9, male, 29.9, male (CH); Rushmoor, 19.9 (PAD); Wisley, 7.9 
(AJH); Thursley, September, two (per DWB). SUSSEX: Amber- 
sham, 30.6 (B. Skinner); Peacehaven, 28.8, 7.9, 9.9, 23.9, all males 
(CRP); Brighton, 5.9 (KR per CRP); Ringmer, 6.9 (AB per CRP); 
Walberton, 10.9, 13.9, male, 1.10 (JTR per CRP); Ninfield, 14.9, 
28.9 (MSP); Plaistow, 25.9 (SHC); Hassocks, 2.11 (D. Dey). WEST- 
MORLAND: Beetham, 10.9, 11.9, three (J. Briggs); Kendal Wood, 
11.9, male, 12.9, female, 13.9, 16.9 (NLB). WILTS: Redlynch, 
6.9 (ECP-C); Ashton Common, 12.9, 14.9 (G. Smith). MONMOUTH: 


IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982. 145 


Usk, 10.9, male (GANH). CO. CORK: Fountainstown, 20.9 (AAM). 
CO. KERRY: Killarney, 23.6 (RFH). 

ORTHONAMA OBSTIPATA F. (69) CORNWALL: Boscastle, 
31.8 (ECP-C); Kynance, 9.9, female (B. Skinner); Lizard, 10.9, 
male, 11.9, male, female (B. Skinner); Poltesco, 12.9, female (B. 
Skinner) Par, 2.11 (per CRP). DEVON: Axminster, 1.11, male, 
2.11, male, 3.11, female (ECP-C). DORSET: Portland, East Cliff, 
18.9, B.O., 2.9, 3.11, two (MR per NFH). HANTS: Hayling Is., 
17.9, 21.9, 28.9, males, 31.10, two females, 1.11, male (JMW); 
Highcliffe, 25.10, 4.11, two, 6.11, 8.11, two (EHW); Lymington, 
2.11, two, 5.11, 7.11 (ASH); Sparsholt, 9.11, male (RAB). HERTS: 
Much Hadham, 2.8 (DEW). KENT: Dungeness, 9.9 (ECP-C); Wye, 
24.10, female (MAE); Orpington, 2.10 (RGC). OXON: Caversham, 
3.9 (BRB). SURREY: Bramley, 2.9, male, 30.10, male, 4.11, female 
(R. F. Bretherton); Wisley, 9.11, male; Leigh, 7.11, male; Rushmoor, 
25.10 (PAD). SUSSEX: Peacehaven, 7.6, male, 19.9, female, 18.10, 
male (CRP); Walberton, 12.9, 28.9, 1.11, 4.11, two females, 6.11, 
7.11, two females (JTR per CRP); Ninfield, 19.9, female, 1.10, 
female, 9.11, male (MSP); Rogate, 9.11, female (JACG). WARWICK- 
SHIRE: Charlecote, 2.10, 21.10, 30.10 (DCGB, AG, Ent. Rec., 
94: 239). YORKS: Spurn, 3.11 (BRS). INNER HEBRIDES: Loch 
na Keal, Mull,-17.9, three (Corley, Ent. Gaz., 34: 4). CO. CORK: 
Fountainstown, 4.9, 2.11 (AAM). 


*ENNOMOS AUTUMNARIA Werneburg (c.10) HERTS: 
Much Hadham, mid 9, “steady arrivals, some years none” (DEW). 
LINCS: Gibraltar Point, 22.9 (REMP). YORKS: Spurn, 17.9, 
first county record (BRS). Possibly immigrant, probably vagrant 
from Essex or Kent. 

“HY LABA -—FASCIARIA L; (()*SUSSEX: Peacehaven, 17.9, 
female at light, f. prasinaria (CRP). Possibly immigrant: this form 
is very rare, except in Kent where it is resident. 

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI L. (c. 180 moths, two larvae) BERKS: 
Uffington, 3.8, 10.9 (EWC). CORNWALL: Mylor, 31.8 (RKM); 
Mullion, 10.9 (HEC); Lizard, 11.9, male (FHNS), 19.9, on light- 
house wall (DCGB); Poltesco, 12.9, male (B. Skinner); Perranporth, 
6.9, male (per FHNS). DEVON: Chillington, 31.8, female (WLO’H, 
Ent. Rec., 94: 237); Woodbury, mid. 8 / mid. 9, c.20 (VWP). 
DORSET: Weymouth, 30.8 (VWP); Portland, 10.9 (AJP), B. O., 
10.8, 28.8, 2.9, 13.9, 20.9 (MR per NFH); Arne, 15.9 (BPP); Stud- 
land, 25.9, two (DCGB). ESSEX: Danbury, mid. 9 (GAP per AME); 
Bradwell-on-Sea, 18.9, 19.9, two, 26.9, three (AJD). Elmdon, 19.9, 
with 200 P. meticulosa (AME); Saffron Walden, 5.10 (AME); Col- 
chester, 7.10, three (AW). GLOS: Tetbury, 25.9 (JN). HANTS: 
Highcliffe, 2.8, worn, 1.10 (EHW, Ent. Rec., 94: 204); Sparsholt, 
20.9, male (RAB); Lymington, 22.9 (ADT); Fisher’s Pond, 27.9 
(AHD); Sway, 1.10 (ASH); Havant, 2.10, at nicotiana (E. Castle per 
IH); Ashurst, 3.10 (per RKM); Hythe, 7.10 (per RKM). HERTS: 
Royston, September, two (JR). KENT: Dover, 12.8, larva (GHY), 
2.10, adult (TWH); Ashford, August, larva (per MAE); Boughton 
Aluph, 5.9, male, 25.9, male, female, 2.10, male (MAE); Sittingbourne, 
17.9, 24.9 (JB); Minster-in-Sheppey, 17.9, 19.9 (FHC); Westbere, 17.9, 


146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


30.9, 4.10 (TWH); Deal, 17.9 (per TWH); Wrotham, 23.9 (AR); 
Kennington, 30.9 (per MAE); Brook, 30.9 (per MAE); Sandwich, 
September, several (per MAE); Cliffe Woods, 1.10, at window (per 
EP); Wye, 6.10 (MAE); East Malling, 6.10 (DC); Dymchurch, 7.7, 
battered, 2.10, 3.10 (JO); Whitfield, n.d. (per R. F. Buddle). LINCS: 
Saltfleetby, 3.8;South Thoresby, 18.9, 22.9, 25.9, all males (REMP). 
SOMERSET: South Chard, 19.9 (AJ). SUFFOLK: Nowton near 
Bury, 14.9, 27.9 (per HEC); Bury St. Edmunds, 29.9 and one earlier 
(RE per JLF), SUSSEX: Walberton, 27.7, 6.9; 109. 15-922 
five, 26.9/30.9, nine, 1.10/5.10, eight, 11.10 (RTR per CRP); 
Eastbourne, 8.8 (DAC); Iden, 31.8 (BG); Anstye, 23.8 (TN); Plais- 
tow, 15.9) (SHC): Peacehaven, 23.9, male, 27.9, 30.9. male, 1enop 
male, female at nicotiana, 3.10, female, 4.10, male, female, 5.10, 
two, 6.10, male (CRP); Ringmer, 26.9, two males (AB per CRP); 
Ninfield, 27.9 (MSP); Hassocks, 28.9 (D. Dey); Brighton, 30.9, 
male, 1.10, male, female (per CRP), 3.10 (RCD); Fairlight, 3.10, 
on a door (per CRP). WARWICKSHIRE: Charlecote, 23.9, 27.9 
(AG per DCGB, Ent. Rec., 94: 239). WESTMORLAND: Beetham, 
31.8, male, female, 14.9, male (J. Briggs). WORCESTERSHIRE: 
Sinton Green, late 9 (JRG). ABERDEEN: Aberdeen City, 28.9 
(MRY); North Sea oil rigs: Fulmer, 26.9; Sedneth, 30.9; Sedco, 
11.9; Auk, 28.10 (per MRY). AYRSHIRE: Kilmarnock. October 
(per J. Heath). DUMFRIES: Moffat, 28.9, on car (AB). INNER 
HEBRIDES: Loch na Keal, Mull, 17.9 (Corley, Ent. Gaz., 34: 4). 
ORKNEY: Orphir, 10.9, 18.9, two (RIL). SELKIRK: Galashiels, 
12.10, on wall (AB). CO. CORK: Fountainstown, 17.9 (AAM). 
CO. WATERFORD: Villierstown, early 8, many 1.9 (per KGMB). 
CO. WICKLOW: Wicklow Harbour, 22.9 (JCO’C). 

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L. (12 moths, four larvae, one 
pupa) ESSEX: Colchester, 7.10, brought to museum (per curator). 
HANTS: Ashurst, 8.10, larva on potato (per RKM). KENT: Dover, 
about 1.10, brought to museum (per TWH); Whitfield, n.d., pupa 
(R.F. Buddle). LANCS: Bury, 22.10, later brought to Bolton 
Museum (EGH). NORTHANTS: Dean’s Hanger School, 6.9, two 
full grown larvae, female emerged 20.10 (per DCGB). NOTTS: 
Harworth, 4.9 (Mrs. Fitzakerley per PS). OXON: Tackley, n.d., three 
larvae (PHS). RUTLAND: Stretton airfield, 10.11, at hanger lights 
(MWT per J. Heath). SUFFOLK: Felixstowe, 19.9 (per HEC); 
Southwold, early 10 (EAE per HEC). SURREY: Betchworth, 
14.9, dead on path (J. Colombé). SUSSEX: St. Leonards-on-Sea, 
30.9, at rest on garden path (MJM per CRP); Ore near Hastings, 25.10, 
at rest in garden (AW per CRP). ABERDEEN: Aberdeen City, 
28.5 (MRY); North Sea oil rig F Delta, 3.10 (per MRY). 

HYLES GALLII Rott. (3) ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 31.7 
(AJD). SUSSEX: Ringmer, 14.7 (AB per CRP). ORKNEY: Stronsay, 
13.7, female (G. Sutherland per RIL). 

HYLES LINEATA LIVORNICA Esp. (7) DORSET: Portland 
B. O., 2.7 (MR per NFH). KENT: Orlestone Forest, 23.6 (RGC, 
Ent. Rec., 94: 204); Newington, 16.9 (CGL). OXON: Emmer 
Green, 2.7 (DN per BRB). SUSSEX: Peacehaven, 30.6 (CRP); 
Brighton, 8.7, 5.9 (KR per CRP). 


IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 147 


HIPPOTION CELERIO L. (1) ROXBURGH: Hawick, 7.11, 
found under window (per AB). 

*EUPROCTIS CHRYSORRHOEA L. (2) YORKS: Spurn, 
9.7, male at light (B. R. Spence); Rudston, 15.7 (AHE per PQW). 

LYMANTRIA DISPAR L. (1) KENT: Sevenoaks, 4.8, male 
at light (JD per B. Skinner). 

*EILEMA LURIDEOLA Zincken SUSSEX: Walberton, 14.7, 
“abundant suddenly; hundreds on and around trap” (JTR per 
CRP). Possibly immigrant. 

*LITHOSIA QUADRA L. (c. 50) [CORNWALL: Perranporth, 
31.7, three males (FHNS). Probably from resident colonies nearby. | 
DEVON: Axminster, 14.7 (ECP-C). DORSET: Portland B. O., 9.7 
(MR per NFH); Arne, 10.7, two, 11.7, 14.7: all males (BPP). 
HANTS: Lymington, 28.6, 9.7, five, 11.7, four: all males (AJP); 
Highcliffe, 9.7, two, 10.7, seven, 12.7, 14.7, seven: all males (EHW); 
Sway, 11 & 12.7, six males (ASH). KENT: Boughton Aluph., 1.7 
(MAE); Orlestone, 9.7, male (J. Halsey); Dover, 13.7, male (GHY). 
SURREY: Buckland, 28.6, male (CH). SUSSEX: Walberton, 1.7, 
10.7, 14.7, males (JTR per CRP); Peacehaven, 10.7, male (CRP); 
Rogate, 11.7, worn male (JACG). Numbers, dates and association 
strongly suggest immigration. 

URE RHEISASPULCHELLA. by(1).,.CO, KERRY = Fenit, near 
Tralee, 29.10, in good condition at car headlights (JWL per RFH). 

*EUPLAGIA QUADRIPUNCTARIA Poda (1) DORSET: 
Portland B.O., 28.8/2.9, one seen about the garden by day (MR). 
Possibly immigrant; otherwise vagrant from south Devon. 

*MEGANOLA ALBULA D. & S. (c.20) ESSEX: Bradwell-on- 
Sea, 2.7, 15.7, 1.8 (AJD). KENT: Minster-in-Sheppey, 13.7, three, 
nightly until 28.7 (FHC, Ent. Rec., 94: 203). Some possibly immi- 
grant, others from local colonies. 

*NOLA AERUGULA Hbn.: TRITUBERCULANA Heslop: 
CENTONALIS Hbn. (8) ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 15.7 (AJD). 
KENT Minster-in-Sheppey, 13.7, three (FHC, Ent. Rec., 94: 203); 
Orlestone, 14.7 (B. Skinner & JMC-H). YORKS: Spurn, 9.7, 10.7 
(B. R. Spence); Flamborough, 13.7 (PQW, Ent. Rec., 95: 118). 
Probably immigrants: regarded as perhaps extinct in Kent since 
c, 4898: 

*EUROIS OCCULTA L. (24) ESSEX: Harlow, 17.7 (BMcR). 
MIDDSX: Grange Park, 1.8 (RD): Percy Green, 2.8 (DEW). MON- 
MOUTH: Usk, 3.8, male (GANH). NORFOLK: Hickling, 29.7 
(TNDP). STAFFS: Eccleshall, 28.7 (G. Moss per RGW); Penkridge, 
31.7 (BG per RGW); Scot Hay, Newcastle-under-Lyme, 2.8, two, 
3.8, two, 4.8, three (G. Burgess per RGW). This species only once 
before recorded from Staffs.,a 19th cent. record (RGW). SUFFOLK: 
Cavenham, 31.7, male of continental form (CGP, Ent. Rec., 94: 
202). WARWICK: Charlecote, 29.7, 31.7 (AG per DCGB, Ent. Rec., 
94: 239). WESTMORLAND: Kendal Wood, 31.7, 5.8 (NLB). 
YORKS: East Ayton (TAP per PQW). ORKNEY: Orphir, 7.8, 
three, 8.8, three, all pale, with broad ashen grey post-median fascia 
(RIL). 


148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


*DISCESTRA’ TRIFOLI Hufn:@)- ORKNEY: | Orphirs 528: 
with undoubted immigrants (RIL). 

*NOCTUA PRONUBA L. HANTS: Keyhaven, 13.7, a massive 
immigration; Highcliffe, 13.7, about 3,000 in cliff light trap, about 
400 %4 mile inland, continuing plague until 25.7 (EHW). Long regar- 
ded as migrant on the continent, but not previously confirmed as 
immigrant to Britain. 

MYTHIMNA ALBIPUNCTA D. & S. (1) DORSET: Portland, 
29.7, one netted at dusk (AME, ECP-C). 

MYTHIMNA VITELLINA Hbn. (in Cornwall many, 22 else- 
where) CORNWALL: Chyenhal, 30 & 31.5, several faded (MWFT, 
Ent. Rec., 94: 150). Mawnan Smith, 19.6, male, 29.8, male, 11.9, 
female, two males (APF); Porthleven, 20/25.8, six (NG, Ent. Rec., 
94: 203); Lizard, 27.8, 28 & 29.8, twenty five (DCGB), 1.9, many 
(SCP), 2 & 3.9, seven (MJS), 9/12.9, very common (B. Skinner). 
LAS four (FHNS): Gunnalloe, 2.9, male (RJH); Sennen, 2.9 (M. 
Hadley); Mullion, 10.9, two, 11.9, 12.9 (HEC); Perranporth, 9.9, 
two, 18.9 (FHNS). DEVON: Stoke Beach, 3.9, two males (J. Clarke). 
DORSET: Studland? 2:5 (DCGB); Portland By OF-1-9; 329 10 - 
15.9, 19.9, 2.10, 5.10, 6:10 (MR per NMH); East Cliff, 14.9 IS 
per NMH); Arne, 30.9 (BPP). ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 29.9 (AJD). 
HANTS: Weyhill, 23.8, male, Hayling Is., 8.9, female, 6.10, male 
(JMW). SURREY: Oxted, about 1.11 (TJD). YORKS: Spurn, 
18.9 (B. R. Spence). CO. CORK: Fountainstown, 16.9, 17.9, 18.9 
(AAM). 

dee uetee UNIPUNCTA Haw. (19) CORNWALL: Mawnan 
Smith, 23.6, worn male (APF); Lizard, 4.9 (EHW per AJP); Black 
Head, a 9 (FHNS); Rocky Hill, Scilly Is., 13.10, at ivy (NMH). 
DEVON: Axminster, 1.11, male (ECP- C). DORSET: Studland, 
25.9 (DCGB); Portland B. O., 2.10, 6.10, 10.10 (MR per NMH). 
HANTS: Hayling Is., 22.8, male 289, female, 18.10, female, 28.10, 
male (JMW).SURREY: Rushmoor, 18.9 (PAD). INNER HEBRIDES: 
Loch na Keal, Mull, 17.9, three (Corley, Ent. Gaz., 34: 4). CO. 
CORK: Fountainstown, 16.9, 18.9 (AAM). 

MYTHIMNA LOREYI Dup. (1) CORNWALL: Porthleven, 
25.8, dark (NG, Ent. Rec., 94: 203). 

*SENTA FLAMMEA Curtis (2) KENT: Sandwich B.O., 30.5, 
5.6 (per TWH). The species is evidently established inland at Wye, 
having been noted there in numbers by MAE both in 1982 and in 
1983. 

*ENARGIA PLAEACEA Esp. (4) DORSET: Arne, 18.9 (BP & 
DCGB). KENT: Long Rope, Orlestone Forest, 1.8, male (CGL). 
SURREY: Croydon, 16.7 (GAC). SUSSEX: Walberton, 18.7, male 
(JTR per CRP). 

*PARASTICHTIS SUSPECTA Hbn. (6) YORKS: Muston, 
17.7, 21.7, 23.7, three, 25.7: all darker than the local form and 
much worn (PQW). 

*CELAENA LEUCOSTIGMA Hbn. (24) YORKS: Muston, 
18.7, 1.8/27.8, fifteen, 14.9 (PQW). ORKNEY: Orphir, 4.8, 6.8, 
EGr three: f typica and f. fibrosa, not f. scotica (RIL). 


IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 149 


SPODOPTERA EXIGUA Hbn. (c. 180) BERKS: Uffington, 
25.7, 18.9 (EWC). BUCKS: New Bradwell, 13.7. male (M. Hadley). 
CORNWALL: Mawnan Smith, 21.6, worn male. 11.9, fresh male 
(APF); Lizard area, 9/12.9, eleven (B. Skinner. APF, BE). DEVON: 
Stoke Beach, 3.9, female (J. Clarke); East Budleigh, 11.9, female 
(RJH); Axminster, 12.7, two (ECP-C). DORSET: Portland B. O. 
and East Cliff, 12/18.7, about twenty, 28.8/29.9, about 22 (AJP, 
BE, MR); Poole, 15.9 (SCP); Arne, 18.9 (BPP): Studland. 25.9 
(DCGB). ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 19.7, 4/27.9. eighteen (AJD); 
Grays, 23.7 (DJLA). HANTS: Highcliffe, 8.7/21.7, thirteen (EHW); 
Lymington, 9.7, 23.7, 27.8/17.9, four (AJP): Oakley, 13.7 (AHD); 
Medstead, 13.7, three (FHNS); Hayling Is., 10.7/21.7, nine, 1.9. 
5.9 (JMW); Brockenhurst, 14.8 (M. Halsey); Weyhill, 9.9, 17.9 (MJ): 
Sparsholt, 19.9, three, 20.9 (RAB). KENT: Greatstone, 14.7 (B. 
Skinner); Westbere, 19.7 (TWH); Boughton Aluph, 22.7, Wye, 
22.7 (MAE); Newington, 9.9 (PJJ); New Romney, 10.9, two 
(ECP-C). MONMOUTH: Usk, 6.9, 10.9 (GANH). OXON: Caver- 
sham, 9.7, 18.7 (BRB). SURREY: Bramley, 11/20.7, four, 9.9, 4.9 
(R. F. Bretherton). SUSSEX: Peacehaven, 21/24.6, four, 14/18.7, 
six, 28.8/18.9, five (CRP, B. Skinner); Rogate, 23.6, worn, 24.8, 
11.9, 19.9 (JACG); Ninfield, 14/19.7, four, 12/14.9, three (MSP); 
Plaistow, mid. 7 (SHC); Walberton, 9/18.7, four, 22.8 (JTR per 
CRP); Ringmer, 15.9, two, 28.9 (AB per CRP). WARWICKS: 
Charlecote, 8.7, 21.8, 17/19.9, four (DCGB, AG, Ent. Rec., 94: 
239). YORKS: Spum, 18.7, 21.7 (B. R. Spence). DUMBARTON: 
Gartlea, 13.7, one at cersatium by day (ICC). DUMFRIES: Dum- 
fries, about 10.7, two (RK-J). CO. CORK: Riverstock, 17.7, male 
(KGMB); Fountainstown, 9.9, 18.9 (AAM). CO. KERRY: Kilmaha, 
9.7 (KGMB). 

HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA Hbn. (14) CORNWALL: Lizard, 
9.9, female (B. Statham per BE); Mullion, 10.9 (HEC). DEVON: 
Plymstock, 30.8, male (J. Clarke). DORSET: Portland B. O., 16.7, 
East Cliff, 17.7, 8.10 (MR, NMH). ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 20.9, 
27.9 (AJD). HANTS: Lymington, 29.9, male (AJP). KENT: Newing- 
ton, 24.9, female (PJJ). SOMERSET: South Chard, 18.9 (AJ). 
SUFFOLK: Walberswick, 26.8 (HEC). SUSSEX: East Dean, 9.10 
(BG); Ninfield, 5.11 (MP). WARWICKS: Charlecote, 23.9, 27.9, 
females, both infertile eggs (AG, DCGB, Ent. Rec., 94: 239). 

HELIOTHIS PELTIGERA D. & S. (c. 50 moths, over 200 
larvae) BERKS: Didcot, 9.9 (RL per BRB). CORNWALL: Loe Bar, 
late 8, larvae common on Matricaria (NG, Ent. Rec., 94: 203). 
DEVON: Plympton, 18.7, female (RJH); Axminster, 19.9 (ECP-C). 
DORSET: Portland B. O., 21.6, 4.7, 9.7, 16.7, 20.7, 23.7 (MR per 
NFH); East Cliff etc., 18.6, two females, 17.9, dark male (AJP), 
18.6, two males (EHW), 16.7 (NMH), mid.7, female (J. Porter); 
Swanage, mid. 7, two females (J. Porter). HANTS: Highcliffe, 16.7, 
10.9, 15.9, 20.9, dark form (EHW); Hayling Is., 23.7, male (JRW). 
HERTS: Bushey, 19.7 (BG). KENT: Newington, 13.7 (CGL); 
Detling, 13.7 (NFH); Dover, 23.7, f. pallida (GHY); Sandwich Bay, 
July (TWH); Dungeness, 5.9, three, 18.9, three (B. Skinner, JMC-H, 
RFMcC), 3.8, larvae common on Senecio viscosa (B. Skinner), 


150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


10.9, about 50 larvae (ECP-C, DCGB). OXON: Caversham, 19.9 
(BRB). STAFFS: Mill Meece, 17.7, at knapweed flowers by day 
(DE per RGW); Tettenhall near Wolverhampton, 26.7, in m.v. trap 
(Miss P. S. per RGW). Never before recorded from Staffs. (RGW). 
SUFFOLK: Walberswick, 19.9, 25.8, about 20 larvae (HEC). 
SURREY: Buckland near Reigate, 4.8 (CH); Rushmoor, 11.7 (PAD); 
Leigh, 21.7, male (RF); Addiscombe, 18.9 (KAGE). SUSSEX: 
Plaistow, 14.6 (SHC); Walberton, 23.6, 18.7, Petworth, 18.7 (JTR 
per CRP); Peacehaven, 24.6, 5/22.7, five (CRP); Lancing, 18.7, on 
knapweed (RMC per CRP); Rogate, 19.7 (JACG); Hove, 3.9, at rest 
(RMC per CRP); Fairlight, 3.10, on a door (per CRP). Larvae: 
Crumbles, 31.7, twelve (CRP), 5.8, fifteen (M. Hadley, JMC-H), 
10.8, seventeen (MP); Church Norton, 4.8, five (SHC), Pagham, 
10.8, many (RAB), 13.8, twenty-three (R. F. Bretherton), 3.9, full 
grown (B. Skinner), 18.9 (J. Clarke), 3.10, five full grown (JWP). 
WILTS: Ashton Common, 18.9 (G. Smith). 

EUBLEMMA PARVA Hbn. (twomoths, about 10 larvae) 
DEVON: Chudleigh Knighton, 20.8, larva feeding on flower head 
of Pulicaria dysenterica, bred 19.9 (RJH); Weston Bay, 8.9, two 
larvae feeding on flower head of /nula conyza (RJH); Maidencombe, 
19.9, larva on P. dysenterica (RJH), 25.9, three larvae on P. dysen- 
terica (ECP-C, EWC). DORSET: Portland, 23.7, at m.v. light (B. 
Withers per B. Skinner). DUMFRIES: Parkgate, Dumfries, 10.7, 
in m.v. trap (RK-J). 

*DELTOTE BANKIANA F. (2) KENT: St. Margaret’s Bay, 
on cliffs, 14.7, male (J. Platts, Ent. Rec., 94: 200); Boughton Aluph, 
15.7 (MAE). Possibly immigrant, or from recently established 
colony. 

EARIAS BIPLAGA Walker (1) HANTS: Lymington, 23.7, 
male at light, det. D. S. Fletcher (AJP). Third British record; pos- 
sibly introduced. 

CHRYSODELXJS. ACUTA Walker (3) ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 
17.9, female, ova reared (AJD). SUSSEX: Walberton, 18.9, 2.11 
(JTR per CRP & B. Skinner). 

TRICHOPLUSIA NI Hbn. (69) BERKS: Didcot, 9.9 (R. L. per 
BRB). DEVON: East Budleigh, 7.9 (RJH). DORSET: Portland East 
Cliff, 10.9 (AJP), 18.9 (DCGB), 18.9 (PC & IS per NMH); Poole, 
August (TB per MANM), 15.9 (SCP); Arne, 17.9 (BPP). ESSEX: 
Grays, 15.9 (DJLA); Bradwell-on-Sea, 25.9 (AJD). GLOS: Tetbury, 
16.9 (JN); Stroud, 16.9 (LP per JN). HANTS: Old Basing, 10.7 
(PAD); Medstead, 11.7 (FHNS); Southsea, 14.7 (JRL, Ent. Rec., 94: 
204): Weyhill, 11.9, 16.9 (MJ); Lymington, 11.7, male, 16.9 , 
female, infertile eggs (AJP); Hayling Is., 12.9, male (JRW); Sparsholt, 
17.9, female, 20.9, male (RAB); Sway, n.d. (ASH). HERTS: Roy- 
ston, 17.9, male (JR). KENT: Gravesend, 13.9, two, 15.9, 17.9, 
three (RK); Newington, 15/17.9, three (CGL); Dungeness, 17.9 
(RD). LINCS: South Thoresby, 18.9 (REMP). NORFOLK: Hock- 
wold, early 9 (JLF). SOMERSET: South Chard, 15.9, 18.9 (AJ); 
Weston-super-Mare, 17.9 (CSHB). SUSSEX: West Chiltington, 
9.7 (JTR per CRP); Peacehaven, 16.7, male, 18.7, female, eggs 
infertile, 20.7, male, 22.7, male, 23.7, female, 12.9, male, female, 


IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 151 


14.9, female, 15.9, two males, 18.9, male, female (CRP), 18.9 
(DEW); Walberton, 17.7, 18.7, 21.8, 17.9 (JTR per CRP); Brighton, 
16.9 (KR per CRP); Glynde, 12.9 (WB per CRP). WARWICKS: 
Hartshill Hayes, 18.9 (RT); Charlecote, 19.9, 20.9, Marton, 20.9 
(DCGB, Ent. Rec., 94: 239); Coventry, 19.9 (MV per DCGB). 
YORKS: Spurn, 17.7 (B. R. Spence); Selby, 16.9 (SMJ). CO. CORK: 
Fountainstown, 19.9, 10.10 (AAM). 

DIACHRISIA ORICHALCEA F. (2) SUSSEX: Walberton, 
3.8,9.10 (JTR per CRP). 

MACDUNNOUGHIA CONFUSA Steph. (2) ESSEX: Bradwell- 
on-Sea, 24.8 (AJD). NORFOLK: Hickling, 3.8 (TNDP). 

*AUTOGRAPHA BRACTEA D. & S. (5) HERTS: Much Had- 
ham, 31.7 (DEW). KENT: St. Margaret’s Bay, 14.7, on cliffs (Platts, 
Ent. Rec., 94: 200); Minster-in-Sheppey, 14.7 (Clouter, Ent. Rec., 
94: 203). YORKS: Muston, 17.7, 20.7 (PQW). Probably immigrants; 
alternatively, resulting from internal spread. 

*SYNGRAPHA INTERROGATIONIS L. (2) NORFOLK: 
Hickling, 3.8 (TNDP). ORKNEY: Orphir, 5.8, of Scandinavian 
form (RIL). 

CATOCALA FRAXINI L. (1) HANTS: Highcliffe, 10.9, 
escaped from house wall above light trap (EHW, Ent. Rec., 94: 
204). 

CATOCALA NYMPHAGOGA Esp. (2) CARDIGAN: 
Tregaron, 28.7, in Rothamstead light trap (IJLT). HANTS: Denny 
Lodge, New Forest, 31.7, in Rothamstead light trap (FAC per IJLT). 
Species new to Britain. 

*RIVUBA SERICEALIS: Scop: “(3)) YORKS?® *Spum) 317, 
1.8, two, 3.8, 4.8, 5.8, four (B. R. Spence); Wykham Forest, 30.7/ 
1.8, 3.8, 4.8; Hornsea, 1.8; Flamborough, 1.8; Muston, 2.8, 4.8, 
two, 6.8, two, 8.8, three (PQW). These sudden appearances on or 
near coast, coincidently with undoubted immigrants, suggest the 
arrival of a migratory swarm, either from abroad or possibly from 
East Anglia. 

*PARASCOTIA FULIGINARIA L. (1) YORKS: Spurn, 23.7, 
in trap (B. R. Spence). Probably the first county record. Origin 
possibly similar to that of R. sericealis. 

HERMINIA ZELLERALIS Wocke (1) PEMBROKE: Stackpole 
NNR, about 29.7, in light trap (Miss ND per IJLT). New to Britain. 

[POLYPOGON TARSICRINALIS Knoch SUFFOLK: an ap- 
parently strongly established colony was discovered in July, moths 
and larvae from which were shown (B. Skinner & BE, AES exhibi- 
tion, 9.10.1982). The only two British specimens previously known 
were taken on the Suffolk coast in 1965 and 1966 and have been 
regarded as immigrants. | 


POSTSCRIPT 


A number of records, including three of considerable import, 
were received too late for mention in the first part of our paper, 
notably those of Catocala nymphagoga and Herminia zelleralis 


1S) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


(but see the Note in this issue by I. J. L. Tillotson). Likewise, the 
record of the single example of Lymantria dispar and of the Dorset 
specimen of Eublemma parva. Furthermore, we have since learnt 
that Autographa bractea was in fact taken in Kent as long ago as 
1974, but was never recorded, so that its occurrence in Kent in 1982 
does not constitute a new county record. 


A NOTE ON FOODPLANTS OF TWO CHRYSOLINA SPP. (COL: 
CHRYSOMELIDAE). — Two notes have appeared in recent volumes 
of this Journal (93: 27, 94:199) recording Chrysolina polita L. 
as feeding in at least moderate numbers on Gipsywort, Lycopus 
europaeus L. Evidently, therefore, this is a major foodplant of 
polita in some parts of the country — more especially, I would 
think, in the midlands and north. In the south my experience is 
that the primary host is water mint, Mentha aquatica L.; for where 
the beetle does occur on it, it is often present in large numbers. 
A secondary host at any rate in the south-east is marjoram, Ori- 
ganum vulgare L., a plant of chalk downs. Here, however, there is 
a great difference, the beetle always occurring — so far as I have 
found — singly and, as it seems, in complete isolation, even when 
the marjoram is swept over quite wide areas. Since the plant often 
grows extensively and forms large masses, one can but speculate 
as to why populous colonies of the Chrysolina do not build up in 
such circumstances. 

The rather uncommon C. brunsvicensis Grav. is usually stated 
to feed on Hypericum (e.g. by Joy, 1932, for Britain and by Mohr, 
1966, for mid-Europe). I have taken it once on that plant (Shefford, 
Beds., 1930) and seen the imago thereon (Epping Forest, 1941), 
likewise several larvae (N. Somerset, 1931); unless these last be- 
longed to C. hyperici Forst., which I doubt. But it also, and even 
perhaps more often with us, lives on Mentha aquatica — a fact 
that appears to have escaped notice very largely. My first specimen 
(1928) was actually on a leaf of the mint, with a C. polita, ina N. 
Somerset valley, the second not far away by a stream where again 
there was no St. John’s wort, but certainly mint at no distance. At 
Rickmansworth, Herts. (24.ix.46), I took two by sweeping among 
thick beds of water-mint, and a few at roots of herbage on the cliffs 
at Totland Bay, Isle of Wight (23.v.48) in a damp spot where Mentha 
may well have been present, but again no Hypericum was visible. 

The attachment of C. brunsvicensis to foodplants of different 
families is paralleled in the genus by C. graminis L., which has been 
found (in Britain) on both Mentha and Tanacetum. In each case, be 
it noted, both plants are strongly aromatic, and this is doubtless 
the crucial factor. Sometimes it is hard to reconcile host data in 
Chrysolina as between Britain and the Continent: thus for C. staphy- 
lea L., Mohr gives three Labiatae (one of them Mentha) whereas here 
it appears only to have been certainly associated with Ranunculus. — 
A. A. ALLEN. 


NORDMANNIA ESCULI AND CAMPONOTUS CRUENTATUS 153 


RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NORDMANNIA ESCULI 
HUEBNER (LEP.: LYCAENIDAE) AND 


CAMPONOTUS CRUENTATUS LATREILLE 
(HYM.: FORMICIDAE) 


By J.MARTIN and P.GURREA* 
Introduction 


Associations between ants and Lycaenid larvae are known since 
the nineteenth century, though the biological meaning as well as the 
origin and evolution of this relationship and the ““myrmecophilous” 
organs have not been thoroughly explained. One of the causes of this, 
is a lack of knowledge evidenced by the scarcity of bibliography 
of this subject which has, until now, hampered a global understand- 
ing of a phenomenon which seems rather generalized in nature. This 
is the reason why we would like to give a new reference of these 
relationships in this paper. 


Results 


Results come from direct field observations in the locality 
known as “Dehesa de Arganda’”’ (UTM 30tvk66). This area corre- 
sponds to a man-altered oak forest on basic (alkaline) soil, Ce- 
phalanthero-Quercetum faginae (RIVAS-MARTINEZ, 1982). 

The caterpillars of Nordmannia esculi Huebner fed on leaves of 
Quercus coccifera and were attended by ants of the species Campo- 
notus cruentatus Latreille. The relationships were normal inside the 
group of facultative phytophagous myrmecophilous larvae of WAR- 
NECKE (1932). The ants were observed close to the caterpillars, 
slightly touching them with their antennae and buccal parts. 

Two caterpillars were taken to our laboratory in order to con- 
tinue their development until the attainment of the imago phase. 
The butterflies, a male and female, as well as the accompanying ants 
have been placed in the collections of the Instituto Espanol de 
Entomologia. 


Discussion 


We have found no previous citation of NV. esculi in association 
with ants, though other closely-related species of Lycaenids are 
known to do this as stated by MALICKY (1969). Among the closest 
references we can point out that of FIORI (1957) of WN. ilicis Esper 
accompanied by C. arthiops Latreille. The ant, C. cruentatus, is 
rather frequent on mediterranean forests and, after the experiments 
of MALICKY (op. cit.) and bibliographical data given on other 
species of the same genus, becomes readily associated with Lycaenid 
larvae. Ants of this species have been previously found by us 
(MARTIN, 1982) with other Lycaenids. 


*Dep. Zoologia, Fac. Ciencias, C-XV, Univ. Autonoma, Madrid-34, Spain. 


154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


Summary 


Caterpillars of Nordmannia esculi have been found accompanied 
by Camponotus cruentatus. The larvae of the Lycaenid fed on 
leaves of Quercus coccifera in Arganda (Madrid). 


Resumen 


Se han encontrado orugas de Nordmannia esculi acompanadas 
por Camponotus cruentatus. Las larvas del Licenido se alimentaban 
de hojas de “‘coscoja” (Quercus coccifera) en Arganda (Madrid). 


References 


FIORI, G., 1957. “Strymon ilicis’’ Esp. (Lepidoptera Lycae- 
nidae). Boll. Ist. Ent. Unic. Bologna 22: 205-256. 

MALICKY, H., 1969. Versuch einer Analyse der okologischen 
Beziehungen zwischen Lycaeniden (Lepidoptera) und Formiciden 
(Hymenoptera). Tijd. Entom. 112: 213-298. 

MARTIN, J. 1982. Similitudes biologicas y diferencias ecolo- 
gicas entre Glaucopsyche alexis (Poda) y Glaucopsyche melanops 
(Boisduval). (Lep. Lycaenidae). Bol. Est. C. Ecologia 10 (20): 59-70. 

RIVAS-MARTINEZ, S. 1982. Mapa de las Series de Vege- 
tacion de Madrid. Ed. Diputacion de Madrid. 

WARNECKE, G. 1932. Uebersicht uber die bisher als myrme- 
kophil bekannt gewordenen palaerktischen Schmetterlinge Raupen 
der Familie der Lycaeninae (Lep. Rhop.). 1 Allgemeine Uebericht. 
II Systematische Aufzahlung der bisher als myrmekophil bekan- 
ntgewordenen palaearktischen Lycaeninen. /nt. Ent. Z. 26: 165-171, 
215-219, 238-242, 285-291, 375-378, 431433, 460-462, 479-480, 
514-516; 27: 4446, 121-127, 145-150, 178-180, 305-309. 


OCHTHERA MANTIS DEG. (DIPT.: EPHYDRIDAE) IN NORFOLK. — 
It is difficult to discover what is known of the British distribution of 
this remarkable Ephydrid, since records relating to flies of this 
family are few and scattered. O. mantis may, possibly, be already 
well known from the Fen and Broad districts of East Anglia; but as 
it appears to be both uncommon and extremely local (cf. Colyer & 
Hammond, 1951, Flies of the British Isles: 219-221), it may be 
worth recording my capture of a specimen at Catfield, Norfolk, 
on 22 June 1981. It was flying low down among lush herbage in 
open wet fen, and accompanied by another fly characteristic of 
such habitats — Tropidia scita Har. (Syrphidae). Colyer & Hammond 
(/.c.), in an interesting account of their experiences with the present 
species, mention finding it in some numbers in a very small area in 
the New Forest, in mid-April, but that in June the flies were scarce, 
and by September they had all disappeared. This may explain my 
finding but one specimen at Catfield, and the indication is that 
O. mantis is basically a spring insect. — A. A. ALLEN. 


EARLY STAGES OF THE AFRICAN NYMPHALID SS 


EARLY STAGES OF THE AFRICAN NYMPHALID 
NEPTIDOPSIS FULGURATA PLATYPTERA 
ROTHSCHILD AND JORDAN 


by R.C. DENING, M.A., F.R.E.S* 
ABSTRACT 


A description is given of the ovum, larva and pupa of Nepti- 
dopsis fulgurata platyptera, together with notes on Oviposition. 


BIOLOGICAL NOTES 


This butterfly is common in gardens on the Msasani Peninsula 
outside Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It appears to be much commoner 
than species of Neptis in this locality, flying continuously from 
December to May, and probably well into the dry season. 

On 11th January 1981, a female was observed flying at short 
intervals up and down a hedge and attempting to Oviposit on the 
tender shoots of the common climbing vine Dalechampia scandens 
L. var. hildebrandtii (Pax) Pax (Euphorbiaceae). On examining the 
shoots, no eggs could be found. The procedure continued for about 
half an hour, exasperating alike for an entomological observer and 
no doubt also for parasitic wasps and Phorid flies. Suddenly, after 
a short absence, the female returned and in a quick, purposeful 
manner oviposited in the middle of a developing flower; thereafter 
it flew’ away immediately and was not seen again. Unfortunately 
the egg did not adhere and was seen to fall out of the flower, but 
examination of other flowers revealed another egg and numerous 
larvae. The latter feed on the fresh flowers and developing seedpods 
almost throughout their life, although some were seen to eat young 
leaves during the 4th and Sth instars. The Oviposition procedure 
Suggests how this species may have derived a special advantage 
through utilising a new inche on a foodplant, which may also be 
occupied by its relatives in the genera Byblia and Eurytela, both of 
which occur in the same gardens. 

Colour slides were obtained of the life cycle. 


OVUM 

The egg is very pale green and is difficult to distinguish from the 
plant tissue with the naked eye. It is about 0.8 mm high and 0.6mm 
in diameter. It has longitudinal ribs, but unlike Byblia, Eurytela and 
Ariadne, no spines. The egg hatches in about five days. 


LARVA. 

Instar sizes are approximately: Ist 1-2 mm, 2nd 5-7 mm, 3rd 
10-15mm, 4th about 20 mm and Sth 22 mm. The ground colour of 
the larva is light green, with a black head and two pronounced 


*20 Vincent Road, Selsey, West Sussex, PO20 9DQ, England. 


156 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 
spiny cephalic horns, which are always black. In the first three 
instars, there are brown patches or bands on segments 2 and 3, 
6 and 7, and 10, surmounted by black spines; some of the other 
spines are also black. In the last two instars, corresponding to the 
period when the larvae may emerge from the seedpods to eat young 
leaves, the brown and black pigments largely disappear (except on 
the head), and at most the tips of the spines are black. The first 
segment has three short greenish spines on either side of the thin 
dark dorsal stripe, without any branching thorns. Segments 2 and 3 
also have three spines on each side, black in the early instars, and 
branching into about five sharp thorns. Segments 4-9 have similar 
spines and thorns, but four sets on each side, coloured green or black 
according to the segment as described above. Segments 10 and 11 
have a thorned spine in the middle on the dorsal line, black in the 
early instars, and three thorned spines on each side. The 12th 
segment has only two thorned spines, always green. The amount of 
brown varies from larva to larva, even in the early stages. The larval 
stage lasts about 14 days. 


PUPA 

The pupa is 15mm long, pale green with a pale reddish ventral 
stripe on the abdomen. The back of the thorax is slightly lighter 
than the sides and the abdomen. There is an overall light pink, 
even brownish suffusion. The head is bifid. Attachment is by the 
cremastral hooks. The pupal stage lasts 5-6 days. 


DISCUSSION 

The larva is almost identical to that described by Aurivillius for 
Neptidopsis ophione velleda and is characteristic of the Tribe Biblini. 
The egg lacks the spines common to the other genera, but possibly 
these would confer no advantage inside the head of a flower. The 
pupa is closer in appearance to Byblia than Eurytela, not having the 
latter’s winged sides. 


References 


VAN SON, G. 1979. The Butterflies of Southern Africa, Part IV 
Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae, Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. 


TROX SABULOSUS. L. (COL): A NEW COUNTY RECORD IN 
GLAMORGAN. — _ 1982 was a good year for dead sheep in the S. 
Wales mountains following heavy winter snow. In a remote and 
tiny valley where dead sheep are not removed, to the N.E. of Gilfach 
Goch (of ‘How Green was my Valley’ fame), Mid-Glamorgan, 
(SS 97391), I discovered Trox sabulosus under a dried sheep carcase 
on July 24th. It was covered in dirt like a ball of dung. No previous 
record of this species in Glamorgan is known to the National Mu- 
seum of Wales. In spite of investigating several other carcases and 
setting taps, no further specimens were discovered. — D. R. COPE- 
STAKE, 5 High St., Gilfach Goch, Porth, Mid-Glam. CF39 8SS 


A CHECK-LIST OF BREEDING BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA 157 


A CHECK-LIST OF BREEDING BRITISH MOTHS 
(MACROLEPIDOPTERA) 


By C.I. RUTHERFORD* 
(Concluded from page 64) 


Geometridae — Archiearinae (B. & F. p. 79) 
R Archiearisypanthenias,,A.nothia:o.( 6 cl. as ue ahe - 2: 
Geometridae — Oenochrominae (B. & F. p. 79) 
R Alsoplila-aescullantar =. % yey A ese 2 eee Pete Be ] 
Geometridae — Geometrinae (B. & F. pp. 79-80) 


R Aplasta ononaria, Pseudoterpna pruinata, Geometra 
papilionaria, Comibaena bajularia, Thetidia smarag- 
daria, Hemithea aestivaria, Chlorissa viridata, Thalera 
fimbrialis, Hemistola chrysoprasaria, Jodis lactearia 10 


Geometridae — Sterrhinae (B. & F. pp. 80-82) 


R Cyclophora pendularia, C. annulata, C. albipunctata, 
Ciporata, Ce punctania, ©. lineania® 2+, ese ees ee 6 


TR or SM C. puppillaria 
R Timandra griseata, Scopula nigropunctata, S. ornata, 
S. rubiginata, S. marginepunctata, S. imitaria, S. 


emutaria, S. immutata, S. floslactata,S.ternata .... 10 
ER S. immorata (? date) 
R Idaea ochrata, I. muricata, I. vulpinaria, I. sylvestraria, 


I. biselata, I. dilutaria, I. fuscovenosa, I. humiliata, I. 
seriata, I. dimidiata, I. subsericeata, I. contiguaria, I. 
trigeminata, I. emaginata, I. aversata, I. degeneraria, I. 
Simamiitidta-atentetos 2 7).. siverceiacss a opiececetntuoee 2 17 


OM I. serpentata, I. inquinata 


FM Rhodometra sacraria 
33, 
Geometridae — Larentiinae (B. & F. pp. 82-94) 
ER Lythria purpuraria (1861) 
R Mesotype virgata, Orthonama vittata ........... 2 


*Longridge, Macclesfield Road, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK9 7BL. 


158 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


O. obstipata 

Xanthorhoe biriviata, X. designata, X. munitata, 
X. spadicearia, X. ferrugata, X. quadrifasciata, X. 
montanata, X. fluctuata, Scotopteryx bipunctaria, 
S. chenopodiata, S. mucronata, S. luridata, Catarhoe 
rubidata, C. cuculata, Epirrhoe tristata, E. alternata, 
E. nivatas Bs galiiata yess. i mires, 2 F8 eet ei eee 


Costaconvexa polygrammata (1880-1908) 

Camptogramma bilineata, Entephria flavicinctata, E. 
caesiata, Larentia clavaria, Anticlea badiata, A.derivata, 
Mesoleuca albicillata, Pelurga comitata, Lampropteryx 
suffumata, L. otregiata, Cosmorhoe ocellata ...... 


Coenotephria salicata, Eulithis prunata, E. testata, 
E. populata, E. mellinata, E. pyraliata, Ecliptopera 
silaceata, Chloroclysta siterata, C. miata, C. citrata, 
C. concinnata, C. truncata, Cidaria fulvata, Plemyria 
rubiginata, Thera firmata, T. obeliscata, T. variata, 
T. cognata, T. juniperata, Eustroma reticulatum, 
Colostygia olivata, C. multistrigaria, C. pectinataria, 
Hydriomena furcata, H. impluviata, H. ruberata . 


Coenocalpe lapidata, Horisme vitalbata, H. tersata, 
Melanthia procellata, Pareulype berberata, Spargania 
luctuata, Rheumaptera hastata, R. cervinalis, R. 
undulata, Triphosa dubitata, Philereme vetulata, 
P. transversata, Euphyia biangulata, E. unangulata, 
Epirrita dilutata, E. christyi, E. autumnata, E. fili- 
grammaria, Operophtera brumata, O. fagata....... 


Perizoma taeniatum, P. affinitatum, P. alchemillata, 
P. bifaciata, P. minorata, P. blandiata, P. albulata, 
P. flavofasciata, P. didymata, P. sagittata......... 


Eupithecia tenuiata, E. inturbata, E. haworthiata, 
E. plumbeolata, E. abietaria, E. linariata, E. pulchel- 
lata, E. irriguata, E. exiguata, E. insigniata, E. valeria- 
nata, E. pygmaeata, E. venosata, E. egenaria, E. 
centaureata, E. trisignaria, E. intricata, E. satyrata, 
E. absinthiata, E. goossensiata, E. assimilata, E. 
expallidata, E. vulgata, E. tripunctaria, E. denotata, 
E. subfuscata, E. icterata, E. succenturiata, E. subum- 
brata, E. millefoliata, E. simpliciata, E. distinctaria, 
E. indigata, E. pimpinellata, E. nanata, E. extensaria, 
E. fraxinata, E. virgaureata, E. abbreviata, E. dodo- 
neata, E. pusillata, E. phoeniceata, E. lariciata, E. 
tantallania’y |. ..¢s.. Sic coon etcetera toes ene 


Chloroclystis v-ata, C. chloerata, C. rectangulata, 
C. debilitata, Gymnoscelis rufifasciata, Anticollix 


18 


11 


26 


20 


10 


44 


ER 


ER 


CHECK-LIST OF BREEDING BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA 


sparsata, Chesias legatella, C. rufata, Carsia sororiata . 


Aplocera plagiata, A. efformata, Odezia atrata, 
Lithostege griseata, Discoloxia blomeri, Venusia 
cambrica, Euchoeca nebulata, Asthena albulata, 
Hydrelia flammeolaria, H. sylvata, Minoa murinata, 
Lobophora halterata, Trichopteryx polycommata, 
T. carpinata, Pterapherapteryx sexalata, Acasis 
VIRCLALA Teer emetic Me ee es Suen. aren, Mae RAGA lee AM 


Geometridae — Ennominae (B. & F. pp. 94-101) 


Abraxas grossulariata, A. sylvata, Lomaspilis mar- 
ginata, Ligdia adustata, Semiothisa notata, -S. alter- 
naria, S. liturata, S. clathrata, S. carbonaria, S. 
Grunneata. S, Waldilde ee ho. ve one we, 


Isturgia limbaria (? date) 


Cepphis advenaria, Petrophora chlorosata, Plagodis 
pulveraria, P. dolabraria, Pachycnemia hippocastana- 
ria, Opisthograptis luteolata, Epione repandaria, E. 
paralellaria, Pseudopanthera macularia, Apeira syrin- 
garia, Ennomos autumnaria, E. quercinaria, E. alniaria, 
E. fuscantaria, E. erosaria, Selenia dentaria, S. lunu- 
laria, S. tetralunaria, Odontopera bidentata, Crocalis 
elinguaria, Ourapteryx sambucaria, Colotois pennaria, 
ANGCrONAPTUMANA sy shoca es eenke = oye. See eee 


Apocheima _hispidaria, A. pilosaria, Lycia hirtaria, 
L. zonaria, L. lapponaria, Biston strataria, B. betularia, 
Agriopis leucophaearia, A. aurantiaria, A. marginaria, 
Erannis defoliaria, Menophra abruptaria, Peribatodes 
thomboidaria, Selidosema brunnearia, Cleora cinc- 
taria, Deileptenia ribeata, Alcis repandata, A. jubata, 
Boarmia roboraria, Serraca punctinalis, Cleorodes 
Mee an a ype. hs eee eer CO RIG fetta ep home 


Fagivorina arenaria (1872) 


Ectropis bistortata, E. crepuscularia, A. consonaria, 
E. extersaria, Aethalura punctulata, Ematurga atoma- 
ria, Bupalus piniaria, Cabera pusaria, C. exanthermata, 
Lomographa bimaculata, L. temerata, Aleucis distinc- 
tata, Theria primaria, Campaea margaritata, Hylaea 
fasciaria, Gnophos obfuscatus, G. obscuratus, Psodos 
coracina, Siona lineata, Aspitates gilvaria, A. ochrea- 
ria, Dyscia fagaria, Perconia strigillaria .......... 


159 


156 


11] 


23 


74 


160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


Geometridae total 280 species 


This list thus gives a total of 691 (99 + 312 + 280) species 
of macrolepidoptera as defined by the generally accepted classifi- 
cation in use today. However, rightly or wrongly, ever since South’s 
original publication those of us who concentrate on the macrole- 
pidoptera have almost invariably included five other families in their 
sphere of activity and for this reason these families are treated in 
the same way. 


Families of the Microlepidoptera which have over the years been 
traditionally included in collections of Macrolepidoptera. 


Zygaenidae (B. & F. pp. 7-9) 


R Adscita statices, A. geryon, A. globulariae, Zygaena 
exulans, Z. loti, Z. viciae, Z. filipendulae, Z. trifolii, 
Zloniceraes.Z.. purpuralisies cw tess een 10 


Limacodidae (B. & F. p. 9) 
R Apoda limacodes, Heterogenea asella ........... Dy 
Cossidae (B. & F. p. 7) 


R Phragmataecia castaneae, Zeuzera pyrina, Cossus 
COSSUS coi catheele exc webriins oe aie eee hoe ea ae 3 


Sesiidae (B. & F. p. 18) 


R Sesia apiformis, S. bembeciformis, Synanthedon 
tipuliformis, S. vespiformis, S. spheciformis, S. 
scoliaeformis, S. flaviventris, S. anthraciniformis, 

S. myopaeformis, S. formicaeformis, S. culiciformis, 
Bembecia scopigera, B. muscaeformis, B. chrysidi- 
VOUS Sy ee nel. Site ie Sako tetera eats tee arene 14 


ER Paranthrene tabaniformis (1909) 
Hepialidae (B. & F. p. 2) 


R Hepialus humuli, H. sylvina, H. hecta, H. lupulinus, 
Mdusconebulosasncis: haiwtetecma et tee ee 5 


It would therefore appear that there are 725 species gene- 
rally accepted macrolepidoptera currently resident in some part of 
the British Isles. 


A MODERN REVIEW OF THE DEMISE OF APORIA CRATAEGI L: 161 


A MODERN REVIEW OF THE DEMISE OF 
APORIA CRATAEGI L.: THE BLACK-VEINED WHITE 


ByCOLIN PRATT* 
(Continued from page 52) 


INTRODUCTIONS AND BREEDING 


Experts disagree as to whether or not the butterfly was success- 
fully introduced into Kent during the 1880s, the native insect having 
been thought by some to have just previously died out; Tutt (1896) 
and Allan (/oc. cit.) thought our butterfly extinct since about 1880, 
whilst Frohawk (1914), Bretherton (1951) and other modern 
analysts believe it survived naturally as a breeding species until 
around 1925. The comparatively low September rainfall after 1887 
supports the more recent view. 

According to Merrifield (1893), a Mr. Edmonds of Windsor 
had for some years imported the species and allowed numbers to 
escape, but they had never “taken” until offspring were noticed 
flying in 1892; the insect successfully colonised the spot until at 
least the larval stage of spring 1894. September 1891 was roughly 
average for rainfall, the following season enjoyed 137% of average, 
and the following two seasons less than usual. Tutt (1896b) over- 
wintered some German larvae during the 1895/96 winter and was 
“astonished .... at the great death rate’; only 5-10% survived and 
the relevant September was a very dry one. In 1903, Frohawk 
(Joc. cit.) tried to breed the species from locally caught examples, 
but all died “‘during hibernation”; national rainfall that September 
averaged 151% of normal, although this did not prevent a local 
abundance in Kent. He repeated the experiment the following 
season, with some success, when rainfall was less than average. More 
modernly, between 1930 and 1940 according to Newman (1954), 
the insect was for a time successfully re-established near Sandwich 
with continental stock; unfortunately more precise information is 
lacking. In the autumn of 1948 and the spring of the following 
year Newman tried again, with continental larvae being released in 
Winston Churchill’s garden at Chartwell, Kent. This resulted in 
complete failure ‘‘after the hungry tits had been on their rounds 
in the early morning”, as they apparently ate all the pupae (New- 
man, Joc. cit.). More than half a century earlier, Tutt (1896a) 
mentioned that “larvae have pupated well in some of these instances 
we know, but .... the specimens appear to have utterly failed to 
establish themselves’, with a few odd exceptions. More recently, 
Newman (1965) again reported that the butterfly was breeding 
in east Kent, in 1964; little further information is available on the 
occurrence although he did note that other personal attempts at 


*“Oleander’’, 5 View Road, Peacehaven, Newhaven, Sussex. 


162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


re-introduction with German larvae on the North Downs of Kent 
had been unsuccessful owing to birds eating both larvae and pupae. 

In modern times, P. W. Cribb and A. Waters have successfully 
bred the species in this country from continental stock over several 
generations, but only by overwintering the larvae under the drier arti- 
ficial conditions within an unheated greehouse. Large losses were 
incurred when larvae were sleeved outside, although this should 
have eliminated most predators. Mortalities occurred mainly during 
spring and were thought to be due to fungal infection; significantly, 
deaths were not avoided when larvae originally placed outside were 
withdrawn to greenhouse conditions at this time. Further small 
losses were also experienced owing to the parasite Apanteles 
glomeratus, to predatory insects and to birds eating dispersed 
larvae. Hundreds of specimens were released on Holmwood Com- 
mon, Surrey in the mid 1970s but none could be seen during the fol- 
lowing season. This recent work strongly supports the view that 
conditions in England are still not suitable for continental examples 
of the black-veined white. In Scotland, however, success has been 
achieved with a colony over the last few years. In 1974 stock from 
a few hundred Spanish ova began to be reared outside in Fife by 
Elliott (1977). The next season saw about 200 butterflies success- 
fully emerge and the following year about 100. This artificially 
assisted introduction has continued, with reinforcements from 
Swiss/Italian border stock in 1978, more or less successfully until 
the present time (Elliott, 1982). The colony was shielded from 
insectivorous birds in 1981 and a 65% survival rate was thereby 
attained. Over these years a few of the noted losses were due to 
Apanteles glomeratus but adult butterflies were “very often heavily 
persecuted by local birds . . . . a blackbird, a song-thrush and a 
great tit”. 

The evidence presented overall by the general lack of success 
of foreign introductions and some artificial native rearing is in- 
consistent with a single causal factor; in the absence of rele- 
vant, and intimate, environmental and other recorded data 
made when our native butterfly was reared in the distant past, any 
inferences drawn from success or failure are inconclusive, except 
to say that several elements apparently played a part. 

Ford (loc. cit.) thought that the black-veined white and some 
other native species could “only survive by adapting themselves 
closely to the environment which they find in certain places which 
chance to suit them particularly well’. This could indicate that in 
addition to the problems already being encountered by our own 
A. crataegi, foreign imports endured an increased difficulty in 
finding, and then adapting to, a favourable environment in our 
country. 


AVIAN PREDATION 


As was mentioned earlier, birds were sometimes blamed for the 
disappearance of the butterfly in question; Dale (1887) thought the 


A MODERN REVIEW OF THE DEMISE OF APORIA CRATAEGI L: 163 


decline ‘‘due to the great increase of small birds” after their protec- 
tion. Allan (Joc. cit.) said that there “‘was undoubtedly a rise in the 
population of many species of our smaller birds suring the 19th cen- 
tury”? which was precipitated by the decline of raptorial birds brought 
about by increased efficiency in game preservation, in turn made poss- 
ible by several technical advances in the shot-gun: there was no such 
change on the Continent. The periods of abundance of the black- 
veined white do not correlate with those times when severe winters 
were known to have caused heavy mortality amongst insectivorous 
birds, although it may be of importance that sparrows did not sub- 
stantially decrease in numbers during the severe winters of 1878 
to 1881 (Gurney & Russell, 1885). Nevertheless, Kollar (Joc. cit.), 
writing of larvae, stated that “‘small birds, particularly the titmice, 
devour them soon after they are hatched, as well as in the following 
spring . . . .So eager are the birds in the pursuit of these caterpillars, 
that they break into their nests late in the autumn” in central 
European colonies. Martelli (Joc.. cif. ) makes a similar assertion. 
More recently in this country, Newman (1965) noted of several 
introductions that “larvae steadily diminished in numbers; so ob- 
viously some birds, probably tits, were taking them. The same thing 
happened to the chrysalids’’. He also noted that of 300 or so larvae 
he had put on a hedge, only three survived to become butterflies 
owing to predations by birds and parasites. 

The Tit family is probably foremost among birds for initiating 
new and adaptive feeding habits; whilst there is no evidence that 
the group changed its predatory habits towards A. crataegi larvae 
during the 19th century (although it would probably have gone 
unnoticed), “it is certainly true that the tits may take relatively 
large proportions of their prey when the prey is not exceptionally 
abundant” (Perrins, 1979). The long-tailed tit is almost wholly 
insectivorous and during autumn feeds primarily among hawthorn 
twigs, spending more than 30% of its time around this feeding site; 
similarly the great tit spends up to 19% of its time on hawthorn 
during the months of September and May (Perrins, Joc. cit.). In 
illustration of their efficiency as predators, several other species of 
tit prey on the early stages of the tiny eucosmid moth Cydia coni- 
colana Heyl. and can eat more than half of the available pupae 
(Gibb, 1958). In Germany at least, titmice attacked larvae of A. 
crataegi during the cold season and locally accounted for between 
70% and 80% (Stellwaag, 1924). 

Martelli (Joc. cit.), reporting from Italy during the late 1920s, 
noted that sparrows ate many black-veined white pupae and that 
unclassified birds were also recorded as taking up to 4% of larvae 
in Russia. As regards the house sparrow in this country, although 
the bird could be found all over the British Isles by the end of the 
17th century (this not having been the case previously), the period 
up to 1800 was one of consolidation (Summers-Smith, 1963). 
An extension of numbered range was noted here after that time, 
following the increase in human population and wheat production, 
and coincidentally with the decline of A. crataegi; locally,by the 
1880s a position had been reached such that “‘sixpence per dozen 


164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


heads of sparrows (until the end of March) will be given to anyone 
producing them” (Gurney & Russell, loc. cit.). 

In fruit-growing areas “the sparrow does a fair proportion of 
good” and in “exceptional cases large numbers of insect pests may 
be taken by sparrows to feed their young”, up to 40% of a nestling’s 
diet being lepidopterous larvae (Summers-Smith, Joc. cit.). Attacks 
by birds on adult white butterflies (Pieris spp.) have been frequently 
recorded; Collenette (1935) listed 26 published records of the house 
sparrow attempting to catch such insects, the sparrow being the 
foremost bird recorded for assaults on butterflies in this country. 

So although there is no proof that birds were solely responsible 
for the decline of A. crataegi, there is plain evidence for their in- 
volvement at a significant level. 


DISEASES 


The mode of the butterfly’s disappearance, both locally and 
nationally, could be described as typical of a disease epidemic and 
Franz (1971), writing from Germany, considered A. crataegi to be 
a species which undergoes ‘“‘more or less cyclic gradations regularly 
terminated by epizootics’’. Martelli (/oc. cit.) discusses in detail the 
causes of death in the black-veined white in Italy during the late 
1920s. Three diseases were major mortality factors — the virus- 
associated “‘la flaccidezza” and “‘giallume’’, and the protozoan in- 
fection “‘pebrin”. However, there was no report of diseased larvae 
being found in Britain at the time of the insect’s decline, despite the 
fact that diseases are the largest single cause of death in insects in 
general and their significance had been known since the early 19th 
century. 


Fungi 

Leatherdale (1958) listed 33 species of fungi which were known 
to attack lepidoptera in Britain and Madelin (1968) noted that 
“fungous diseases of insects are both common and widespread, 
and sometimes are severe enough almost to eliminate a population 
of insects in a given habitat”; it is “for many sorts of insect the 
major maortality factor” although this is “usually only one of a 
number of factors limiting their numbers’. The scale of destruction 
was considerable in Finland, for example, during the autumns of 
1928, 1936 and 1939, when P. brassicae L. larvae were attacked by 
the fungus Entomophthora sphaerosperma F., and during ““many an 
autumn” this was the most important cause of disease (Kanervo, 
1946). 


Past objections to the theory that disease caused the disap- 
pearance of the black-veined white mainly rested on how such a 
disease could affect many isolated colonies at about the same time. 
This objection was first overcome by Steinhaus (1954), who wrote 
that “spores of certain entomogenous fungi may be continuously 
present in large numbers in fields ready to attack susceptible insect 
hosts, but these spores may remain inactive until appropriate con- 


A MODERN REVIEW OF THE DEMISE OF APORIA CRATAEGI L: 165 


ditions of temperature and humidity prevail”; these fungi would 
then “spring up abundantly and simultaneously in widely separated 
localities” with “catastrophic rapidity and thoroughness’’. Tanada 
(1964), Franz (Joc. cit.) and Christensen (1972) concurred with this 
view. In many colonies the decline of A. crataegi was nothing if not 
quick and absolute (Jenner Weir, 1887). 

Most insect diseases are affected by humidity and temperature, 
but none is more dependent on the former than fungi. ““Most ento- 
mogenous fungi attack their host through the integument, requiring 
adequate external humidity or moisture to carry out the process. 
Most bacteria, viruses and protozoa, on the other hand, are in- 
gested by the insect, and their moisture requirements are satisfied 
by the provisions of the insect’s alimentary tract or body cavity” 
(Steinhaus, Joc. cit.). This mode of invasion “imposes rather rigid 
tolerances in the environmental conditions which permit disease 
induction” (Roberts & Yendol, 1971), these limits being more 
strict than the requirements of other diseases. Young and, particu- 
larly, gregarious larvae are more prone to disease, as after initial 
infection its spread is largely dependent on host-density; in addition, 
hibernating caterpillars are especially at risk because of the accom- 
panying seasonal moisture. Roberts & Yendol (loc. cit.) thought 
that fungal epizootics were “usually associated with periods of high 
humidity, particularly rainy periods’. Other foreign ecologists 
were so certain of the connection that Steinhaus (loc. cit.) wrote, 
“The actual amount of rainfall has been used in prognosticating the 
probable success or failure of entomogenous fungi in naturally con- 
trolling certain insects’. Furthermore, in some countries special 
agricultural techniques have been used to help keep a moist environ- 
ment for the induction of fungal epizootics (Franz, Joc. cit.); and 
Wilding (1981) mentioned that one particular insect species was only 
infected after monthly rainfall exceeded 20mm. Ullyett (1947) 
reported that a fungus attacked larvae of Plutella xylostella L. in 
South Africa when rain occurred, yielding high mortality rates; 
and Barrett (1882) had already postulated that as regards British 
lepidopterous larvae and pupae “mild winters act directly. . . 
encouraging the growth of mould, which we know attacks them as 
soon as, from excess of rain or humidity, they become sickly”’. 
Despite the absence of reports of fungal disease within our butterfly 
at the time of its disappearances, modern experience with con- 
tinental stock has apparently shown the presence of such a pathogen. 
Moreover, Martelli (Joc. cit.) recorded that some A. crataegi were 
attacked by a fungus in Italy in 1928, although this was in the pupal 
stage. A hypothesis of a fungal epizootic being mainly responsible 
for the extinction of A. crataegi in this country dovetails into most 
of the known facts and thus answers almost every question. 


Viruses 

Heath (loc. cit.) suggested that the numbers of the black-veined 
white might have been heavily reduced by a virus disease. Although 
there is no direct evidence from this country, Hughes (1957) listed 
a bibliography of papers concerning insects which had been recorded 


166 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VI1.83 


as suffering from virus diseases anywhere in the world and such in- 
fections in A. crataegi have been noted in Italy, and in Germany 
from 1921 to 1924 (Steinhaus, 1967). Kreig & Lagenbuch (1956) 
mentioned that a polyhedral virus had been described many times 
within German A. crataegi larvae. High humidities, such as those 
brought about by rainy Septembers, could assist a catastrophic virus 
attack (Franz, loc. cit.). Steinhaus (1967) confirmed that certain 
virus diseases caused autumnal epizootics in America. However, the 
environmental conditions under which such outbreaks occur are 
not essentially associated with rainfall, as was mentioned under 
the previous heading, although the possibility remains. 


(To be continued ) 


Notes and Observations 


THE PAPERS OF J. O. WESTWOOD: OXFORD UNIVERSITY V. 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. — A contribution to the Record 
seldom causes an international controversy, but this writer’s account 
of the collection of John O. Westwood’s papers in the Smithsonian 
Institution Archives, Washington, D.C. (91: 245-246) achieved that 
dubious distinction. The affair is of concern because of the disturb- 
ing results of negotiations between the Smithsonian and Oxford 
University. 

Although the Smithsonian’s collection of Westwood’s corre- 
spondence and manuscripts had been properly acquired in the nine- 
teenth century, Oxford officials strenuously claimed it after noticing 
the 1979 Record account, arguing that the University was the holder 
of Westwood’s papers (recte, the majority of them). The request 
appears to have been based on insufficient knowledge of the nature 
of archival collections and the historical realities of their distribution. 
Scholars and informed archivists know well that papers of individuals 
have often been divided and scattered through historical circum- 
stance, accumulating in several or more repositories. Yet Oxford 
pressed its curious demands until the Smithsonian relented and gave 
up the collection. The ceremony of transfer was described in the 
Oxford Times (21 May 1982, p. 1). 

One can understand the Smithsonian’s desire to keep the peace 
between major institutions, but it and the University must share the 
blame for establishing such an unfortunate precedent. It is perhaps 
true that scholars might benefit by consulting both collections 
under one roof, but such convenience was not the issue in this 
debate. Apparently Oxford officials believed that another repository 
should ‘stand and deliver’ under the circumstances. But why should 
repository A give up its manuscripts to repository B when B has a 
larger collection of similar papers and demands A’s holdings? Such a 
confrontation might have been more appropriate in the American 
Wild West or in the Essex countryside of Dick Turpin’s time. 

If small institutional collections of personal papers are to be 
claimed and acquired by the present holders of larger portions, the 
result will be unfortunate, to say the least. Many of us depend upon 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 167 


archival stability and integrity when citing locations of manuscript 
materials. We hope that other repositories will not follow Oxford’s 
unfortunate example and the Smithsonian’s response. — R. S. 
WILKINSON, 228 Ninth Street, N. E., Washington, D. C. 20002, 
U.S.A. 

SOME RECORDS OF NANOPHYES MARMORATUS (GOEZE) 
(COL., APIONIDAE) FROM WEST CUMBRIA. —  WNanophyes 
marmoratus (Goeze) has previously been recorded from Cumbria 
and vice county 70, Cumberland on a few occasions, and W. F. 
Davidson in his list of local and uncommon Coleoptera from Cum- 
berland and Westmorland, (1961, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 97:21) 
gives three localities, Thurstonfield, (NY35), Great Orton and Little 
Orton, (NY35). While F. H. Day, (1923, Trans. Carlisle Nat. Hist. 
Soc., 3: 103) cites one record of Fowler’s from Eskdale, (SD19); this 
latter record originating in the &Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 48: 
(1912):287 . Apart from these records I have been unable to locate 
any other published ones for the weevil from the county, especially 
the western region. During the past five years or so of collecting I 
have found this decorative little beetle in a number of localities 
within West Cumbria and a selection of my records are as follows, 
Nr. Middlebank Farm, Beckermet, NYO1.05, 4.viii.79; Gaterigghow 
Bridge, Gosforth, NY10.04,21 .vii.79; Nr. Annaside, Bootle, SDO8. 
87,29 .vii.78; Williamsons Moss, SD08.91, 12.vi.82; Hall Carleton 
Farm, (by roadside), SD07.97,25.vi.78; Kirksanton Haws, SD13. 
79,5 vili.78 and Stock Bridge near Holmrook, SD13.97,27.vii.80. 
On each occasion specimens have been taken by working the main 
hostplant, Lythrum salicaria L. (Purple Loosetrife) and quite often 
the adult beetles were found in large numbers around the flower 
heads of individual plants; and some were observed feeding on the 
leaves where they made small round open holes. 

A few brief notes on the biology of NV. marmoratus are provided 
by Hoffman, (1958, Faune De France., 62 (Coleopteres Curcu- 
lionides, 3: 1246) who states that the larvae develop inside the 
flowers of Lythrum where they feed on the ovaries. Hoffmann (Joc. 
cit) also gives a key to some seventeen varieties of this species which 
are known to occur in France. — R.W.J. READ, 43 Holly Terrace, 
Hensingham, Whitehaven, Cumbria, CA28 8RF, 19.xii.82. 


HYPERA ARATOR LINNAEUS (COL., CURCULIONIDAE) IN 
ASSOCIATION WITH BARLEY. = On 10 July, 1980 while 
sweeping some weedy vegetation along the edge of a barley field 
at Church Moss near Beckermet, West Cumbria, (Grid ref. NYO1.05) 
I came across some green weevil larvae and cocoons on a few plants 
of Spergularia arvensis L. (Corn Spurrey) growing in among some 
stems of barley, Hordeum sp. The larvae were apparently feeding 
on the flowers, and a number of the cocoons had been constructed 
around the flower heads and on the main stems just below the leaves. 
Having previously known that S. arvensis was a foodplant of the 
weevil, I assumed that the larvae and cocoons were Hypera arator 
Linnaeus. Identification was later confirmed by rearing some larvae 
collected at the site through to the adult stage at home. While 
searching further along the edge of the same field, I noticed that a 


168 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


few cocoons, similar to those found earlier on the spurrey, were 
present on some ears of barley growing close by. The cocoons were 
of a pale yellowish-green, the colour resembling quite closely that of 
the young developing barley ears, which at this time were predomi- 
nately green and had not darkened to the normal golden, pre- 
harvesting colour. The cocoons had been constructed mainly around 
the awns, and a few were present lower down the ears above the 
spiklets. It was observed that each individual cocoon of H. arator 
in a sample of twenty ears of Barley collected from Church Moss 
had been constructed at between 17mm and 60mm from the top of 
the spiklet to the awns. The average distance was found to be 43mm. 
One ear from the above sample contained two cocoons which had 
been made directly at the apex of the spiklet. 

H. arator is known to be associated with barley during the late 
larval period and some notes on this somewhat curious association 
are given by M. W. Shaw, (1961, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 96: 
104), whose observations were carried out at Lonmay, Aberdeen- 
shire during July, 1959. According to the account given by Dr. 
Shaw, it was suggested that the presence of larvae and pupae on 
barley and other cereal crops was due to conditions favouring the 
growth of one of the weevil’s hostplants, (in this case spurrey). 
It may also be caused through a partial failure in the cereal crop 
due to high acidity in the soil. 

Although the report by Dr. Shaw goes some way to explain the 
association of H. arator with Hordeum and other cereal crops, 
the main question of why the larvae should migrate from its normal 
hostplant to the barley ears in seeking a pupation site still remains 
unanswered. Therefore this particularly intriguing aspect of larval 
behaviour requires further explanation and calls for more detailed 
observations and research. — R.W.J. READ, 43 Holly Terrace, 
Hensingham, Whitehaven, Cumbria, CA28 8RF, 20.xii.82. 

FOODPLANTS OF PLATYPTILIA CALODACTYLA D. & S. (LEP., 
PTEROPHORIDAE ). — The only foodplant given for this species in 
the literature is goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea). 

In 1976 a single specimen was taken at mercury vapour on 
Colne Point Nature Reserve (near St. Osyth in north-east Essex) by 
Mr. M. Heath, the acting warden. Subsequently the moth was passed 
to me; I concurred with Mr. Heath’s determination but to make 
trebly sure I obtained confirmation at the British Museum (Natural 
History). 

On 14.vii.1982 Mr. A. J. Dewick took a second Essex example 
in his famous light-trap near Bradwell-on-Sea. It was identified by 
the Revd. D. J. L. Agassiz; the specimen is in mint condition and 
there is no doubt that the determination is correct. 

Colne Point and Bradwell-on-Sea are in North Essex (VC 19) 
and South Essex (VC 18) respectively. They face each other across 
five miles of open sea at the entrance to the estuary of the R. Colne. 
Both have shingle spits where terns nest and both extensive salt- 
marshes. Goldenrod does not grow at either site; it is a scarce plant 
in Essex and where it does occur it is present only in small quantity. 
The nearest stand is on Berechurch Common which is eight miles 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 169 


from Colne Point and ten from Bradwell; the next nearest is at 
Hockley, fifteen miles from Bradwell and twenty from Colne Point. 

An alternative foodplant is probable. In The smaller moths of 
Essex, p.153, I suggested sea-aster (Aster tripolium); this comes 
next to goldenrod in botanical text-books and [I still think it the 
most likely candidate. The star-wort (Cucullia asteris D. & S.) and 
Coleophora virgaureae St. feed on both goldenrod and sea-aster. 
Golden samphire U/nula crithmoides) is less likely, since Mr. Dewick 
knows of only two or three plants in his area. He has suggested 
ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) since the goldenrod pug (£upithecia 
virgaureata Doubl.) feeds on this as well as on its eponymous 
host; but this is not essentially a coastal plant. Beirne (British 
pyralid and plume moths, p.109) wirtes of P. calodactyla, “It is very 
local and has been recorded, mainly from coastal districts, from 
Cornwall, north Devon, Kent and Lancashire”. Goldenrod is some- 
times found on cliffs and dunes, but Beirne’s statement suggests 
at least the possiblity of a littoral foodplant, though he then pro- 
ceeds to describe the moth’s behaviour in inland wood clearings. 

It would be interesting to hear of any other coastal locality for 
P. calodactyla where goldenrod is apparently absent. According to 
Beirne, there is little evidence of larval feeding and prodigious luck 
would be needed to find such an elusive species on a plant as locally 


abundant as sea-aster — A.M. EMMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria 
Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB11 3AF. 
BEMBECIA CHRYSIDIFORMIS ESPER (LEP.: SESHDAE). — Re- 


ferring to Mr. Allen’s Note (antea 76) ona Dorset record, I was some- 
what puzzled by his statement that this species is practically con- 
fined to The Warren, Folkestone. On 3rd June, 1944, while on a 
buffer depot inspection at Whitstable, Kent, I saw a specimen 
visiting flowers on a waste patch on the coast there. I was able to 
pillbox it and the specimen was passed to the British Museum 
(Natural History) with my collection. —S.N. A. JACOBS, 54 Hayes 
Lane, Bromley, Kent BR2 9EE. 


PAMMENE OBSCURANA STEPHENS (LEP.: TORTRICIDAE) IN 
ESSEX. — On the night of the 7th/8th June 1983, while collecting 
at m.v. light with Mr. B. Skinner in Epping Forest, I was delighted to 
take a fresh specimen of this species, which according to Emmet 
(The Smaller Moths of Essex, 126) had not been seen in Essex for 
at least 80 years. The night was close and humid with hardly a breath 
of wind, there was no moon, and at 10pm the temperature registered 
64° F. which had only dropped two degrees by 2am. — J.M. 


CHALMERS~— HUNT. 
BUTTERFLY BEHAVIOUR — CELTIS, CRATAEGI, SPINI. _ 


I would just like to put on record various behavioural observations 
regarding three butterfly species. The first concerns the feeding 
behaviour of the Nettle-tree butterfly (Libythea celtis Laicharting) 
Europe’s only example of a snout butterfly. During the spring of 
1982 (early April) in an apple orchard in the C&vennes (near St. 
Martial, 30440) some 15-20 L. celtis had selected just one of the 
apple trees on which to feed. All the trees were in the stage of 
leafing up and bursting out of their buds yet the butterflies had 


170 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


selected only one tree and were moving about fairly rapidly feeding 
on some secretion or other which was not obvious with the naked 
eye. This raises the question of whether these hibernators were 
imbibing sugary solutions for sustenance or whether they were 
taking up essential ingredients to be used in some physiological 
process such as pheromone manufacture. 

A most memorable feature of a visit to the Cevennes in early 
June 1981 was the abundance of Black veined whites (Aporia 
crataegi L.). They are normally scarce during Easter and late sum- 
mer (i.e. April and August) but clearly the period of early June 
coincides with their peak of flight activity. In one place on the 
Causse de Blandas (633 m or 2077 feet) near the magnificent Cirque 
de Navacelles there were so many A. crataegi bobbing about that 
some sort of count was deemed necessary. This was done by turning 
slowly through 360° while standing in the same place and count- 
ing the numbers of butterflies seen up to about 95 metres (or about 
317 feet) away. Three revolutions gave counts of 141, 167 and 130 
respectively, i.e. about 150 Black veined whites could be seen 
around one’s-self at any one time. There were thousands of acres 
like this so that the total population of crataegi here must lie in 
the millions. All the time the butterflies were really engaged in 
courting and seeking out and ovipositing on the sloe Prunus spinosa 
bushes. 

Another memorable event was an evening stop at the roadside 
where there were plenty of scrub Juniper (Juniperus communis) 
bushes up to two metres high. On these were groups of up to five 
Blue-spot Hairstreaks (Strymonidia spini D. & S.) resting head up 
for the night at the top of the bushes. They seemed to prefer com- 
munal resting spots and other butterflies such as the gatekeeper 
(Pyronia tithonus L.) joined them. — JOHN FELTWELL, Marlham, 
Henley Down, Catsfield, East Sussex, TN33 9BN. 


CONCERNING THE FIERY CLEARWING: BEMBECIA CHRYSIDI-— 
FORMIS ESPER. — _ Apropos the Notes on this moth by Messrs. 
A. A. Allen and S.N.A. Jacobs (antea 76 and 169). For more thana 
centurey the Fiery Clearwing has been found fairly regularly, and 
sometimes in considerable numbers, on the coast between Folke- 
stone and Dover though nowhere else in Britain now for over 30 
years, and then mainly as singletons widely scattered along the 
south-west, south and south-east coasts and amounting in all to 
perhaps little more than a dozen examples. Localities whence it 
has been recorded besides those referred to above are. — SUSSEX: 
Eastbourne, one vii.1874 (Shearwood, Entomologist, 7: 224). 
HAMPSHIRE: Haslar neighbourhood, one 1851 (Barron, Zoologist, 
3289): Southsea, bred 1885 (Moncreaff per Pearce, Entomologist, 
24: 93); Hayling, formerly (A. E. Burras per Fassnidge, List of 
Macro-Lepidoptera of Hants. & Isle of Wight (1924), 36). ESSEX: 
Between Leigh and Southend, one 23.vi.1851 and several others at 
different times including one 3.vii.1859, by P. Bouchard (B. Gill 
per Vaughan, Essex Nat., 3(7-9):127) KENT: Millstrood, one 6.vii. 
1946 (Harris, Entomologist, 81: 127. DEVON: Hartland, late vi. 
1950 (Wakely per Stidson, The Lepidoptera of Devon, 73). Woola- 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 7/1 


combe, one seen 7.ix.1888, but questionably this species (Long- 
staff, Ent. mon. Mag., 38:28). GLOUCESTERSHIRE: Forest of 
Dean district (Flint, Entomologist, 35: 329). The last two records 
are considered doubtful. — J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT. 


Current Literature 


The Butterflies of Scandinavia in Nature by H. J. Henriksen and 
I. B. Kreutzer. Translated from the original Danish text by 
Elisabeth Folino. 4to. Published by Skandinavisk Bogforlag, 
Odense, Denmark, 1982. Price £50. 


Of all the butterflies of Europe perhaps least known are those of 
the Arctic region, and in this fine book many of the gaps in our 
knowledge of these species have at last been filled. It is also the first 
comprehensive survey in English of all the butterflies of Scandinavia, 
as the 121 species occurring in the region are described, and superbly 
illustrated in 207 pages. 

The general format for each butterfly is a page of text opposite 
a full page of colour photographs. There are a few exceptions to 
this rule — some of the Clossiana and ‘Blues’ and all the ‘Skippers’ 
share space whereas Parnassius apollo L. is favoured with two pages 
of plates and two of text. The plates are composed of between 
5 and 12 colour photographs of habitat, living imagines, (usually 
male and female upperside and underside) and early stages where 
possible. Some of the high Arctic species of Clossiana, Oeneis 
and Pyrgus, still have incompletely known life histories and the illu- 
strative gaps are mainly among these genera. The imagines are well 
photographed and are, as the title of the book suggests, living 
examples in the wild. Variation and subspeciation are also included 
among these plates. Some butterflies are represented by up to 
11 individual specimens. One sub-species omitted from the plates 
however, is the interesting ssp. norvegica Aurivillius of Mellicta 
athalia. This seems a pity, as it has one of the most distinctive wing 
patterns of all the forms of athalia, and is confined to northern 
montane Scandinavia. 

The attractive photographs of habitat are relevantly presented 
in opposition to the butterflies they harbour. Usually only one 
locality view is given per species; in some instances two are included, 
usually where different biotopes are involved. All these seem appro- 
priate to the given species and with one or two minor exceptions 
are in pinpoint focus and reproduced in fine natural colour. 

The distribution maps are inserted in the top right of the text 
page and represent current range only. The occurrence of Colias 
palaeno in Denmark is not registered on the relevant map but 
that is the only error that I can detect among these. 

The original Danish text has been translated into excellent 
grammatical English with a distinctive style. Classification is in the 
old style order starting with the Papilionidae and Pieridae, and 
ending with the Hesperiidae. 


2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 


Scientific name, English name and type locality, are given at the 
top and the text page is divided into headings of description; geo- 
graphic variation; individual variation; early development; time of 
appearance; habitat; habits and distribution. The sections on early 
development and habits are especially interesting and reveal obvious 
first hand knowledge. Much new information is included: there 
are meticulous accounts for example of diurnal variation of flight 
pattern; preferred nectar-sources are listed and accounts of the 
biology of some of the rarer arctic butterflies are provided for the 
first time. 

The book is well produced in green book-cloth and printed on 
glossy paper. The reviewer is hard put to avoid superlatives. The text 
is accurate, plates are excellent, and in general it is a pleasure to use. 
The authors, translator, photographers and publishers all deserve 
the highest praise for producing one of the finest books on the 
butterflies of a European region to appear in many years. — C. J. 
LUCKENS. 


The Insects by R. F. Chapman. Third edition. xiv + 919 pp. 
numerous text figs. 245 x 190 mm. Hodder & Stoughton, 
1982. £19.50 (paperback). 

It is now ten years since the second edition of Dr. Chapman’s 
book, and much of the original material has been revised and ex- 
tended. It is a pity that the book is only available as a hefty (but 
sturdy) paperback. Perhaps this is the only way to keep costs within 
reasonable limits. 

This is not a taxonomic work, nor a textbook of entomology 
in the ‘classical’ style, but a book which emphasises the interdepen- 
dance of structure and function. The text is divided into six major 
sections, these being: the head; the thorax; the abdomen; the cuticle; 
the nervous and sensory systems, and the circulartory and endocrine 
systems. Each section is supported by chapters which develop the 
theme of the section. For example the “Head’’ leads to chapters 
on the structure of the head and its appendages, feeding, the alimen- 
tary canal, digestion and absorption, nutrition, fat body and general 
metabolism, and colour, whereas the “Abdomen” contains chapters 
on general structure, reproductive systems, mating behaviour, 
oviposition, embryology, unusual types of development, hatching, 
post-embryonic development and metamorphosis. Other sections are 
covered in a similar fashion, and each chapter concludes with a 
bibliography. 

This interesting approach to entomology is coupled with the 
provision of numerous, clear text illustrations and a highly readable 
narrative. It is refreshing to see a sensible integration of morphology, 
physiology and biochemistry in a single volume. There are, of course, 
misprints and the odd biochemical “irregularity” but on balance this 
is a first class book — well written, well organised and informative. — 


PAUL SOKOLOFF. 
4 ol 


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THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 
(Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) 


CONTENTS 


A-Year of Odonata, A. ARCHER-LOCK, 129. Catocala nymphagoga Esper 
and Herminia zelleralis Wocke: Two Species of Noctuidae New to Britain, 
I. J. L. TILLOTSON, 133. An Inquiry into the British Status of Gym- 
netron plantaginis Epp. (Col.: Curculionidae). A. A. ALLEN, 135. The 
White-letter Hairstreak: a National Survey, C. PEACHEY, 139. The 
Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1982, R. F. BRETHER- 
TON and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, 141. Relationship between Nord- 
mannia esculi Hbn. (Lep.: Lycaenidae) and Camponotus cruentatus Lat. 
(Hym.: Formicidae), J. MARTIN and P. GURREA, 153. Early Stages of 
the African Nymphalid Neptidopsis fulgurata platyptera Roths. and 
Jordan, R. C. DENING, 155. A Check-list of Breeding British Moths 
(Macrolepidoptera), C. 1. RUTHERFORD, 157. A Modern Review of the 
Demise of Aporia crataegi L.: The Black-veined White, C. PRATT, 161. 

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS, 132, 152, 154, 156, 166-171. 

CURRENT LITERATURE, 134, 140, 171-172. 


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THE 
ENTOMOLOGIST’S 
RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. 
with the assistance of 


A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. P. J. CHANDLER. B.SC., F.R.E.S. 
NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. 
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PEATE 


Aloeides maluti sp. nov. 


Fig. 1. Male holotype (upperside), Rafoelatsane, Lesotho, V. L. Pringle, 
17.i.1976. Fig. 2. Idem (underside). Fig. 3. Female allotype (upperside), 
Rafoelatsane, Lesotho, E. L. Pringle, 17.1.1976. Fig. 4. Idem (underside). 
Figures approx. 2x natural size. Photograph reproduced by Unifoto (Pty) Ltd., 
Cape Town. 


A NEW LYCAENID BUTTERFLY FROM LESOTHO 173 


A NEW LYCAENID BUTTERFLY FROM LESOTHO, 
OF THE GENUS ALOEIDES HUEBNER 
No. 1 


By E. L. PRINGLE, B.A. (Natal), LL.B. (U.C.T.)* 
Aloeides maluti spec. nov. 


This striking insect was found in the heart of the Lesotho 
highlands. In appearance, it combines the characteristics of Aloeides 
pierus (Cramer) and Aloeides trimeni Tite & Dickson, coming closer 
to the former on the upperside, and to the latter on the underside. 

Male (Upperside). 

Forewing. Heavy black borders extend along the distal portion of the 
wing, extending inward as far asa third of the way along vein 1, and a quarter 
of the way along veins 3, 4 & 5, and their corresponding areas; and, with great 
inward expansion of the black area subapically and below the costal margin. 
The remaining inner area of the wing exhibits a dusky orange colouration. 
There is, however, a marked degree of variation among individual specimens 
in some of which the wing is almost entirely suffused with black, leaving a 
very reduced orange area basally. Veins are all dusted with black, and the cilia 
are faintly chequered. In comparison with pierus, maluti males show a greater 
extent of orange on both fore- and hind-wing uppersides, with none of the 
specimens examined showing the extreme reduction of the orange area on 
these wings evidenced by many specimens of pieruws. Further, the orange 
colouration in all specimens of Al. maluti is more dusky in appearance than 
in pierus. Another feature is that, in all examples studied, the males of pierus 
show blackish markings at the base of the forewing: in this species, however, 
the males always show dusky orange at the base of this wing. 

Hindwing. As in the forewing, all veins are dusted with black, and the 
cilia are faintly chequered. Black lunules are evident along the distal margin, 
and the apical patch is well-developed, if variable. In some of the specimens 
examined, the apical patch extends all the way through area 4, up to vein 4, 
and inwards all the way to the base. In the majority of specimens examined, 
however, the apical patch extends only as far as vein 5, and inwards only 
half-way along vein 7. The remainder of the hindwing bears the same dusky 
orange markings evidenced in the forewing. 

Female (Upperside). 

Forewing. The wings are more rounded than in the males, and the dusky 
orange markings are more extensive. The broad black band along the distal 
margin does not reach further inwards than one-third of the way along veins 1 
and 2, and approximately a quarter of the way along veins 3, 4, 5 and 6. In 
all specimens examined, the apical patch is bisected by two, and in some 
cases three, orange dots extending towards the costa. Veins are dusted with 
black, and the cilia is lightly chequered. 

Hindwing. Similar to the male, except that the apical patch is much 
reduced. As in the male, the female shows a much greater extent of orange 
on the upperside of the wings than does pierws, and the orange basic colour 
is more dusky in appearance. 

Male and female (Underside). 

Forewing. The basic colour is dusky orange. Dull brown markings extend 
into the apical area, and down, or close to, the costal and distal margins. The 
spots of the submarginal series are placed well within the orange portion of 
the wing in areas 1b, 2, 3 and 4 and beyond these areas, above the orange 


*Huntly Glen, Bedford, 5780, South Africa. 


174 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 
field. These spots are, as in pierus but not as in trimeni, black, and are not 
touched inwardly with white. Otherwise, the spotting is fairly typical of the 
genus Aloeides, consisting of well-defined silver spots edged with black rings, 
and arranged in an irregular postmedian series of five spots, together with a 
discoiaal spot, median cell-spot and a basal cell-spot. 

Hindwing. Basic colour dark greyish-brown, showing in some cases a 
very faint light suffusion towards the distal margin, Like trimeni, and unlike 
pierus, the hindwing colouration is extremely uniform, showing none of the 
dappled maroon or dappled sandy colours exhibited by pierus. Unlike both 
species, maluti shows no tendency towards any variation of the basic colour 
of this wing, and none of the specimens examined show any trace of the 
maroon basic colour often seen in both trimeni and pierus. There are a number 
of large, round, dull silver spots in this wing: these spots are not elongated as 
in pierus, but are consistently large and rounded. All specimens exhibit three, 
and in some cases four, sub-basal spots, as well as a median costal spot. The 
remaining spotting is highly irregular, and varies considerably between speci- 
mens. In at least one specimen examined, the median series of spots is arran- 
ged in a continuous band, running all the way from the costal to the inner 
margins. The majority of specimens examined, however, exhibit only three 
spots lying adjacent to one another in areas 6 and 7, and a further three suf- 
fused spots in areas lc, 2 and 3. This spotting does not, therefore, show the 
uniform and characteristic pattern seen in piertws, which in all cases exhibits 
a distinct break in the median series of spots at vein 4. Similarly, since the 
median series in trimeni also shows a regular and consistant pattern, the 
species can in this respect also be distinguished from triment. Further, the 
underside spots are much larger and fewer in number than in frimenti, and the 
black rings encircling these spots are markedly more pronounced. 

This species was discovered by the author and his father on an 
expedition to Lesotho in January, 1976. It was found near the 
village of Rafoelatsane, flying on the summits and slopes of low- 
lying hills and ridges. Specimens were encountered singly, and the 
species, though widespread, was found to be uncommon. The species 
was again encountered on two subsequent trips to the area in Feb- 
ruary, 1977 and January 1979, and on both of these expeditions 
was once more observed to be unusually scarce. This may in part be 
as a result of the heavy erosion and destruction of the environment 
sustained by the low-lying sandstone ridges upon which it flies — 
caused in turn by the over-population and over-grazing characteristic 
of most areas of Lesotho. 

The species is named after the lofty and spectacular range of 
mountains which traverses the western areas of Lesotho. 

I would like to place on record my sincere thanks to Mr.C.G.C. 
Dickson for the great assistance which he has rendered me in pre- 
paring this paper. 

HOLOTYPE: Rafoelatsane, Lesotho 17-1-1976 (E. L. Pringle) 

ALLOTYPE: Rafoelatsane, Lesotho 17-1-1976 (E. L. Pringle) 

PARATYPES: Rafoelatsane, Lesotho 16 19  17-1-1976 
(VV) Lp Pringle): 2°" 17-121976; (Es BP): tee) 2-2-1977 QerER)- 
Iuds2-2-1977 (VLE); bo 1 OS 20-19 79 WEEP). SS -o ore 
(E.L.P)e 3202 <.221-1979 (EL Ps sic lS 2271179 ale Ba) 

Two paratypes will in due course be presented to the British 
Museum. 


A REVIEW OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1982 175 
A REVIEW OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1982 


By Dr. C.J. LUCKENS* 


Contrast between the two seasons of 1981 and 1982 could 
hardly have been greater. Whereas the former year was characterised 
by reduced populations in nearly all our native species, last year 
saw a very welcome revival for many of them. Once again weather 
seemed to have been the important factor, with fine settled con- 
ditions at the critical times in April, May, June and August. 

The season started off well in mid-March in southern England 
with hibernators such as Gonepteryx rhamni L., Nymphalis to L. 
and Polygonia c-album L. in good numbers and Aglais urticae L. 
in some abundance. April was warm and sunny almost throughout, 
and this enabled all these species to produce excellent summer and 
autumn broods. 

Pararge aegeria L. is often the first newly emerged butterfly 
to appear in this area. I saw many of these early specimens in shel- 
tered spots in our garden from April 4th onwards. The later summer 
broods of the Speckled Wood were slightly disappointing in southern 
England, however, and no more than average numbers appeared. An 
example of a third brood was recorded from Easter Ross on October 
3rd. This is perhaps unusual for the colonies in north east Scotland, 
though an antumn brood appears regularly in the milder coastal 
areas of the western Highlands. The Wall Brown, Lasiomata megera 
L. seemed to vary in abundance from region to region. In Cumbria it 
was considered to have had a below average season, but it was re- 
ported commonly in the west Midlands, and in the late summer 
brood did very well on the chalk of Sussex and Wilts. I found 
it abundant on the edge of the downs near Stockbridge in early 
August. In the west Midlands, Melanargia galathea L. once confined 
to local colonies, continued its spread and was abundant at Ledbury. 
The Winchester colonies seemed slightly weaker, though there was a 
good showing at Stockbridge in late July, and also in the Warminster 
area. In Sussex (Brighton area) it was below average and apparently 
had not recovered from its poor season in 1981. Many recorders 
noted the abundance of Eumenis semele L. in its favoured localities. 
The Portland colonies were selected for special mention with ab. 
holanops and ab. monocellata appearing among the old quarry 
workings. The Grayling was also common elsewhere along the 
Dorset coast — in the Lulworth area and around Swanage and the 
colonies on limestone grassland in Cumbria and in the Malverns did 
well. Most interestingly it seems to be recovering on the Kentish 
chalk and there was an encouraging report of it building up numbers 
at its former haunts at Folkestone. It also appeared in the Swans- 
*Swallowfield, Manor Road, Durley, Hants SO3 2AF. 


176 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 
combe area in Kent and on the Downs near Compton in the Isle of 
Wight. Maniola jurtina L. and Pyronia tithonus L. both had an 
exceptionally good year in southern England. The latter literally 
swarmed in the lanes in this area of south Hants, and there were 
equally favourable reports from north Dorset and Wilts for both 
these species. News from Cumbria was slightly less favourable, 
where there has been apparently a gradual decline of jurtina over a 
number of years. In spite of the general increase of these two 
Satyrids very few aberrations of any kind were recorded. At the well 
known site at Arnside Erebia aethiops Esp. appeared to have done 
well in 1982. Good numbers were seen in early August, and contrary 
to the statements in many text books, the butterflies were recorded 
flying of their own accord in dull windless weather conditions. 
Another success story in 1982 concerned Aphantopus hyperantus 
L. After several seasons of relative scarcity this butterfly showed 
a definite increase in Hampshire. From Dorset came a report of six 
ab. arete seen in one day and several of this variety were noted in 
the Warminster area of Wiltshire. 

The two Pearl-bordered Fritillaries Clossiana selene D. & S. 
and Clossiana euphrosyne L. continued to thrive near here at Botley 
Wood. I saw many euphrosyne in mid-May but was out of the coun- 
try for the main selene emergence. Several ragged examples were 
flying in late June and the habitat so far remains ideal for these 
two attractive butterflies. Both species were reported numerous in 
Wyre forest last year and also in several localities in Cumbria. Selene 
apparently outnumbered euphrosyne in both these two areas but the 
opposite was the case at Parkhurst forest, Isle of Wight, where the 
Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary was rather scarce. One butterfly 
that seems to have decreased in this area over the last few years is 
Argynnis aglaia L. and the fine weather of 1982 did not seem to 
halt this trend. It was described as a poor year for the Dark Green 
Fritillary in north Dorset and Lulworth and from the Downs around 
Warminster. In south Cumbria it is also rather thinly scattered, but 
Argynnis adippe F. on the other hand is flourishing in this area 
around the Kent estuary. The High Brown also appears to be thriving 
in Wyre Forest though colonies elsewhere in the west Midlands 
were reportedly slightly down on numbers. In Wiltshire, where 
adippe seems to have just hung on in some areas, one correspondent 
made a search of the usual localities and failed to see it at all. Only 
small numbers of Argynnis paphia L. appeared around Warminster 
last year, but it seems to have had a better year in its haunts else- 
where in England. Particularly good numbers were noted around 
Durfold and Cranleigh and f. valezina, formerly very scarce in this 
area of the Surrey/Sussex border, also made an appearance. On the 
Isle of Wight, however, valezina was not uncommon in 1982 and it 
also occurred fairly frequently in the Cranborne area of Dorset. 
In Wyre forest paphia appeared in good numbers and was recorded 


A REVIEW OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1982 a 
as early as June 30th.kuphydryas aurinia Rott. had the benefit 
of excellent weather for its flight period in late May/early June, 
Reports from Dorset were generally favourable and the isolated 
Worcestershire colony also had a good year. The Cumbrian colonies 
however appear to be in serious decline. Of five remaining localities 
visited by one correspondent, only three still held the butterfly and 
then in very small numbers, (less than ten seen in any one locality). 
On the southern coastal strip of the Isle of Wight Melitaea cinxia 
L. was reported locally abundant in 1982, the best colonies being 
at Compton, and around St. Catherines Point. Mellicta athalia 
Rott. was not uncommon locally in Blean Woods and two recorders 
noted evidence of colonisation of new sites. There seems to have 
been an exceptionally long emergence period last year, as worn 
specimens of the Heath Fritillary were noted as early as June Ist and 
fresh examples were still flying on July 7th. I have no reports of the 
formerly thriving west country localities but I am informed they 
are under pressure from a variety of factors. 

A welcome abundance of Vanessa atalanta L. was a feature of 
1982. Early examples were reported in late April and by late May 
atalanta was building up numbers to a remarkable extent. All 
through the summer, from late June onwards, larvae were common 
on the nettles in our garden, and I finally saw a specimen sunning 
itself on the roof of our house on a warm day in mid-November. 
This abundance of the Red Admiral seems to have been noted from 
southern England to Easter Ross. It was recorded as far north as 
Durness, Sutherland, on June 7th. Vanessa cardui L., on the other 
hand, I found rather scarce in southern Hampshire, though elsewhere 
good numbers were recorded in the late season. I have mentioned 
already the excellent numbers of the commoner Nymphalidae in 
1982, but a particular interesting record is of Nymphalis io L., 
caught and photographed on June 26th by the R.S.P.B. warden on 
Handa, Sutherland. This seems an exceptionally early date for a 
newly emerged peacock so far north. I have seen hibernated speci- 
mens in Argyll as late as June 10th and I wonder if this was the 
status of the Handa specimen. Apatura iris L., The Purple Emperor, 
seemed to have enjoyed another favourable year. I saw a few 
examples in local woodland, and on July 3rd a superb, newly- 
emerged male displayed on the road in front of me in south west 
Wilts. In west Sussex and Surrey it apparently had an excellent 
season. Unfortunately one report was received of large numbers of 
iris having been taken by individual collectors in this area. I have 
no wish to stir up controversy about this. The Purple Emperor is 
not endangered by moderate collecting, but if individuals are irre- 
sponsible and excessive there may be a call for yet more restrictive 
legislation. Undoubtedly the greatest threat to Apatura iris L. 
comes from forestry policy. Creating a “‘Conservation Area” in south 
west Wilts where the butterfly was already common, then subse- 


178 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 
quently devastating the woodland, is an unhappy example of this. 
The White Admiral Limenitis camilla L.has had similar problems 
in recent years. It seems to be slightly more subject to adverse 
meteorological conditions. In 1982 it was reported in good numbers 
in west Sussex and is reappearing in some Wiltshire and Hampshire 
localities where it has been virtually absent for several years. It also 
appears to be extending its range in Worcestershire and Shropshire. 
1982 was generally a very favourable year for Hamearis lucina 
L. It was described as “holding its own or better’, in Westmorland. 
In north Dorset and in the Hampshire chalk localities it appeared 
in strength. In east Kent the Duke of Burgundy had declined almost 
to extinction in 1980 and 1981 but now appears to be on the in- 
crease again. Few records were received of Cupido minimus Fuessl. 
Small numbers were seen flying with cinxia on the Isle of Wight; 
specimens were noted imbibing moisture at Downe in Kent and a 
second brood was recorded in August from Banstead Downs, Surrey. 
Two reports of Aricia artaxerxes. F. concerned the Witherslack 
colonies. Though remaining local, these limestone colonies were 
found to be flourishing in 1982. The Common Blue, Polyommatus 
icarus Rott. produced a good second brood nearly everywhere, but 
had a patchy time earlier on in the year. The same applied to 
Lysandra bellargus Rott. which was reported in good numbers as 
early as May 9th at Ranmore, Surrey, and produced a healthy 
second generation in late August/September in many of its colonies. 
There was a prolonged emergence in the second brood; it was 
recorded as early as August 15th at Corfe and I saw fresh females in 
mid September along the Dorset coast path near Swanage. In Sussex 
bellargus improved on its 1981 showing and it also appeared in a 
new locality near Warminster, Wiltshire. In the Queensdown area, 
Kent, bellargus occurs in one or two sites and in these was described 
as fairly common. This beautiful ‘blue’ was also seen commonly 
in one locality on the Isle of Wight. Lysandra coridon Poda. also 
made something of a comeback in 1982 after several very lean 
years: at Portland ab. fowleri, ab. caeca and ab. obsoleta forms 
were reported. The Warminster colonies recovered slightly but 
the coridon population there has been at a very low ebb recently. 
It was interesting to hear of signs of local recovery in the case of the 
Holly Blue, Celestrina argiolus L.1 saw one in May on Southampton 
Common and a few near Bishops Waltham in late July. A few also 
were seen in Breconshire and it was recorded at Folkestone as 
late as August 26th. It became comparatively plentiful in Kew, 
Surrey, however in both spring and summer broods and it is also 
making something of a comeback in the Lewes area of Sussex. 
One butterfly that was consistently reported as scarce through- 
out was Theclaquercus L. — the only exception being a report 
from Banstead, Surrey, where it was seen in numbers on August 
Ist. Thecla betulae L. on the other hand had a good year. I esti- 


A REVIEW OF BRITISH BUTTERELIES IN 1982 i739 


mated the number of winter ova near Selborne to be higher than 
usual and in the lanes north of Oxford around the Bucks border, 
Dr. T. W. Tolman and I found ova almost ubiquitous in hedge-rows 
and wood borders in January of this year. A count was made of ova 
in the isolated localities in Worcestershire and favourable numbers 
were reported from there also. Sporadic reappearance of Stry- 
monidia w-album Knoch. also seems to have been a feature of 1982. 
It was reported from near Orpington Kent and a sprinkling of sight- 
ings were made in Worcestershire, Shropshire and near Hereford. 
A healthy colony was discovered on the Isle of Wight in 1981 and 
this was holding its own in 1982. It still occurs in the woods west 
of Winchester, but a search for ova on a healthy wych elm, where 
w-album used to occur only two miles from my present home, 
resulted in disappointment. Its congener Strymonidia pruni L. was 
present in numbers in at least one south Bucks locality in 1982 
and in the same area the editor and I saw one or two resting in the 
blackthorns during a day of continuous rain at the end of June. 

Leptidea sinapis L. had a good season in west Sussex near 
Plaistow, and, though down on numbers slightly in the west 
Midlands, it was reported as extending its range in Worcestershire 
and Hereford. I personally found Antocharis cardamines L. abundant 
in south Hants in 1982, but in Wiltshire it was apparently less com- 
mon than usual and in Cumbria it is apparently becoming scarcer 
each year. The Spring Skippers Erynnis tages L. and Pyrgus malvae 
L. were both up to strength in south Hants, Dorset, Wiltshire and 
Wyre Forest, Worcestershire. On the other hand both were reported 
as very scarce in Sussex in 1982. Tages was also generally uncommon 
in Cumbria. A new locality was discovered in east Scotland, near 
Rosemarkie, where the Dingy Skipper is a very local insect indeed. 
Thymelicus lineola has apparently almost replaced the closely 
related Thymelicus sylvestris in the Isle of Sheppey and this has 
been taking place gradually over the last ten years. Lineola is also 
spreading along the Sussex coastal strip to west of the Adur Valley 
and in many places is present in good numbers. The very local 
butterfly Hesperia comma L. had a thoroughly successful year in 
this area of Hampshire where there are two good strong colonies. 
The best of these is undoubtedly that near Broughton, where the 
butterfly was out in force in the first fortnight of August. It was 
also fairly plentiful in the east Kentish locality near Dover, which is 
probably its last stronghold in Kent. A rediscovered locality near 
Stroud, Gloucestershire, apparently revealed only one example last 
year, but I am informed the habitat is not ideal for it there. The fine 
last summer weather in 1982 led into a very wet autumn. The 
weather remained fairly mild however and many of the hardier 
butterflies were seen well into October and November. It will be 
interesting to see whether the wet, mild, winter will offset the 
generally favourable butterfly season of 1982. 


180 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 
Acknowledgements 


I would like to thank the following for their contributions to 
this review: Messrs. A. J. Baldwin, R. D. Barrington, J. M. Chalmers- 
Hunt; P.sHisClouter; (RaM.Craske PA. CrossisMi eye Boleys 
J. E. Green, G. C. Haines, M. S. Harvey, D. C. Hulme, M. Oates, 
H. G. Phelps, J. Platts (per J.M.C.-H.) P. J. Sankey-Baker (per 
J.M.C.-H.) P. A. Sokoloff, Rev. J. H. Vine-Hall, and Miss E. J. M. 
Warren. 


THE QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY REARED FROM EGGS. — 
I was very sorry to learn of the death of Mr. T. D. Fearnehough 
(Ent. Rec., 95: 114), whose notes I enjoyed reading over many 
years. The reference to his successful breeding of Argynnis lathonia 
L. (Queen of Spain Fritillary) is of special interest to me. Mr. O.G. 
Watkins, with whom I corresponded over the years, although we 
never met, kindly sent me several eggs of the same butterfly in 
1949, and I reared no less than five butterflies. They emerged in the 
autumn of that year, and they are now in my collection. The larvae 
fed on pansy leaves. — G. E. HYDE, 26 Warnington Drive, Bessacarr, 
Doncaster, S. Yorkshire DN4 6SS. 


AGLAIS URTICAE L. AB. NIGRA TUTT. — A fine example of 
this rare aberration occurred in August 1982 near Dosthill Quarry, 
Tamworth, Staffs. As it flew from thistle head to thistle head, 
it was immediately distinguishable from the normal small tortoise- 
shells it was amongst, of which there were about 300 on two exten- 
sive patches of thistle. The specimen was first seen on the 27th, and 
again on the 28th and 3 Ist of August. A good photograph was taken 


of it and submitted to the Editor of the Record. — P.B.DARCH, 
9 Maxstoke Close, Dosthill, Tamworth, Staffs, B77 INP. 
COURTSHIP AND PAIRING IN INACHIS IO L. — Courtship 


and pairing of butterflies is not a frequently observed event and I 
don not previously recall observing this in /nachis io L.. On 16th 
April, a warm sunny day, peacocks and small tortoiseshells were 
flying frequently in and across our garden at Caversham. Towards 
mid afternoon two peacocks were indulging in an interesting flight 
pattern, one butterfly following the other in a fairly straight flight 
path and both insects exhibiting an unusual regular fluttering of 
wings. After making two of these purposeful looking flights the pair 
suddenly flew out of view under the eaves of a garden shed and 
I went down to investigate. Both butterflies were found sitting 
quietly in copula in a dark corner — it was 3.45 p.m. Two hours 
later they were still in the same position and they were left undis- 
turbed until 9.30 a.m. the following morning. By that time one of the 
pair, presumably the male, had disappeared, but the other butterfly 
remained under the eaves for another three days, each of these days 
being cool and wet. By the fourth day sunny, warm weather had 
returned and, as expected, the remaining butterfly had flown some- 
time before 9.30 am. — _ B.R. BAKER, 25 Matlock Road, Caver- 
sham, Berks. 


FOUR SPECIES OF MEGASELIA NEW TO BRITAIN 181 


FOUR SPECIES OF MEGASELIA (DIPTERA:PHORIDAE) 
NEW TO BRITAIN FROM HAYLEY WOOD, 
CAMBRIDGESHIRE 


By R. H. L. DISNEY * 


Hayley Wood, Cambridgeshire (Grid ref. 52/2953) is a Grade I 
Site of Special Scientific Interest (Site W. 40 in Ratcliffe, 1977). 
It was with interest, therefore, that I examined collections of scuttle 
flies made by D. M. Unwin, during 1980, in this famous wood. The 
collections represented specimens of more than 70 species. Only 
ten species did not belong to the giant genus Megaselia. Among 
the latter four species are new to the British List. They are detailed 
below. 

Megaselia aculeata (Schmitz, 1919). 

Males of this species are readily distinguished from related 
species by the presence of a pair of sclerotised plates, bearing bristles, 
situated on the venter of abdominal segment 6 (see fig. 255 in 
Schmitz, 1958). 

Four males were recorded from Hayley Wood, two in June and 
two in September. In addition P. J. Chandler has sent me a male 
caught on 25 May 1980 at Chippenham Fen, Cambridgeshire (Grid. 
ref. 52/6469). I have also caught a male at Flatford Mill, Suffolk, 
(Grid ref. 62/079330) in August 1981. The species has previously 
been recorded from Germany, Holland and Portugal. 

Megaselia insons (Lundbeck, 1920). 

This species is more variable than has been supposed and only 
some specimens will key out correctly in Schmitz’s (1957) Key. 
However, I have confirmed the identity by comparison with the 
type (kindly loaned by Dr. Lief Lyneborg, Zoologisk Museum, 
Copenhagen, Denmark). 

Six males were recorded from Hayley Wood, three in June, 
one in July and two in August. I have collected it from Flatford 
Mill, Suffolk (Grid ref. 62/080329) in August 1981; from Malham 
Tarn, North Yorkshire (Grid ref. 34/889673 and 34/893673) in 
June 1976 and June 1982: from Aviemore (Grid ref. 28/893112) 
in July 1982; and D. Henshaw collected it at Waltham Abbey, 
Essex (Grid ref. 52/3-0-) in May, 1982. 

The species has previously been recorded from Austria, Ger- 
many, Denmark, Holland, Portugal and Poland. 

Megaselia intercostata (Lundbeck, 1921) 

The costal index and costal cilia of the single specimen from 
Hayley Wood (collected in June) are a little longer than as given by 
Lundbeck (1922) and Schmitz and Beyer (1965). However I have 
*Malham Tarn Field Centre, Settle, North Yorkshire, BD24 9PU. 


182 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 


confirmed the identity by comparison with the type (kindly loaned 
by Dr. Lief Lyneborg). A detailed description in English is given by 
Lundbeck (1922). 

The species has previously been recorded from Austria, Ger- 
many, Denmark, Holland and Poland. 
Megaselia subconvexa (Lundbeck, 1920) 

Males of this species can be readily distinguished from several 
similar species by the upper part of the epandrium forming a curious, 
collar-like development around the base of the anal tube (see figs. 
355 and 356 in Schmitz and Beyer, 1965). 

Five were collected in Hayley Wood, in August and September. 
In addition P. J. Chandler collected a single male at Chippenham Fen 
on 25 May 1980. 

The species has previously been recorded from Austria, Den- 
mark and Holland. 


Acknowledgements 


I am grateful to the Royal Society for grants to support my 
investigations of Phoridae. 


References 


Lundbeck, W. 1920. New species of Aphiochaeta from Denmark. 
Vidensk. Medadr. dansk. naturh, Foren. 71: 1-34. 

Lundbeck, W. 1921. New species of Phoridae from Denmark, to- 
gether with remarks on Aphiochaeta groenlandica Lundb. 
Vidensk. Medadr. dansk. naturh. Foren, 72: 129-143. 

Lundbeck, W. 1922. Pipunculidae, Phoridae. Diptera Danica 6: 
1-455. 

Ratcliffe, D. A. (Ed). 1977. A Nature Conservation Review, vol 2. 
University Press, Cambridge. 

Schmitz, H. 1919. Neue europaische Aphiochaeta-Arten. I. Ent. 
Ber. Ned ent. Ver. 5: 139-146. 

Schmitz, H. 1957. In Lindner, E (Ed). Fliegen palaerkt. Reg. 4(33) 
Phoridae (Lief. 196): 417 - 464. 

Schmitz, H. 1958. Ibid. (Lief. 202): 465 - 512. 

Schmitz, H. & Beyer, E. 1965. /bid. (Lief. 258, 260): 513 - 608. 


APOTOMIS SAUCIANA SAUCIANA FROLICH (LEP.: TORTRI- 
CIDAE) IN KENT. — From two larvae collected 181.1982 
whilst sweeping the Bilberry at Oldbury Hill, Nr. Sevenoaks, a single 
adult emerged on 21.vi.1982. The foodplant is very local in the 
county and restricted to the sandy areas of the south-west, and it 
is possible that this species is very scarce in Kent as I am not aware 
of any recent records. — N. F. HEAL, Fosters, Detling Hill, Nr. 
Maidstone, Kent. 


NOTES ON SCOTTISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA, 1982 183 
NOTES ON SCOTTISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA, 1982 


K. P. BLAND* 


The following species of special note have come my way in 1982; 

Diplodoma herminata (Geoff.) Larvae of this species were 
found in a rather unusual location on 9 & 25.iv.1982 in Meggernie 
and Gallin Pinewoods, Perthshire (O.S.Grid NN/5244, 5545 & 
5645: V.c.88). They were among the debris behind the loose 
bark of dead Caledonian Pines — in one instance they were as much 
as 2 feet above the ground. An imago emerged on 25.v.1982. Larvae 
of this species were also found on the latter date (25.iv.1982) in 
a roadside oakwood at Balnaguard, Perthshire (O.S.Grid NN/9451; 
V.c.88). These were in the more typical location of just above the 
ground litter in the buttressroot angles at the base of large oaks. 
They produced an imago on 30.v.1982. 

Bucculatrix cristatella Zell. In 1894, William Evans (Evans, 
1897) recorded Bucculatrix cristatella from Pettycur, Fife (V.c.85). 
This has remained the only Scottish record for this species until 
present. On 29.v.1982 a search of Achillea millefolia at Pettycur 
(O.S.Grid NT/2686) yielded a single empty Bucculatrix moulting- 
cocoon. A further search on 31 vii.1982 was more successful yield- 
ing several empty moulting-cocoons and 5 pupation-cocoons; the 
latter producing imagines of B. cristatella between 1-5.vii.1982. 
Its persistence in its former locality was thus established. Sub- 
sequently vacated Bucculatrix moulting- and pupation- cocoons on 
Achillea millefolia were found at Seton Bents, East Lothian (O.S. 
Grid NT/4376:V.c.82 on 10.viii. 1982) and Duddingston Loch, 
Edinburgh (O.S. Grid NT/2872;V.C.83 on 12.viii.1982) suggesting 
that it is quite widespread in the Forth region. 

Glyphipterix equitella (Scop.) Three imagines of this species 
were taken about Sedum acre on Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh (O.S. 
Grid NT/2772:V.c.83) on 4.ix.1982. This appears to be only the 
second record of this species from Scotland; it previously having 
been taken at Moncreiffe Hill, Perthshire in the 1870s (Moncreiffe, 
1880). 

Coleophora albitarsella Zell. This species was bred from larval 
cases found feeding on Origanum vulgare (Marjoram) at Aberdour, 
Fife (O.S.Grid NT/1985; V.c.85) on 9.v.1982. An imago emerged 
on 22.vi.1982. Cases of this species have been collected at this 
location previously (6.xi.1977) but failed to produce imagines. 
This appears to be the first recorded locality for this species in 
Scotland. 

Coleophora lithargyrinella Zell. A small coleophorid larva was 
found feeding on Stellaria holostea near Hartside, Berwickshire 
*35 Charterhall Road, Edinburgh EH9 3HS. 


184 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 
(O.S.Grid NT/4753;V.c.81) on 9.viii.1981. The imago was success- 
fully reared (emerged 16.vi.1982) and proved to be Coleophora 
lithargyrinella. This appears to be the first record for this species 
in Scotland. 

Syncopacma sangiella (Stt.) Several dark larvae in spun shoots 
of Lotus corniculatus collected on Cramond Island, Midlothian 
(O.S.Grid NT/1978; V.c. 83) on 29.v.1982, produced imagines of 
this species on 10-28.vii.1982. Although known from Scotland for 
a long time, this species appears to have been recorded only from 
Kincardinshire (V.c.91) and Aberdeenshire (V.c.92 & 93) (Hulme, 
Palmer & Young, 1978). 

Dichrorampha alpinana (Treits.) Four females of this species 
were bred from larvae in the rootstocks of Chrysanthemum leucan- 
themum collected on 31.v.1982 at Blackford, Edinburgh (O.S.Grid 
NT/2571;V.c.83). Imagines emerged between 6-10.vi.1982 and 
appear to be the first specimens of this species recorded in Scotland 
(Bradley, Tremewan & Smith, 1979). 

Chilo phragmitella (Hbn.) Several worn specimens of this 
species came to M.V. light by the Phragmites bed at Adderstonelee 
Moss, Roxburghshire (O.S. Grid NT/5311;V.c.80) on 3-4.viii.1982. 
This species seems to be rather uncommon in Scotland, only having 
been recorded previously from Mid-Perthshire (1959) and the Tay 
Estuary (1967). 


Acknowledgements 


In preparing these notes liberal use was made of the Scottish 
Insect Records Catalogue at the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh 
by courtesy of Dr. M. R. Shaw. 


References 


Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G. & Smith, A. 1979. British Tortri- 
coid Moths; Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. Ray Society. 

Evans, W. 1897. Notes on Lepidoptera collected in the Edinburgh 
district. Annals of Scottish Natural History 1897, 89-110. 

Hulme, P. D., Palmer, R. M., & Young, M. R. 1978. Lepidoptera of 
Aberdeenshire and Kincardinshire. Entomologist’s Record 
90 (9), 237-241. 

Moncreiffe, T. 1880. The Lepidoptera of Moncreiffe Hill. The Scot- 
tish Naturalist 5, 69-77. 


THE PINE HAWK: HYLOICUS PINASTRI L. IN WARWICKSHIRE. — 
On the 28th June 1982, a worn male of this species visited the light 
trap here at Charlecote. This appears to be the first record of this 
species for the county. — A. F. J. GARDNER, Willows End, 29 
Charlecote, Nr. Warwick. 


INSECTS FROM MONTSERRAT 185 
A FEW INSECTS FROM MONTSERRAT, 
WEST INDIES 


By J. COOTER* 


In view of the apparent paucity of records from this small 
member of the Leeward Islands, I thought it worthwhile to list the 
few species captured by my father and myself during a brief visit 
in 1975. Montserrat is about 30 miles south-west of Antigua, 16° 
45'N, 62° 14’ W. 

None of the residents we came into contact with could recall 
entomologists visiting the Island, but there are a few records in 
Blackwelder, R.E. (Checklist of the Coleopterous Insects of Mexico, 
Central America, the West Indies and South America. United States 
National Museum Bulletin 185, parts 1-6 (1944-1957)). Of the 
few species recorded here, only two are listed by Blackwelder as 
occuring in Montserrat (indicated by an asterisk*). 

Lepidoptera: Anartia jatrophae Johanss., Salem, 4.ix. 

Odonata: Lepthemis vesiculosa F., Orthemis ferruginea F., 
Triacanthagyna trifida Rambur and Erythrodiplax umbrata L., 
all in flight around a pool at the road side near the sports stadium 
between Plymouth and Richmond Hill, 31 viii. 

Dermaptera: Carcinophoridae — Euborellia stali (Dohrn) 2 ? 
(det. A. Brindle) Richmond Hill, 28 viii. 

Coleoptera: Histeridae — Atholus confinis (Er.) (det. J. Thérond) 
Richmond Hill, 28.viii. Scarabaeoidea — Ligyrus cuniculus (F.) 
(det. R. D. Pope) Richmond Hill, 31.viii., dead specimens floating 
in swimming pool. Elateridae — Heteroderes sp. (det. C. M. F. v. 
Hayek) Spanish Point, 31.viii. (no species recorded by Blackwelder 
from the Leeward Islands). Cantharidae — genera and species in- 
determinate (det. E. R. Peacock) Salem, 4.ix. (3ex). Lampyridae — 
Aspisoma ignitum L. var. polyzona Chev. (det. E. R. Peacock) 
Richmond Hill, 29.viii. (3ex). Dermestidae — Trogoderma ornatum 
Say @ (det. E. R. Peacock) Richmond Hill, 29 viii. Coccinellidae — 
Cycloneda sangiunea (L.) (det. R.D. Pope). Tenebrionidae — Phaleria 
fulva Fleut. & Salle (det. C. A. Triplehorn) 17 examples under a 
dead fish on the beach at Foxes Bay, 6.ix.; Crypticus sp. Botanic 
Gardens, Plymouth (Blackwelder lists no species from the West 
Indies). Cerambycidae — Eubria decemmaculata F., Richmond Hill, 
29 viii., at light. Chrysomelidae — (all det. S. L. Shute) — Metriona 
trisignata Bohm., Salem, 4.ix. (2 ex); Galerucella tropica Jac. 
Plymouth, 29. viii., Homophoeta albicollis F. Richmond Hill, 
31 viii. (8ex); Lema sp. indeterminate, Salem, 4.ix. (2ex), Curcu- 
lionidae — (all det. R. T. Thompson) — Sitophilus linearis (Hb.) 
“The Tamarind Weevil’’, common in ripe tamarind pods, Richmond 


*20 Burdon Drive, Bartestree, Hereford. 


186 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 


Hill and Old Towne; Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.)* Plymouth, 2.ix. 
(ex); D. famelicus (01.) Plymouth, 30.viii. (4ex), Spanish Point, 31. 
viii. (2ex), Upper Galways Estate 3.ix. (2ex); Lachnopus species, 
curvipes-group Richmond Hill, 29.viii (lex), Plymouth, 30.viii. 
(3ex), Spanish Point 31 .viii (lex) (no Lachnopus species are recor- 
ded from Montserrat by Blackwelder); Litostylus pudens (Bohe- 
man)* Plymouth, 28.viii. (lex) Spanish Point, 31 .viii. (lex); Psewdo- 
mus species indeterminate, Richmond Hill, 30.viii, Salem, 8.ix 
(no Pseudomus species recorded by Blackwelder from the Lee- 
ward Islands). 

Examples of all the Coleoptera have been donated to the 
British Museum (Natural History), London. I would like to ex- 
press my thanks to Martin Brendell (BM(NH)) and to all the other 
authorities who determined material. | am also grateful to Mr. and 
Mrs. E. Herman for generous hospitality afforded to us while on 
Montserrat. 


POSSIBLE DEFENCE REACTION OF XYLOCAMPA AREOLA 
ESPER’ (LEP) NOCTUIDAE) PUPA,’ >On 25th July; 1932) Fa 
silk cocoon containing a pupa of Xyvlocampa areola Esp., the Early 
Grey, was discovered on a piece of sack-cloth in a garden shed at 
East Ham, Essex, when I promptly placed this in a suitable container 
and put it on one side for the winter. | did not examine it again 
until 14th August, 1982, when I was surprised to discover that a 
noise seemed to be produced from the cocoon when it was picked 
up. 

Employing a 100 watt light bulb to ‘‘candle” the cocoon, (as 
one would a chicken egg to monitor embryo development), it was 
possible to see that the noise, which resembled the crushing of dead 
leaves under foot, was produced by rapid vibration of the abdominal 
segments of the pupa against the internal walls of the extremely 
rigid cocoon. The sound produced was clearly audible 4 metres 
away across the room. 

I can only assume that this is some form of defensive reaction; 
it certainly startled me, although one has serious doubts as to the 
value of causing a predator to drop a rigid silk cocoon which is then 
completely unable to escape further attack. Since the cocoon was 
firmly stuck to the surface upon which it was found however, it 
may simply be that the noise acts as a deterrent to more casual 
predators that might investigate the cocoon and be simply scared 
away by the sudden noise. I cannot see it being terribly effective 
however! 

The moth, a male, emerged on 12th May, 1983, having been 
kept on a west facing window-sill inside an unheated room since 
its discovery. — C. W. PLANT, Assistant Curator, Natural Sciences 
(Biology), Passmore Edwards Museum, Romford Road, Stratford, 
London, E15 4LZ. 


MICROLEPIDOPTERA — A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1982 187 


MICROLEPIDOPTERA — 
A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1982 


Compiled by DAVID J. L. AGASSIZ * 


This is the third year I have attempted to compile this review, 
but the first time it has been such a joyful account of interesting 
records and discoveries, thanks largely to better weather in 1982. 

It is also the first attempt at a rather more comprehensive set 
of records. I approached a number of field entomologists around 
the country and the response has been very encouraging. It is hoped 
that the list of records included will be of greater use to researchers 
in future years. 

Pride of place must go to the discovery of species new to 
Britain: an Agonopterix species was found to be resident by Dr. 
J. R. Langmaid and E. C. Pelham-Clinton; each had taken an adult 
in earlier years and their search for larvae was duly rewarded — we 
await publication on this with great interest. In a similar category is 
a Coleophora species bred by N. F. Heal; this was first exhibited 
as C. suaedivora Meyr. but further investigation proved it to be a 
different species — a paper on this is also awaited. It is possible that 
these species have yet to be described and named. 

Two specimens of Elachista littoricola Le Marchand were taken 
by E. H. Wild in South Hampshire; its status has yet to be estab- 
lished, but it could well be resident. A single Zophodia convolutella 
Hb. was taken in Kent by J. Roche; this large Phycitid could easily 
gain a foothold for it is sometimes a pest on the Continent. 

On the outskirts of London a specimen of Argyresthia trifas- 
ciata Staud. was taken by R. A. Softly and it will be interesting to 
see whether this has become established on cultivated junipers. 
Although first taken in 1954, it was not until 1982 that Plutella 
haasi Staud. was correctly identified by the Finnish entomologist 
Dr. J. Kyrki. A single specimen was taken by Canon G. A. K. Hervey 
in western highlands of Scotland where it must surely be resident. 

Leucinodes orbonalis (Guen.) was added to the list of casual 
imported species by H.E. Beaumont who bred one from an 
aubergine. 

Although it had been recorded from Ireland, Coleophora 
ramosella Zell. was taken for the first time in the United Kingdom 
by N. F. Heal who works so well on that group. Also confirmed as 
resident on the British mainland was Luffia lapidella Goeze complete 
with males! Hitherto only the parthenogenetic females of L. ferchau- 
Itella Steph. have been found except in the Channel Isles, but 
Dr. F. H. N. Smith in Cornwall has remedied the position. 

Recent arrivals in Britain continued to be found: Dioryctria 


*The Vicarage, High View Avenue, Grays, Essex, RM17 6RU. 


188 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 
schuetzeella Fuchs was taken in Kent again by several entomologists, 
but as yet there is little evidence of spread further afield. It is 
encouraging to hear that Bisigna procerella D. & S. seems to have 
a good foothold in or near its original locality in East Kent, where 
J. M. Chalmers-Hunt and others have taken specimens. Metzneria 
aprilella H.-S. has been found much more widely than its discovery 
in central southern England suggested, with records coming from 
Yorkshire and East Anglia. Stigmella samiatella Zell. is found by 
A. M. Emmet to have a yet more sure base in north-east Essex. 
Eucosma metzneriana Treits. yielded a second British specimen to 
Dr. J. R. Langmaid in Southsea — a long step from the first in Cam- 
bridgeshire. Cydia pactolana Zell. has been found by T. G. Winter 
to have extended its range into Surrey and Berkshire and is probably 
even more widespread but overlooked. 

Very rare or rediscovered species include Pammene agnotana 
Rebel of which the second British specimen was taken by R. 
Fairclough. A. M. Emmet found the very local Phyllonorycter sapor- 
tella Dup. to be locally common in East Anglia. Tebenna bjerkan- 
drella Thunb., a very little-known species was found in south-west 
England by R. J. Heckford who bred the species, and also in South 
Ireland by K. G. M. Bond. Other long-lost species found were 
Epermenia insecurella Stt., Coleophora ochrea Haw. and Pyralis 
lienigialis, all of which are an encouragement when so many habitats 
seem threatened. 

New understanding of life histories is at least as important as 
the discovery of adults and can lead to a better understanding of a 
species’ distribution. Such a case is Depressaria ultimella Stt. which 
R. J. Heckford found on Apium nodiflorum; other interesting new 
information was found by A. M. Emmet about Crombrugghia 
distans Zell., and it seems Platyptilia calodactyvla D. & S. may 
have a foodplant other than Solidago virgaurea. 

Palpita unionalis Wb. was probably the most widely recorded 
migrant ‘micro’ in 1982 but there was also a record of Phthorimaea 
operculella Zell. by E. C. Pelham-Clinton at Dungeness, and from 
Wiltshire G. Smith recorded Euchromius ocellea Haw. T. Peet’s 
record of Agrotera nemoralis Scop. in Guernsey seems to place 
that species among the migrants and raises questions about its 
status in south-east England, where perhaps it is only a temporary 
resident, depending largely on migration. 

Within the country the most noticeable movement is that of 
Crocidosema plebejana Zell. which has spread from the south-west, 
turning up not only in Hampshire but in Kent and Essex. Ectoede- 
mia turbidella Zell. is found to have moved in the opposite direc- 
tion, and Bucculatrix cidarella Zell?s habit of feeding on Myrica 
has been found to occur even in England! 

The systematic list now follows. Most of the records given 
are new county (or vice-county) records. References are included 


MICROLEPIDOPTERA — A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1982 189 
wherever possible and the source of the record is given by the initials 
of those whose names follow and to whom I am very grateful for 
their help and collaboration. It has not always been easy to decide 
which records to include, but to cover any imprudent omissions 
I have prepared a duplicated list of all the records submitted which 
is available to contributors and others interested who send a S.A.E.; 
numbers of vice-counties are given in parentheses. Year: 1982 
unless stated otherwise. 

Contributors: H. E. Beaumont, K. P. Bland, J. M. Chalmers- 
Hunt, H. E. Chipperfield, M. F. V. Corley, A. M. Emmet, R. J. 
Fairclough, J. L. Fenn. M. W. Harper, N. F. Heal, R. J. Heckford, 
J. R. Langmaid, H. N. Michaelis, E. C. Pelham-Clinton, J. Roche, 
A. N. B. Simpson, F. H. N. Smith, P. A. Sokoloff, D. H. (& P. H.) 
Sterling, M. J. Sterling, R. G. Warren, E. H. Wild & M. R. Young. 


MICROPTERIGIDAE 
Micropterix tunbergella Fab. Blairgowrie (89) °81 — KPB, 
Ent. Rec. 94: 219 
NEPTICULIDAE 

Bohemannia quadrimaculella Boh. Loch Kindar (73) — 


new to Scotland 


MRY, 


Etainia decentella H.-S. 
Ectoedemia argyropeza Zell. 


E. turbidella Zell. 

Trifurcula griseella Wolff 

T. cryptella Stt. 

Stigmella filipendulae Wocke 


S. samiatella Zell. 

S. acetosae Stt. 
INCURVARIIDAE 
Lampronia fuscatella Tengst. 
Adela croesella Scop. 
PSYCHIDAE 

Solenobia inconspicuella Stt. 
Diplodoma herminata Geoff. 


Luffia lapidella Goeze 


TINEIDAE 
Triaxomera fulvimitrella Sodof. 


Notts. (S56) °81 — MJS 
Inverpolly (105) — MRY, most 
northerly record. 

Faringdon (22) — MFVC 

Beer (3) 13-iv — RJH 

Worcs. (37) bred — ANBS 
Brixham (3) vacated mines — 
RJH 

N. E. Essex (19) becoming well 
established — AME 

Dalbeattie (73) °81 — KPB, 
Ent. Rec. 94: 219, new to 
Scotland. 


Romford (18) — N. Nash per 
AME 

Caerlaverock (72) ’81 — KPB, 
Ent. Rec. 94: 219 


Queen’s Wood (36) — MWH 
Perths. (88) larvae — KPB 

Marazion (1) ’81.& ’82 — FHNS, - 
Ent. Rec. 95: 53 — 57 


Harewood Forest (12) — DHS; 
Powerscourt (H20) — JMC-H, 


190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 


Tinea columbariella Wocke 


LYONETIIDAE 
Bucculatrix cristatella Zell. 


B. cidarella Zell. 
B. thoracella Thunb. 


GRACILLARIIDAE 
Caloptilia robustella Jackh 


Parectopa ononidis Zell. 


Phyllonorycter roboris Zell. 


P. saportella Dup. 


CHOREUTIDAE 


Tebenna bjerkandrella Thunb. 


Choreutis sehestediana Fabr. 


GLYPHIPTERIGIDAE 
Glyphipterix minorella Snell. 
YPONOMEUTIDAE 
Argyresthia trifasciata Staud. 


Yponomeuta rorrella Hb. 


Swammerdamia compunctella H.-S. 


Ypsolophus dentella Fabr. 


15.1X.83 


Ir. Nat. J. 20: 532 

Witham and Wickham Bishops 
(19) 50 — E.M.M. 87: 171 
Rainham (18) ’81 — G. S. 
Robinson, Ent. Gaz. 33: 51; 
Grays (18) 81 & ’82 — DJLA 


Scotland (82; 83" 1 "85 = 
KPB 

Larva on Myrica in England 
(9) — AME, Ent. Rec. 94: 
238 

S. “Hants*(11)="DHS @IRIe 
Ent. Rec. 89: 315 & 94 : 206 


New to Ireland (H1) JMC-H, 
ir Nat. Jo 20. 53:2 

S. Essex (18) locally common 
from Purfleet to Foulness — 
AME 

Surrey (17) — NFH & RIF, 
Ent. Rec: 93 12 

Norfolk (27 & 28) & Suffolk 
(25) — AME, Ent. Rec. 94: 
119, 244. 


Douglas (H4) — K. G. M. Bond, 
Ent. Rec. 95: 28; bred Devon 
etc. — RJH, Publication awaited. 
Danbury (18) ’81 — AME; 
Plympton (3) — RJH; Coll (103) 
larvae on Scutellaria minor, — 
KPB, Ent. Rec. 94: 219 


Edinburgh (83) 4.ix. — KPB 


Hampstead (21) June — R. A. 
Softly (AME), Ent. Rec. 94: 
180 - 182 

Ham Street (15) — NFH; 
Faringdon (22) — MFVC 

Hough Wood °79 & Queen’s 
Wood (36) ’81/2 — MWH; 
Scarborough (62) — HEB; New 
Forest (11) ’71 — DJLA 

Larvae on Symphoricarpus rivula- 


MICROLEPIDOPTERA — A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1982 19] 


Plutella haasi Staud. 


EPERMENIIDAE 


Phaulernis fulviguttella Zell. 
Epermenia insecurella Stt. 


E. aequidentellus Hofm. 


COLEOPHORIDAE 


Goniodoma limoniella Stt. 


Coleophora sp. 


C. coracipennella Hb. 


C. cerasivorella Pack. 


C. limosipennella Dup. 


C. fuscocuprella H.-S. 
C. viminetella Zell. 


C. binderella Koll. 
C. albitarsella Zell. 
C. frischella Linn. 


C. hemerobiella Scop. 
C. lithargyrinella Zell. 


C. ochrea Haw. 

C. currucipennella Zell. 
C. trochilella Dup. 

C. machinella Brad. 


C. ramosella Zell. 


C. benanderi Kanerva 


ris at Saltfleetby-Theddlethorpe 
(54) — HEB 

Beinn Eighe (105) 11.vii. °54, 
G.A.K. Hervey, det. J. Kyrki 
°82, new to Britain, Kyrki & 
Jalava, Ent. Gaz. 34: 61 


Breney Common (2) — FHNS 
S. E. England — S. Palmer per 
MRY 

Stodmarsh (15) — JMC-H, Ent. 
Rec. 94: 202 


Saltfleetby-Theddlethorpe (54) 
— HEB, most northerly record. 
Bred from Suaeda (Kent) — 
NFH, identity and publication 
awaited. 

Worcs. (37) — ANBS; S. Yorks 
(63) ’81/82 — HEB, Ent. Rec. 
94: 108, most northerly record. 
S. Yorks (63) larva on Prunus 
spinosa — HEB, most northerly 
record. 

Sprotbrough (63) ’81/82 — HEB, 
Ent. Rec. 94: 190 

Worcs. (37) — ANBS 

Larva on Filipendula ulmaria — 
FHNS Warwicks. (38) — ANBS 
Larva on Carpinus — NFH, 
Ent. Rec., 94: 129 

Aberdour (85) bred — KPB, 
new to Scotland. 

Grays (18) — DJLA; Saffron 
Walden (19) — AME 

Worcs. (37) — ANBS 

Hartside (81) bred — KPB, 
new to Scotland 

Rediscovered in Kent — NFH 
Hilton (57) — MJS 

Larvae on Artemisia absinthium 
—MJS 

A further Surrey (17) record — 
RJF 

Whitstable (15) bred — NFH, 
new to U.K., Ent. Rec. 95: 84 
Grays (18) — DJLA 


192 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 


ELACHISTIDAE 
Elachista alpinella Stt. 
E. littoricola Le Marchand 


E. subalbidella Schlag. 
Cosmiotes stabilella Stt. 


OECOPHORIDAE 
Bisigna procerella D.& S. 


Batia lunaris Haw. 


Depressaria ultimella Stt. 


D. badiella Hb. 

D. douglasella Stt. 
D. weirella Stt. 
Agonopterix sp. 


A. astrantiae Hein. 


ETHMIIDAE 
Ethmia funerella Fabr. 


GELECHIIDAE 
Metzneria aprilella H.-S. 


M. lappella Linn. 


M. aestivella Zell. 
Paltodora cytisella Cutt. 


Monochroa suffusella Doug}; 


M. lutulentella Zell. 
Recurvaria nanella D.& S. 
Teleiodes vulgella Hb. 

T. decorella Haw. 


Chionodes fumatella Dougl. 


Worcs. (37) — ANBS 

Keyhaven (11) 4.vi. — EHW, 
new to Britain, Ent. Rec., 95: 
65 

Alford (54) 6.vi. — HEB 
Axmouth & Beer (3) bred — 
RJH 


Ham Street (15) — JMC-H etc., 
Ent. Rec. 94: 204 

Notts. (56) ’81 — MJS 

Larvae on Apium — RJH 

then others, various localities, 
publication awaited. 

Notts. (56) — MJS 

Worcs. (37) — ANBS 

Herefs. (36) — MWH; Long 
Eaton (57) — MJS 

Cornwall, bred — JRL & ECP-C, 
identity and publication awaited. 
East Meon (11) — DHS & JRL, 
Ent. Rec. 94: 182 


Gt. Sampford (19) 19.v. — N. 
Nash per AME; Clough Wood 
(57) — MJS 


Freckenham (26) bred — ANBS; 
Faringdon (22) — MFVC; S. 
Yorks (63) — HEB 

Derbys (57) — MJS; Cresswell 
(67) — HEB 

Purfleet (18) — DJLA 
Edwinstowe (56) — MJS 

Worcs. (37) — ANBS 

Matching (19) — AJF; Axminster 
(3) 13 vii. — ECP-C 

Worcs. (37) — ANBS 

Larvae on Juniperus — PAS 
Great Horkesley (19)— B. H. 
Harley per AME 

Fingringhoe (19) previously mis- 
identified as B. similis °72 — 
AME; Faringdon (22) — MFVC; 
Barton Mills (26) — AME & 


MICROLEPIDOPTERA — A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1982 193 


Scrobipalpa clintoni Pov. 
Phthorimaea operculella Zell. 


Caryocolum blandulella Tutt 


Nothris congressariella Bruand 


Syncopacma larseniella Gozm. 


S. sangiella Stt. 


Oegoconia quadripuncta Haw. 
MOMPHIDAE 
Mompha terminella H. & W. 


M. miscella D. & S. 
M. conturbatella Hb. 
M. nodicolella Fuchs. 


COCHYLIDAE 
Hysterosia sodaliana Haw. 


Phalonidia alismana Rag. 


Cochylis flaviciliana Westw. 
TORTRICIDAE 


Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hb. 


Aphelia viburnana D. & S. 
Acleris sparsana D. & S. 
A, abietana Hb. 


A. literana Linn. 


Apotomis sororculana Zett. 


ECP-G: Long. Eaton, (57)i .— 
MJS; Woodthorpe (54) — HEB. 
It seems Meyrick’s distribution 
as ‘coastal’ is misleading. 

Jura (102) bred — MRY 

New Romney (15) 10.ix. — 
ECP-C 

Sandwich (15) from larva on 
Cerastium semidecandrum, not 
previously reared in Britain — 
DJLA 

Herm (113) bred — DJLA, Ent. 
I AGES IB B17) 

Woodthorpe (54) 3.viii. — HEB: 
Life history notes — RJH, 
Ent. Rec. 94: 134 

Cramond Island (83) bred — 
KPB; Notts. (56) — MJS; Sprot- 
brough (63) — HEB 

Faringdon (22) — MFVC 


Worcs. (37) — ANBS; Leckford 
@2)— DHS 

Beer (3) — RJH 

Grays (18) 7.vii.81 — DJLA 
Worcs. (37) — ANBS; Deneby 
Ings (63) — HEB 


Heydon (19) larvae 11a 
AME; Faringdon (22) — MFVC 
Attenborough (56) & Hilton 
(57) — MJS 

Worcs. (37) — ANBS 


Larvae on conifers — T. G. 
Winter, Ent. Gaz. 33: 229-230 
Larvae on Genista tinctoria — 
FHNS 

Larvae on Acer campestris — 
MFVC 

Reared from Abies grandis — 
MRY 

Hockwold (28) — JLF; Faring- 
don (22) — MFVC; Handsworth 
(39) — RGW 

Derbys. (57) — MJS 


194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 


Lobesia reliquana Hb. 
L. littoralis H. & W. 


Ancylis geminana Don. 
Crocidosema plebejana Zell. 


Griselda myrtillana H. & W. 


Eucosma metzneriana Treits. 


FE. pauperana Dup. 
E. pupillana Cl. 


Thiodia citrana Hb. 
Clavigesta purdeyi Durr. 
Blastesthia posticana Zett. 
Pammene agnotana Rebel 


P. aurantiana Staud. 
P. trauniana D.& S. 


Cydia caecana Schlag. 
C. compositella Fabr. 
C. pallifrontana L. & Z. 


C. orobana Treits. 


C. pactolana Zell. 


Dicrorampha alpinana Treits. 


D. consortana Steph. 


PYRALIDAE 
Euchromius ocellea Haw. 


Crambus uliginosellus Zell. 
Agriphila latistria Haw. 


Pediasia aridella Thunb. 
Eudonia vandaliella H.-S. 


Copperas Wood (19) ’81 — 
AME 

Larvae on Lotus corniculatus 
(45) — JRL 

Alford (54) 20.vi. - HEB 
Highcliffe (11) three, xi. - EHW; 
Newington (15) 9.ix. — P. J. 
Jewess; Grays (18) 18x. — 
DJLA 

Mynydd Prescelly (45) several 
30.v. — ECP-C 

Southsea (11) 21.vi. — JRL, 
Ent. Rec. 94: 202 

Hockwold (28) bred — JLF 
Edwinstowe (56) & Long Eaton 
(57) — MJS 

Llandudno (49) 10.viii. - HNM 
Notts. (56) ’81 — MJS 
Faringdon (22) — MF VC 

Fleam Dyke (29) 25.iv. — 
RJF, Ent. Rec. 95: 83 

Matching (19) — AJF 

Faringdon (22) °77 & °82 — 
MFVC 

Faringdon (22) ’79 — MFVC 
Staffs. localities (39) 81/82 — 
RGW 

Hadstock (19) 29.vi. — AME; 
Worcs. (37) — ANBS; Herefs. 
(36) — MWH 

Stoke Ferry (28) — JLF; Salt- 
fleetby-Theddlethorpe (54) 3 .viii. 
— HEB 

Windsor Forest (17 & 22) — 
TG. Winter, Ent. Gaz. 332212 
Edinburgh (83) — KPB 
Traeth-y-Mwnt (46) larvae — 
ECP-C 


Trowbridge (8) 7.x. — G. Smith, 
Ent. Ree: 93233 

Loch Log (96) amongst Carex — 
RWJU 

Notts. (56) 81 — MJS 

Needs Ore (11) — DHS 
Faringdon (22) — MFVC. 


MICROLEPIDOPTERA — A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1982 195 


Microstega hyalinalis Hb. Grays (18) — DJLA 

Udea decrepitalis H.-S. Talybont on Usk (42) 6.vi.78 
— P. J. Jewess Ent. Rec. 94: 
124 

Agrotera nemoralis Scop. Guernsey (113) — T.N.D. Peet, 
ENTEIRCCLIS 53] 

Orthopygia glaucinalis Linn. breed from pupal detritus (16) — 
PAS 

Pyralis lienigialis Zell. nr. Faringdon (22) three — 
MFVC 

Aphomia sociella Linn. bred from litter in an outbuild- 


ing, unconnected with bees’ or 
wasps’ nests — PAS 

Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs Rye (14) — M. W. F. Tweedie, 
Ent. Rec. 94: 220; Ham Street 
(15) — various recorders 

Alispa angustella Hb. Grays (18) — DJLA; Dartford 
(16) 5.x. believed to be a partial 
third brood — PAS 

Zophodia convolutella D. & S. nr. Whitstable (15) 30.iv. new 
to Britain. — JR, publication 


awaited. 

PTEROPHORIDAE 

Crombrugghia distans Zell. Discovery of larva — AME, 
Ent. Rec. 95: 15-18 

Platyptilia calodactyla D.& S. Bradwell-on-Sea (18) — A. J. 
Dewick 

Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletch. Holloway (57) — MJS 

Leioptvlus lienigianus Zell. Long Eaton (57) — MJS 

L. carphodactyla Hb. Walton-in-Gordano (6) — ECP-C 
& JRL 

L. tephradactyla Hb. Luxulyan ’79 & Ladock Woods 
(2) — FHNS 


CHLOROPHORUS PILOSUS FORST. VAR. GLABROMACULATUS 
GZE. (COL.: CERAMBYCIDAE) FROM AN IMPORTED CHEESE BOARD. 
— During the summer of 1981, two friends presented me with an 
example of the above named species. It had been found dead in its 
emergence hole in an imported softwood cheeseboard (country of 
manufacture ? Italy) which had been bought some while earlier 
in Manningtree, Essex. Powdery sawdust had been noticed in the 
larder housing the board for some time, but my friends had not 
identified its source. Unfortunately, fearing infestation of other 
timber in their cottage, they burnt the board immediately upon 
discovery of the beetle. The species breeds in dry, deciduous timber 
and is not uncommon in middle Europe. — D. R. NASH, 266 
Colchester Road, Lawford, Essex. C011 2BU. 


196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 


THE FEMALE OF AGRODIAETUS IPHIGENIA 
NONACRIENSIS BROWN 


By JOHN G. COUTSIS* 


When the first two male butterflies of this species were dis- 
covered in Greece, they were provisionally identified as Agrodiaetus 
damone Eversmann. (Brown & de Worms, 1975). 

Later on, and with the aid of more material, Brown described 
these butterflies as subspecies nonacriensis of Agrodiaetus iphigenia 
Herrich-Schaeffer (Brown, 1977) and included in his description, 
what he believed, with reservations, to have been the female of this 
species. He refrained, however, from establishing it as an Allotype. 

After six years of painstaking search, a single female of nona- 
criensis was eventually taken by the author on 13th July 1982, 
at 1600 metres, on a mountain of N. Peloponnissos, Greece. 

The superficial characters of this specimen suggest that Brown’s 
questionable female is, within all probability, Agrodiaetus pelopi 
Brown. 

The single female of nonacriensis may be described as follows 
(Figs. 1 & 4): 

FW length 14mm. Upperside ground colour uniformly dark 
chocolate-brown. FW with clear white Costa and inconspicuous 
black discoidal Stria; fringes brown along their proximal half, pure 
white along their distal half from the Apex to about S6 and whitish 
from S6 to Sla. Fringes on HW as on FW, but proximal half chequered 
with dark brown; outer half whitish throughout. Underside ground 
colour light brown with marked greyish tinge; both wings with light 
brown fringes and a fine dark brown marginal line; FW with con- 
spicuous, but fuzzy, submarginal black markings and traces of 
orange-brown lunules, especially in Sla to S4, also present a few 
traces of antemarginal black spots; post-discal black markings and 
black discoidal stria as in male. HW with prominent white stripe 
along V4 and vestigial submarginal markings and orange-brown 
lunules; post-discal black markings and discoidal black stria, as in 
male. 

The genitalia (Figs, la & 4a) are as follows: Eversible Tube 
entirely diaphanous, with rounded distal end; Ostium Bursae with 


LEGEND 

Females of: 

Agrodiaetus iphigenia nonacriensis Brown: Fig. 1. Upperside; 
Fig. 4. Underside. Mountains of N. Peloponnissos, Greece, 1600m, 
13.vii.1982. Agrodiaetus pelopi Brown: Fig. 2. Upperside; Fig. 5. 
Underside. Mountains of N. Peloponnissos, Greece, 1600m, 13.vii. 
1978. Agrodiaetus aroaniensis Brown: Fig. 3. Upperside; Fig. 6. 
Underside. Mountains of N. Peloponnissos, Greece, 1600m, 13.vii. 
1981. 


*4 Glykonos Street, Athens 139, Greece. 


ISY7/ 
THE FEMALE OFAGRODIAETUS IPHIGENIA NONACRIENSIS BROWN 


| cm _, 


198 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 


Dorsal view of Eversible Tube of female genitalia of Agrodiae- 
tus: Fig. la. A. iphigenia nonacriensis Brown. Mountains of N. 
Peloponnissos, Greece, 1600m, 13.vii.1982. Fig. 2a. A. pelopi 
Brown. Mountains of N. Peloponnissos, Greece, 800m, 7.vii.1973. 
Fig. 3a A. aroaniensis Brown. Mountains of N. Peloponnissos, Greece, 
1400m, 24 .vii.1971. 

Corpus Bursae of female genitalia of Agrodiaetus: Fig. 4a. 
A. iphigenia nonacriensis Brown. Data as in fig. la. Fig. 5a. A. pelopi 
Brown. Data as in fig. 2a. Fig. 6a. A. aroaniensis Brown. Data as 
in fig. 3a. 


199 
THE FEMALE OF AGRODIAETUS IPHIGENIA NONACRIENSIS BROWN 
sclerotised plate, which is oblong, with down-turned ends; Corpus 

Bursae without Signa. 

Agrodiaetus iphigenia nonacriensis is sympatric and synchronic 
with Agrodiaetus pelopi Brown and Agrodiaetus aroaniensis Brown, 
both of which have females that somewhat resemble that of nona- 
criensis. 

The female of nonacriensis differs from those of pelopi (Figs. 
2 & 5) and aroaniensis (Figs. 3 & 6) by: (a) The darker ground 
colour upperside. (b) The pure white FW costa upperside. (In 
pelopi and aroaniensis it is light beige). (c) The whitish outer half 
of fringes upperside. (In pelopi and aroaniensis it is light beige on 
HW and light brown of FW). (d) The marked grey tinge of ground 
colour underside, which is absent in both pe/opi and aroaniensis. 

It differs from that of pelopi by: The uniform ground colour 
upperside, which in pelopi is disrupted by the darker veins. 

It differs from that of aroaniensis by: The presence of a 
prominent white stripe on HW underside, which is either absent 
or vestigial in aroaniensis. 

The genitalia differ from those of pelopi (Figs 2a & Sa) and 
aroaniensis (Figs 3a & 6a) by: (a) The entirely diaphanous Ever- 
sible Tube. (In pelopi and aroaniensis it is sclerotised along its 
distal half). (b) The shape of the sclerotised plate at the Ostium 
Bursae. (Oblong with down-turned ends in nonacriensis, oblong 
with straight ends in pelopi and aroaniensis). (c) The fact that the 
Corpus Bursae lacks Signa. (These are present in pelopi and aroa- 
niensis). 

References 

Brown, J. & Worms, C. G. M. 1975. Agrodiaetus damone (Evers- 
mann) (Lep., Lycaenidae) discovered in the Peloponnese. 
Entomologist’s Gazette, 26: 191-196. 

Brown, J. 1976. On two previously undescribed subspecies of 
Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) from Greece. Entomologische Beri- 
chten, Deel 36: 46-47 

Brown, J. 1976. Notes regarding previously undescribed European 
Taxa of the Genera Agrodiaetus Huebner, 1822 and Polvom- 
matus Kluk, 1801 (Lep., Lycaenidae). Entomologist’s Gazette, 
27: 77-84. 

Brown, J. 1977. On the status of a recently discovered Grecian 
Agrodiaetus Huebner (Lep., Lycaenidae). Entomologist’s 
Gazette, 28: 3-8. 

Higgins, L. G. & Riley, N. D. 1980. (4th Edition). A Field Guide to 
the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Collins, London. 


ORTHOSIA MINIOSA D. & S.: BLOSSOM UNDERWING AND O. 
OPIMA HBN.: NORTHERN DRAB IN WARWICKSHIRE. — Despite 
the cold spring, on the 8th May 1983 a male O. miniosa D. & S. 
appeared here at m.v., and on the 10th May, O. opima Hbn. These 
are the first records for these two species for Charlecote in the 
16 years of the light trap being run here. — A. F. J. GARDNER, 
Willows End, 29 Charlecote, Nr. Warwick. 


200 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 


NOTES ON ULTRAARICIA ANTEROS FREYER 
(LEP.; LYCAENIDAE) FROM GREECE 


By JOHN G. COUTSIS* 


In the Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe 
(Higgins & Riley, 1980) it is mentioned that Ultraaricia anteros 
flies in June/early July in a single brood. 

In Greece, I have collected fresh specimens of this species 
from as early as 7th May to as late as 29th September. The time 
lapse between these two captures suggests that anteros is at least 
double brooded; a view also shared by other authors. 


Cima 


Ultraaricia anteros Freyer, male undersides: Fig. 1. Mt. Par- 
nassos, Greece, 2000m, 18.iv.1967. Fig. 2. Mt. Parnassos, Greece, 
2000m, 3.vii.1965. 


In a recent revisional article of Ultraaricia Beuret (Nekrutenko, 
1980) a new species of Ultraaricia is described from Mts Alibotusch 
and Pirin, in Bulgaria, under the name of orpheus. Amongst the diag- 
nostic characters listed are the morphology of the male genitalia and 
the presence of a black discal spot on FW underside. In fact, this 
latter character is also used in a key to the identification of the 
males of all Ultraaricia species recognised by Nekrutenko. 

In Greece there fly in sympatry both individuals that possess 
and that lack the black discal spot on FW underside (Figs. 1 & 
2). The genitalia of these two morphs are identical with each 


* 4 Glykonos Street, Athens 139, Greece. 


NOTES ON ULTRAARICIA ANTEROS FREYER 201 


la 2a 


Ultraaricia anteros Freyer, side view of Labides, Falces and 
Tegumen of male genitalia: Fig. la Mt. Parnassos, Greece, 2000m, 
18.vi.1967. Fig. 2a. Mt. Parnassos, Greece, 2000m, 3.vii.1965. 


other (Figs. la & 2a) and it is reasonable to assume that they are 
conspecific. 

In view of this, it is doubted that the presence of a black discal 
spot on FW underside in orpheus, constitutes a valid diagnostic 
character for differentiating it from anteros. 


References 


Higgins, L. G. & Riley, N. D. 1980. (4th Edition). A Field Guide to 
the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Collins, London. 

Nekrutenko, Y. P., 1980. Revisional notes on lycaenid butterfly 
species assigned to Ultraaricia Beuret (Lycaenidae). Nota 
Lepidopterologica 3: 55-68. 


AUTUMNAL AGGREGATION OF COCCINELLA  UNDECIM- 
PUNCTATA L. (COL.: COCCINELLIDAE) IN BRITAIN. —_ In their 
detailed study of the ecology of Coccinella undecimpunctata L. 
(1970, Entomologist 103: 153-170) Benham & Muggleton stated 
(loc. cit. p. 157) that winter aggregation of this species had never 
been reported from the British Isles. 

Whilst collecting by the estuary of the River Stour near Hark- 
stead, East Suffolk (TM 1833) on October 25th, 1976, I came across 
an old, mature, uprooted oak stump which had been washed into the 
saltmarsh and left stranded — presumably after an extremely high 
tide. It was now thoroughly desiccated and the bark was at the very 
loose stage i.e. when it can easily be removed by hand in large, 
curved ‘slabs’. Removing the bark revealed hundreds of C. undecim- 
punctata bunched tightly together, and I was able to pick out one 
or two interesting varieties. Moving on a little, I encountered many 
smaller but, nonetheless, noteworthy concentrations (ca. 20-50 
individuals) behind slabs of loose sandstone in the remains of the 
cliffs at Harkstead. From their choice of microhabitat, large numbers 
and semi-convatose state, there can be little doubt that these aggre- 
gations represented beetles which had almost certainly gathered 
to overwinter together. — D. R. NASH, 266 Colchester Road, 
Lawford, Essex. CO11 2BU. 


202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 
BUTTERFLIES AND HAWKMOTHS OF KUWAIT 


By W. AL-HOUTY* 


The State of Kuwait extends between latitude 28930 and 30905 N 
and longitude 46033 and 48°30E, and occupies an area of approxi- 
mately 1800 sq. km. in the northeastern part of the Arabian penin- 
sula. Besides the mainland, Kuwait includes a number of off-shore 
islands of which only the island of Failakka is inhabited. 

The climate is typically arid with temperature ranging from 
—3°C. to 49°C, and an average rainfall of 118 mm. The topography 
consists of desert landscape characterised by elevations, wadis 
(drainage lines), depressions, sand dunes and salt marshes. The 
vegetation which is poor open scrub of undershrubs, perennial 
herbs and ephemerals, is controlled primarily by rainfall. 

There are published lists of lepidoptera for neighbouring coun- 
tries, by Larsen (1977), Pittaway (1979a, 1979b) and Wiltshire 
(1964, 1980), and for Kuwait by Brown (1970). 

Excepting those lepidoptera recorded by Mr. J. N. Brown and 
specified as such, all others stated hereunder as having been captured 
in the State of Kuwait, were taken by me and are in my collection 
in the Department of Zoology, Kuwait University. 


Lycaenidae 


Tarucus balkanicus Freyer: Little Tiger Blue. Rika, in the 
southern part of Kuwait City, one 1.x.1980. 

T. rosaceus Austaut: Mediterranean Tiger Blue. Kuwait City, 
4.v.1980, 20.x.1980, 15.xi.1982; Wafra, six v.1980, imbibing at 
Zizyphus; Jahra, one 3.iv.1980; Rika, one 28.ix.1980. 

Zizeeria karsandra Moore: Small Mauve Blue. Kuwait City, 
one iv.1980; Wafra, one 13.iv.1982; Failakka Island, two 15.iv.1982. 

Lampides boeticus L.: Rika, one 5.xi.1980; Wafra, five 13.iv. 
1932. 

Chilodes galba Lederer: Desert Small Blue. Kuwait State (Brown, 
1970). 

Cupido minimus Fuessly: Little Blue. Kuwait State (Brown, 
1970). 


Pieridae 


Colias crocea Geof.: Clouded Yellow. Abundant in Kuwait City, 
in Khaldiyah, Al-Rabiyah and in Sulaibikhat. Specimens were taken 
Sulaibikhat, 3.xi.1980; Kuwait City, 23.xi.1980, 20.x.1980; Wafra, 
13.iv.1982. 

Colotis fausta Olivier: Salmon Arab. Kuwait City, one 10.xi. 
1980, flying in cultivated fields. 

Anaphaeis aurota Fab.: Capper White. Salmy, one 30.x.1980. 

Pieris rapae L.: Small White. Kuwait City. Larvae on cauliflower, 
ii-v. 

*Department of Zoology, University of Kuwait. 


BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF KUWAIT 203 


P. brassicae L.: Large White. Kuwait City. 

P. napi L.: Green-veined White. Kuwait State (Brown, 1970). 

Euchloe belemia Esper: Green-striped White. Kuwait City, 
one iii.1980. 

Pontia glauconome Klug.: Desert White. Kuwait City, one 
early iii.1981, imbibing at Crucifer sp. 


Papilionidae 


Papilio demoleus L.: Swallow Tails. Ahmadi, one specimen 
only, c. 1978. 


Danaidae 
Danaus chrysippus L.: Plain Tiger. Abdelli, one 8.iv.1982. 
Nymphalidae 


Cynthia cardui L.: Painted Lady. Migrant, widespread over 
State from Abdelli in the north across the centre to Mushriff and 
Audaillyah down to Wafra in the south. Specimens taken, Wafra 
10.iv.1980, 13.iv.1982; Sulaibikhat, 4.v.1980; Kuwait City, 3.xil. 
1980; Fintas, 12.11.1980; Mina abdullah, 18 .ii.1980. 

Vanessa atalanta L.: Red Admiral. Ahmadi (Brown, 1970). 

Junonia orithya L.: Pansy Blue. Kuwait State (Brown, 1970). 


Hesperidae 


Spialia phlomidis H.-S.: Persian Skipper. Ahmadi (Brown, 
1970). 


Sphingidae 


Hyles lineata livornica Esp.: Striped Hawk. Occurs in the 
central area as at Sulaibikhat and Mushriff, also along the western 
border and at Al-Salmi. Specimens taken Sulaibikhat, three 10.ii. 
1980; Salmy, one 27.ii.1980; Kuwait City, 12 ii1.1980,28.iv.1981. 

Macroglossum stellatarum L.: Humming-bird Hawk. Kuwait 
City, 5.x.1980, 6.ix.1980, 5.ix.1982. I have no record of it being 
seen elsewhere in the State. 

Daphnis nerii L.: Oleander Hawk. Kuwait City, one 1981. 
Sulaibikhat, four larvae on Nerium oleander. 

Acherontia atropos L.: Death’s Head. Kuwait City, a larva on 
Clerodendron inerme: False Jasmine in the British Embassy garden 
at Shaab, 20.xi.1981, imago bred. 

Hippotion celerio L.: Silver-striper Hawk. Common in east 
Kuwait. 


Acknowledgments 


This is part of a survey done while holding a grant from the 


204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 
research council in the University of Kuwait. I also gratefully ack- 
nowledge Mr. A. R. Pittaway for help in identifying the lepidoptera 
mentioned in this paper. 


Bibliography 


BROWN, J. N. B. 1970. Preliminary List of Butterflies of 
Kuwait. Ahmadi Nat. Hist. Fld. Stud. Group News L. No.2, p.7. 
LARSEN, T. B. 1977. The Butterflies of Eastern Oman and their 
Zoogeographic Composition. In: The Scientific Results of the Oman 
Flora and Fauna Survey, 1975:179-208. Muscat, Oman: Journal of 
Oman Studies Special Report [No.1]. PITTAWAY, A. R. 1979a. 
Butterflies of Qatar. Ent. Gaz., 31:103-111. PITTAWAY, A. R. 
1979b. Butterflies and Hawkmoths of Eastern Saudi Arabia. Proc. 
Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 12: 90-100. WILTSHIRE, E. P. 1964. The 
Lepidoptera of Bahrain. J. Bombay Nat. Soc., 61: 119-141. WILT- 
SHIRE, E. P. 1980. Lepidoptera of Saudi Arabia. In: The Fauna 
of Saudi Arabia, 2: 179-240. 


THE NAME “‘APRILINA”’. — The Romans neglected to make 
use of a separate adjective meaning “of April’, but Linnaeus was 
following grammatical rules in inventing the feminine form Aprilina 
for his purpose. 

I had not given the matter much critical thought before but it 
had always appeared to me that the poetic suggestion of “‘spring-like 
green” lay behind the term. Does anyone feel inclined to agree? I 
am not happy over the modification of the compound “‘a-philos” 
to take a diminutive, as suggested, however. — J. K. C. KEMP, 
Westlow Cottage, Bates Lane, Souldern, Bicester, Oxon, OX6 9JU. 

NOCTUID LARVA AT SUGAR. — Whilst operating a mv. 
lamp in a Bedfordshire birch wood on the last and typically cold 
night of April this year and hoping for a visit from Odontosia car- 
melita Esper (Scarce Prominent), I decided to try some half-hearted 
sugaring. No moths came to the sugar but a one inch long noctuid 
larva. This larva with the adult palate was subsequently identified 
as that of Polia nebulosa Hufnagel (Grey Arches). A single O. 
carmelita turned up that night, making the site apparently the 
third recorded Bedfordshire locality for this species. — K. F. 
WEBB, 2 Kingsdown Avenue, Luton, Beds LU2 7BU, 16.v.83. 

LEDRA AURITA L. (HEM.: LEDRIDAE) CONFIRMED FROM 
WILTSHIRE. — In 1975, the late C. H. Andrewes published a note 
recording the Pipunculid Nephrocerus flavicornis Zett. from 
Grovely Wood, near Salisbury, Wilts. (1975, Entomologist’s mon. 
Mag. 110 (1974) : 231). He stated that he had not seen its reputed 
Cicadellid host, the very distinctive Ledra aurita L., in that locality 
or elsewhere in the county. 

In over ten years collecting in Wiltshire, I have only met with a 
single specimen of Ledra . Interestingly, in view of Andrewes’ 
comments, it was taken on a live beech trunk in the Chilfinch area 
of Grovely Wood (SU 0433) on August 4th, 1978. — D.R. NASH, 
266 Colchester Road, Lawford, Essex. CO11 2BU. 


NOTES CONCERNING AGONUM GRACILIPES (DUFT.) 205 
NOTES CONCERNING THE HABITAT OF, AND OTHER 
COLEOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH, AN EXAMPLE OF 

AGONUM GRACILIPES (DUFT.) (COL.: 

CARABIDAE) TOGETHER WITH A REAPPRAISAL 
OF ITS BRITISH STATUS 


By DAVID R. NASH* 


In a recent note (Nash, 1982) I briefly reported the capture of 
an example of the very rare Agonum gracilipes (Duft.) in dry gravel 
workings near Ipswich, Suffolk. As there is (a) an almost total 
absence of ecological data concerning this species and (b) widespread 
recognition of the importance of substrate and associated vegetation 
as major determinants of the presence or absence of particular 
Carabids in a macrohabitat, it would seem important to detail the 
other Carabids taken at the same time from the locality. It should 
not be forgotten, however, that the specimen may not have de- 
veloped at the site in question, thus rendering such information 
spurious. Species recorded — chiefly from under stones — were as 
follows: Leistus ferrugineus (L.), Trechus obtusus Er., Olisthopus 
rotundatus (Pk.), Amara aenea (Deg.), A. aulica (Pz.), A. bifrons 
(Gy.), A. tibialis (Pk.), Harpalus schaubergerianus Puel, H. affinis 
(Sch.), H. anxius (Duft), H. rubripes (Duft.), H. rufitarsis (Duft.), 
H. smaragdinus (Duft.), Bradycellus harpalinus (Ser.), Microlestes 
maurus (St.), Metabletus foveatus (Fourcroy). Several examples of 
the bug Odontoscelis dorsalis (F.) were also found. 

Mr. A. A. Allen has recently deleted A. gracilipes from the 
Irish list and questioned the authenticity of the records from Cam- 
bridgeshire and Yorkshire (Allen, 1977). There are recent records 
of a single specimen at M. V. light in Sussex (Hodge, 1978), and of 
one flying at Ailsa Craig (Crowson, 1980). Apart from the two 
aforementioned specimens, the few remaining records are of single- 
tons from the Suffolk and Norfolk coast — for details see Allen 
(/oc. cit.) and Morley (1898). 

East Anglian coastal localities have probably attracted more 
attention over the last century and a half than almost any other 
stretch of the British coastline. It does, therefore, seem most sur- 
prising that, despite all this activity over such a lengthy period of 
time, only a handful of single specimens of gracilipes have been 
found, the majority of captures having been made before the turn of 
the century. 

Agonum gracilipes seems to have always been afforded full 
residential status on the British list. If a species is truly resident 
then, theoretically, it should be possible, particularly in the case of 
*266 Colchester Road, Lawford, Manningtree, Essex CO11 2BU. 


206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 


a relatively large Carabid, to collect examples at, or close to, a 
previously-known site of capture. It is, of course, well-known that 
some species of insects appear to maintain their populations at an 
unusually low level of density. In such cases, the species is often 
only captured sporadically in its known habitats, usually as odd 
specimens, but occasionally in numbers after a rare population 
explosion. The published data, however, seem to refute the pos- 
sibility of gracilipes belonging to this latter group of species, and 
the late Carl Lindroth has suggested (Lindroth, 1974) that our 
specimens were ‘probably stragglers’ (op. cit. p.83) — a view with 
which I concur. 

In the light of the published evidence, it might perhaps be 
more appropriate to asterisk gracilipes in our ‘Checklist’ (Kloet 
and Hincks, 1977) although the beetle does not fulfil, in full, 
the criterion for that symbol (op. cit. page v), in that it is not 
‘of fairly regular occurrence’. 


Acknowledgements 


I thank Mr. A. A. Allen for confirming my determination of 
the specimen of Agonum gracilipes and also a specimen of Odon- 
toscelis dorsalis taken from the same habitat. 


References 


Allen, A. A. 1977. Agonum gracilipes Duft. (Col., Carabidae) in 
Sussex, and its deletion from the Irish list. Entomologist’s Rec. 
J. Var. 89: 343 — 344. 

Crowson, R. A. 1980. Coleoptera from Ailsa Craig. Entomologist’s 
mon. Mag. 116: 4344. 

Hodge, P. J. 1978. Agonum gracilipes (Duft.) (Col., Carabidae) in 
East Sussex. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 113(1977):150. 

Kloet, G. S. & Hincks, W. D. 1977. A Checklist of British Insects. 
Second edition. Coleoptera and Strepsiptera (revised R. D. 
Pope). Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects vol. XI part 3. 

Lindroth, C. 1974. Coleoptera — Carabidae. Handbk. Ident. British 
Insects vol. XI part 2. 

Morley, C. 1898. Anchomenus gracilipes Duftschm., in Britain: 
an additional record. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 34: 221-223. 
Nash, D. R. 1982. Agonum gracilipes (Duft.) (Col., Carabidae) 

in Suffolk. Entomologist’s mon, Mag. 118: 124. 


[Mr. Nash’s thesis concerning the British status of A. gracilipes 
is eminently reasonable, and I would support it. The fact is that 
no one has really made a serious attempt as yet to identify the 


NOTES CONCERNING AGONUM GRACILIPES (DUFT.) 207 
probable non-resident immigrants in our beetle fauna, and the 
cautious and perhaps sometimes over-sparing use of the asterisk 
indicating these in the ‘Check List’ may be justified by the lack 
of hard evidence in most cases. The concentration of such a high 
proportion of the few captures of gracilipes in such a short stretch 
of the Suffolk coast is striking and curious. Do the beetles come 
from the Dutch and Belgian coastal area? Assuming they do occa- 
sionally fly across, what keeps most of them to such a narrow 
flight-path? Or do they reach us by what have been called floating 
bridges (driftwood etc)? One really needs to know something of 
the habits and distribution of the species on the parts of the Con- 
tinent nearest to us, and whether it is known (or thought) to be mi- 
gratory there — a point on which there is, I believe, no information. 

My doubt (referred to by Mr. Nash) about the Hornsea record 
was merely because Fowler tells us that the specimen was lost 
before it could be properly identified; while again, the Cambs. 
one can hardly be considered quite certain unless supported by a 
published record. Was the beetle securely determined? It seems 
rather unlikely that Dr. Moore himself had seen it. Still, the record 
is probably correct, and if so is likely to be the most inland of the 
British captures. Also, when I wrote, the Yorks. one was much the 
furthest north and isolated from the rest; but now, that on Ailsa 
Craig (the sole authentic one for the west of Britain) renders the 
Yorks. one far less unlikely, while itself the most remarkable and 
isolated of all. — A. A. A.] 


SPRING EMERGENCE OF LARICOBIUS ERICHSONI ROSENHAUER 
COL.: DERODONTIDAE). — Hammond & Barham have recently 
added this interesting species to our list (1982, Entomologist’s Gaz. 
33: 3540). on the basis of specimens taken in Suffolk during the 
months of May and July. In an attempt to ascertain if the life 
cycle of erichsoni is the same in this country as described by Franz 
for south Germany (vide Hammond & Barham loc. cit. p. 37), I 
visited the Shrubland Estate, Coddenham, Suffolk on April 19th, 
1982. i.e. one month earlier than any published capture date for the 
species in Britain. Beating Spruce and Douglas Fir resulted in small 
numbers of erichsoni dropping onto the tray — no more than two 
or three individuals at any one time. This contrasted strongly with 
my experience of the species in the same locality in the last week 
of May in 1980, 1981 & 1982, when it occurred very commonly. 
This would indicate that the species does have the same life cycle 
here as on the continent, overwintered individuals beginning to 
appear on the branches in mid-April and peak numbers being found 
towards the end of May. At the present time, no-one in this country 
appears to have reported finding the new generation (resulting from 
the hibernated individuals) in numbers in the. year of their con- 
ception. — D.R. NASH, 266 Colchester Road, Lawford, Essex. 
CO11 2BU. 


208 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 


ABNORMAL MORPHOLOGY AND VENATION 
IN SAWFLIES (HYM., SYMPHYTA) 


By A. D. LISTON* 


Examples of teratology in specimens of Hymenoptera Sym- 
phyta are not rare, and have been recorded for most families and 
genera (Wolf, 1966; Zirngiebl, 1966). Malformation of legs and 
antennae account for the greatest proportion of cases reported in 
the literature. The head capsule is probably the next most affected 
area, then the abdomen, but only rarely the thorax itself. Gynan- 
dromorphs are also frequently observed (Nuorteva & Kontuniemi, 
1972). As in the Lepidoptera, not only the genitalia may be 
affected but also body parts that exhibit secondary sexual characters, 
such as the antennae (Chevin, 1973). 

On 12.8.1981 I beat one female and two male Dineura viri- 
didorsata (Retzius) out of birch at South Park Wood, near Peebles, 
Peebleshire (NT 235402). The female proved to be teratological. 
Its right-hand compound eye (viewed dorsally) is abnormally small, 
though approximately normally shaped, and the right antenna, 
which shows no sign of post-emergence damage, comprises only 
three misshapen segments (Fig. 1). These seem similar types of 
deformity to those recorded by Moller (1975) in a female Hemi- 
chroa crocea (Geoffroy). 

Extreme abnormality of venation, however, seems much more 
frequent in some groups of sawfly than in others. Particularly 
affected are some Siricidae, Xiphydriidae and Blennocampinae of 
the Tenthredinidae. Venation of some other groups varies slightly 
so that, particularly in the northern species of Nematinae (Ten- 
thredinidae), additional veins may be present in some specimens. 
Such variation most often involves the number of cross-veins present 
in the forewing. Frequently only one wing is aberrant, making the 
specimen asymmetrical. However, I have seen several specimens of 
Ametastegia and Allantus species (Blennocampinae of Tenthredin- 
idae) in which venational abnormalities are more extreme than this. 
Most unusual is the right forewing (Fig. 2) of a female A/lantus 
cinctus (L.) trapped by Prof. H. Pschorn-Walcher in the grounds 
of the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control’s research 
station at Delémont, Canton Jura, Switzerland, on 7.8.1976. This 
has three superfluous veins: 1 in C1+C2, 1 in B1, and 1 distally in 
the anal cell. (Nomenclature of Muche, 1967-70). In addition both 
the anal cell and cell B2 are open distally because of absent venation 
(compare Fig. 2 with Fig. 3 which illustrates a normal wing). The 
left forewing and both hindwings are normal. Hoop (1968) mentions 


*99 Clermiston Road, Edinburgh, EH12 6UU. 


ABNORMAL MORPHOLOGY AND VENATION IN SAWFLIES = 209 


Figs. 1-3 — 1, head of adult female Dineura virididorsata (Retzius) 
with deformed right antenna and under-developed eye; 2, right 
forewing of Allantus cinctus cinctus (L.) with abnormal vena- 
tion; 3, normal venation of A. cinctus. Scale lines = 1mm. 


and figures several similar examples in the genera Apethymus, Pro- 
temphytus and Ametastegia (all Blennocampinae). 

It seems possible that the relatively high incidence of deformed 
venation in these genera might result from the sites chosen for 
overwintering and pupation. Most species overwinter without a 
cocoon in the earth, or in bark, rotten wood, plant stems, etc. 
Possibly the developing wings may be more prone to slight damage 


210 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


under such conditions than in species which build a cocoon for over- 
wintering. It is interesting to note in this connection that highly 
aberrant venation also occurs not infrequently in the wood-boring 
families Siricidae and Xiphydriidae. Deformity of other body parts 
is not apparently more common in the above groups than in the 
rest of the Symphyta. 


References 


Chevin, H. 1973. Quelques anomalies morphologiques chez les 
Hymenoptéres Symphytes. Soc. Versaill. Sc. Nat., 1973: 11-13. 

Hoop, M. 1968. Holsteinische Pflanzenwespen (Symphyta). 

Schr. Naturw. Ver. Schlesw.-Holst., 38: 51-72. 

Moller, G. J.1975.A list of Irish Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) 
in the Ulster Museum. Including a new Irish record and a note 
on a teratological specimen of Hemichroa Steph. Jr. Nat. J., 18: 
133-136. 

Muche, W. H. 1967-70. Die Blattwespen Deutschlands. Ent. Abh. 
Mus. Tierk., Dresden, 36 (Suppl.): 236pp. 

Nuorteva, M. & Kontuniemi, T. 1972. Gynandromorphe Sagewespen 
(Hym., Symphyta). Ann. Ent. Fenn., 38: 1-6. 

Wolf, F. 1966. Anomalies morphologiques observées chez des 
Hymenoptéres Symphytes. Bull. Rech. agron. Gembloux N.S. 
1532159" = 

Zirngiebl, L. 1966. Uber Missbildungen bei Blattwespen. NachrB1. 
bayer. Ent., 56: 52-55. 


Notes and Observations 


LACANOBIA BIREN GOEZE: GLAUCOUS SHEARS: AN UNUSUAL 
RECORD. — During a recent illness I have been re-arranging my 
Noctuid Cabinet. Among the Lacanobia biren Goeze (Hadena 
bombycina Hufn.) was a specimen taken in Cornwall on 7th. June, 
1970. I am sure I did not record this at the time, but as it was a 
most unusual capture it should be recorded. All my other specimens 
came from Aviemore, Scotland. I was staying at a Hotel on the sea 
front of West Looe and set up a trap on the balcony outside the 
bedroom french windows. My diary mentions only a few other 
common species taken with the Glaucous Shears. This appears 
to be a very unlikely locality for this species and I would like to 
know if it has been recorded in the south-west on any other occasion. 
There is no doubt of the identification, verified by Dr. J. V. Banner. 

Incidentally, while strolling along the sea front the same morn- 
ing I saw a butterfly coming in from the sea from the direction of 
Looe Island which settled on the beach in front of me. It was 
Euphydryas aurinea Rott. The butterfly I assumed must have come 
from a local colony, perhaps on Looe Island. — R.C. DYSON, 
58 Stanford Avenue, Brighton, E. Sussex, BN1 6FD. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS Zina 

CALOTEPHRIA SALICATA HBN.: STRIPED TWIN-SPOT CARPET 
AGAIN IN SURREY. — On the night of May 31, 1982 I took 
from my light trap at Bramley a dark grey Carpet moth which I 
wrongly assumed to be an example of the suffused aberrational 
form of Xanthorhoe fluctuata L., of which typical forms were 
also in the trap. More careful examination belatedly shows that it is 
a rather dark male C. salicata. The only previous record of this 
species in Surrey appears to be of one found by the late J. L. 
Messenger on May 22, 1962, at Wormley Hill, near the spot where 
his garden light trap had been run on the previous night (Ent. Rec., 
74: 175). This specimen, a male slightly less dark than mine, is now 
in his collection presented to the British Entomological and Natural 
History Society. 

C. salicata is known in Britain as an inhabitant of hill and 
mountain country, where its larval food is said to be various species 
of bedstraw (Galium verum, G. saxatile, G. mollugo). It is wide- 
spread in Scotland and northern England, and has been recorded in 
Wales as far south as Radnorshire; South in various editions says 
that it has been found not infrequently on Dartmoor and Exmoor 
and once in Dorset; Turner (1955) mentions in Somerset records at 
Cannington in 1954 and Weston-super-Mare, 1955. In Sussex C. R. 
Pratt quoted with reserve two records from near Midhurst and one 
at St. Leonards-on-Sea; but he has now kindly investigated these 
further and is satisfied that they are mistaken. It is locally well 
spread from north to south in Ireland. 

The origin of the two Surrey specimens must remain specula- 
tive. J. L. Messenger suggested that his might have been vagrant 
immigrant, or an unwilling deportee. perhaps brought in by a 
neighbouring gardener. The dates, both in 1962 and 1982, coincide 
with those of immigrataion of other species across the Channel; 
but the nearest places of residence of the species on the Continent 
appear to be in the Belgian Ardennes. Another possibility, still to 
be investigated, is that C. salicata may indeed be a “‘Surrey Alpine’’, 
with colonies above the 600 feet contour from which strays may 
occasionally reach light traps several miles distant at lower levels, 
as happens with Diarsia dahlii Hbn., Hepialus fusconebulosa de 
Geer, and some other species. — R. F.BRETHERTON, Folly Hill, 
Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE. 


CONCERNING OBSERVATIONS ON PRECIS OCTAVIA CRAMER IN 
NATAL, S. AFRICA. - The observations concerning P. Octavia 
recorded by Mr. B. K. West (Ent. Rec. 95: 6) are precisely those 
which stimulated me to commence research in the field of seasonal 
polyphenism in african Precis butterflies. Many similar observations 
were reported in the entomological press early this century and more 
recently by Clarke & Dickson (1956) also at Durban, Natal. 

Experiments with any insect which exhibits seasonal poly- 
phenism must be carried out using controlled environmental con- 
ditions, preferably electronically controlled. This was the case with 
the last series of investigations which I carried out in England 
during 1975, using P. octavia larvae which I had collected from the 
hills around Byrne, near Richmond, Natal. This work was reported 


AMA ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


at the RESL Symposium on Butterfly Biology held in London in 
September 1981, the proceedings of which should be published 
later this year. 

Unless I am mistaken, the several insects mentioned by Mr. West, 
although perhaps maintained in similar containers in the one locality, 
will have pupated at different times of the day and will have ex- 
perienced different temperatures at the susceptible period when the 
initial chemical reactions prior to pigment formation are influenced 
by temperature. 

In insects of approximately the same age the emergence of the 
f. sesamus butterflies would also be expected to occur after that of 
f. natalensis, because the rate of development is related to tem- 
perature, lower temperatures slowing down the rate of development. 
— L.McLEOD, Quartier des Ecoles, 84330 St. Pierre de Vassoles, 
France. 

PARORNIX SCOTICELLA STAINTON (LEP.: GRACILLARIIDAE ) 
IN KENT. — From leaves containing ‘Phyllonorycter-type’ mines 
collected 1.x.1982 on a Malus which adjoins the tiger pens at How- 
letts, Nr. Littlebourne, I have bred five specimens of this species 
between 27.ii and 10iii.1983; all left the leaves, preferring to 
pupate in the tissue paper. 

I understand this record is the first confirming its presence in 
vice-county 15 (East Kent). — N.F. HEAL, Fosters, Detling Hill, 
Nr. Maidstone, Kent. 

MONOPIS WEAVERELLA (SCOTT), A CONTINUING MYSTERY. — 
Since the history of this tineid moth was reviewed by Bankes (1910, 
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 46: 221-228), Monopis weaverella has 
been found, often commonly, in many parts of mainland Britain and 
in Orkney. It is most common in wooded country and on heaths 
and moorlands, especially in the Scottish highlands. In 1953 (Bull. 
ent. Res. 44: 744) Woodroffe reported that he had reared it twice 
from pigeons’ nests, both from the centres of large towns, and once 
from a jackdaw’s nest in the country. Through the helpful agency 
of Mr. R. G. Adams I have been able to examine two of these 
specimens, which are in the collection of the M.A.F.F. Slough 
Laboratory, one from a pigeon’s nest from Russell Square, London 
and one from a jackdaw’s nest from Flatford Mill, Suffolk. I was not 
surprised to find that both were Monopis rusticella (Huebner), 
an abundant species in birds’ nests. 

In the British Museum (Natural History) general collection is 
a specimen of Monopis weaverella bred in 1935 by H. M. Edelsten 
from a hedge-sparrow’s nest at Balcombe, Sussex. This is apparently 
the only genuine breeding record of this species, but it was surely 
an aberrant event. Old birds’ nests are collected so frequently not 
only for moths but for fleas and other fauna, but with this one 
exception weaverella has not been bred this way and its normal 
food material remains a mystery. The solution may come from who- 
ever is prepared to collect detritus of many kinds, however un- 
pleasant, or perhaps to put out various materials as bait. — E.C. 
PELHAM-CLINTON, Furzeleigh House, Lyme Road, Axminster, 
Devon, EX13 SSW. 


Ny 


—Sotheby’s 


at St. Mary’s, Bramber, near Steyning, West Sussex 


on Wednesday 26th October 1983 and following day at 10.30am 


SALE OF THE CONTENTS OF THE HOUSE AND THE 


NATIONAL BUTTERFLY MUSEUM 


to include the extensive collection of world lepidoptera with 
many rare forms. Also collections of Palaearctic Moths, Exotic 
Coleoptera, Orthoptera and many other orders. 


The important Smart collection of British Butterflies consisting 
almost entirely of historic specimens and aberrations in an 
outstanding cabinet by Gurney. 


The Entomological Library with fine illustrated works by 
Mouffet, Albin, Harris, Drury, Lewin, Donovan, etc. up to 
recent authors. Also important prints and manuscripts. 


The comprehensive photo library of original transparencies of 
lepidoptera. Insect cabinets, dioramas and museum showcases and 
the contents of the Museum Shop. 


The Stamp Collection relating to insects with many rare First 
Day Issues and the fine collection of Sea Shells, Stuffed Animals 
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Enquiries to Christopher King 


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THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 
(Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) 


CONTENTS 


A New Lycaenid Butterfly from Lesotho, of the Genus Aloeides Huebner, 
E. L. PRINGLE, 173. A Review of British Butterflies in 1982, Dr. C. J. 
LUCKENS, 175. Four Species of Megaselia (Diptera: Phoridae) New 
to Britain from Hayley Wood, Cambridgeshire, Dr. R. H. L. DISNEY, 
181. Notes on Scottish Microlepidoptera, 1982, Dr. K. P. BLAND, 183. 
A Few Insects from Montserrat, West Indies, J. COOTER, 185. Micro- 
lepidoptera — A Review of the Year 1982, Rev. D. J. L. AGASSIZ, 187. 
The Female of Agrodiaetus iphigenia nonacriensis Brown, J. G. COUTSIS, 
196. Notes on Ultraaricia anteros Freyer (Lep.: Lycaenidae) from Greece, 
J. G. COUTSIS, 200. Butterflies and Hawkmoths of Kuwait. Dr. W.AL- 
HOUTY, 202. Notes Concerning the Habitat of, and other Coleoptera 
Associated with, an Example of Agonum gracilipes (Duft.) (Col.: Cara- 
bidae), D. R. NASH, 205. Abnormal Morphology and Venation in Saw- 
flies (Hym.: Symphyta), A. D. LISTON, 208. 

pons on TER ee 180, 182, 184. 186, 195, 199 202048 

07, 210-212. 


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Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects — 
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GRONOPS INAEQUALIS BOHEMAN 213 


GRONOPS INAEQUALIS BOHEMAN 
(COL: CURCULIONIDAE): 
A WEEVIL NEW TO BRITAIN 


By LAURENCE CLEMONS * 


Amongst a bag of material swept after dark on the evening of 
August 3rd 1982 from Murston, North Kent were a number of 
weevils bearing the general appearance of a Gronops. However, 
they differed from the hitherto sole British species Gronops lunatus 
(Fabricius) in being larger, more robust and of a much darker colour. 
On the advice of Mr. A. A. Allen I took a specimen to Mr. R. T. 
Thompson at the British Museum (Natural History) who, in turn, 
submitted it to Dr. Dieckmann of Eberswalde, East Germany where 
it was determined to be Gronops inaequalis Boheman. 


aS 
il 


ty, 
y 


d 


} 


Fig. 1 Gronops inaequalis Boh. 


In a covering letter Dr. Dieckmann explained that this species 
was found in Warsaw in 1945 and thence in Sweden in 1946, Born- 
holm Island in 1954 and Denmark in 1960. A specimen has also 
been seen from Holland and in parts of East Germany the insect 


* 76 Tonge Road, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 3NR. 


214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


is quite abundant. It is mainly active by night and spends the day- 
time in the soil beneath its foodplant. Although it is probably a 
polyphagous species it has been found to be closely associated with 
Chenopodium album L. on the continent. 

On the evening of August 13th 1983 I revisited the site at 
Murston in the company of Mr. John Parry with the aim of finding 
more specimens and elucidating its main foodplant. Chamomile, 
a reputed host plant for another continental Gronops species, was 
quickly dismissed. Within a short period Mr. Parry found a specimen 
of inaequalis together with /unatus on the soil beneath a mat of 
Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. Eventually it was decided that the 
occurence of inaequalis under Spergularia was most probably acci- 
dental and our attention was diverted to Atriplex prostrata DC. 
which was growing with the Spergularia. Large numbers of inaequalis 
were subsequently found, not only on the soil surface beneath 
Atriplex but also at the roots, especially when pure stands of the 
plant were investigated. 

The whole insect is illustrated in figure 1 and the typical forms 
of both our Gronops species are so distinct that confusion is unlikely 
to arise. Nevertheless a brief description of both species is given 
below as there is always the possibility that a further species may be 
found in these islands as well as hybrid forms of inaequalis and 
lunatus. 

Gronops inaequalis Boh. 

Size larger, the length measured from the base of the rostrum 
to the apex of the elytra ranging from 3.96 to 4.72 mm. Width at 
shoulders 1.47 to 1.9 mm (measured on 15 specimens). Frons with 
a wide, coarsely punctured depression, deepest at the base, which 
extends some half way towards the apex of the rostrum. Upper 
margin of eye strongly raised. Rostrum, in profile, sharply angled 
above tip of antennal scrobe; dorsally with two more or less regular 
rows of strong brown setae. Pronotum with three deep foveae in 
apical half, the middle one extending back to the base as a wide 
sulcus; closely and coarsely punctured and with scattered scales and 
brown setae. 

Elytra with conspicuous rows of tubercules bearing strong, 
curved spines which are mainly white in colour. Two prominent 
lateral tubercules at apical tenth to fifth beyond which the elytra 
are abruptly tapered. Ground colour dark with conspicuous patches 
of light scales at the middle and at the level of the lateral tubercules; 
the central patches appearing as lunules to the naked eye. 

Abdomen beneath uniformly clothed with white setae. 

Legs with variegated pattern of scales and somewhat densely 
clothed with coarse setae. 

Gronops lunatus (Fabr.) 

Size smaller, length 3 to 3.5 mm (based on Joy (1932)). Frons 

with a shallow depression between the eyes and entirely covered 


GRONOPS INAEQUALIS BOHEMAN 215 


with relatively large scales. Upper margin of eyes not raised, con- 
fluent with vertex. Rostrum, in profile, more smoothly curved above 
tip of antennal scrobe. 

Pronotum more parallel — sided and narrower than in inaequalis; 
the three foveae less pronounced. 

Elytra without the prominent rows of tubercules of inaequalis, 
although raised ridges bearing coarse white setae are discernable. 
Lateral tubercules smaller and the elytra beyond these are more 
gradually tapered. Each elytron with a conspicuous pattern of light 
and dark bands, without small white lunules at the middle. 

Abdomen beneath with white setae. 

Legs more or less as in inaequalis; ground colour paler. Scales 
more uniform in size in inaequalis. 


In view of the essentially nocturnal habit of Gronops species 
in general, G. inaequalis may already be widely established in this 
country, having gone unnoticed until the present. It is therefore 
hoped that further records will be forthcoming, since the extent 
of its distribution may shed some light on how long it has been 
with us. It will be pertinent to note that the area at Murston lies 
close to the heart of the Sittingbourne paper industry which utilises 
wood pulp shipped from Northern Europe, in particular Sweden. 

A series of five Gronops inaequalis has been presented to the 
British Museum (Natural History). 


Acknowledgements 


In addition to those gentlemen mentioned above, I wish to 
acknowledge the help of Mr. E. G. Philp in the quest for an identity 
to my initial specimens of the beetle. 


Reference 


Joy, N. H. 1932. Practical Handbook of British Beetles, Vol. 1 p.208. 


COMMOPHILA AENEANA HBN. (LEP.: COCHYLIDAE). — On 
the afternoon of 11th June 1983, under cloudy but bright condi- 
tions, I noticed and caught a specimen of this scarce and attractive 
species. The habitat was the lower slopes of railway cutting through 
chalk, near Dunstable in Bedfordshire. — K. E. WEBB, 2 Kingsdown 
Avenue, Luton, Beds LU2 7BU. 

THE SCARCE MERVEILLE DU JOUR: MOMA ALPIUM OSBECK 


IN SUSSEX. — On the night of 2nd July 1983, I accompanied 
Mr. Steve Church to a large forest in Sussex, where we had four 
specimens of the above noctuid to light. — D. DEY, 26 Manor 


Avenue, Hassocks, West Sussex. 


216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


THAUMETOPOEA PROCESSIONEA (LINN.) 
(THE OAK PROCESSIONARY MOTH) : 
THE IMAGO RECORDED IN BRITAIN, 

TOGETHER WITH OTHER RARE MIGRANTS 
FROM CORNWALL. 


By A. P. FOSTER * 


On the night of 19/20th of August 1983 a single very worn male 
of Thaumetopoea processionea was taken in my m.v. light trap at 
Mawnan Smith, Cornwall. This appears to be the first recorded 
occurrence of the adult in Britain and probably the first genuinely 
British example. The species was originally reported from this 
country during the last century by Batchelor (1874), when he 
claimed to have found a quantity of pupae in an old magpie’s nest 
in a tall pine tree at Ashour Wood, Kent in 1873. It was on the basis 
of this record that the species was included in Kloet & Hincks 
(1972). However, these examples were reported under dubious 
circumstances and were only very doubtfully regarded as genuinely 
British, see Allan (1943) and Chalmers-Hunt (1962-68). 

This species is known from Central and Southern Europe and 
Asia Minor. The larvae are gregarious, feeding on the leaves of 
oak and on occasions the caterpillars can reach such high density 
to be destructive. It would seem highly likely that the individual 
taken in Cornwall was a casual immigrant, particularly as three 
other scarce migrant species were taken in the trap on the same 
night : Ostrina nubilalis Hbn. (one male), Lymantria dispar L. (one 
male) and Mythimna loreyi Duponchel (one female). In addition, on 
this night I ran an actinic trap at Kennack Sands on the Lizard 
Peninsula from 21.21 hours on the 19th to 00.54 hours on the 20th, 
here a fresh male M. vitellina arrived at 22.36 hours. 

On the following night of 20/21st August the m.v. light was 
again operated at Mawnan Smith, this resulted in two further note- 
worthy migrants being recorded : Palpita unionalis Hbn. (one male) 
and Rhodometra sacraria L. (one female). 


References 


Allan, P. B. M., 1943. Talking of Moths. 340pp. Newtown. 

Batchelor, T., 1874. Bombyx processionea in Kent. Entomologist, 
6: 487. 

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 1962-68. The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 
(Sphingidae to Plusiidae), 2 (published as supplements to 
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.). 

Kloet, G. S. and Hincks, W. D., 1972. A Check list of British Insects 

(Edn. 2). Handbk Ident. Br. Insects 11 (2): viii, 153 pp. 
se Nature Conservancy Council, 19/20 Belgrave Square, London, SW1X 


* 


RECORDS OF COLEOPHORIDAE IN NORTH WALES 217 


RECORDS OF COLEOPHORIDAE (LEP) 
IN NORTH WALES 


By H. N. MICHAELIS * 


In the records available to me, there are few from the five 
Watsonian vice-counties of north Wales and these are mainly from 
the Annual Report and Proceedings of the Lancashire and Cheshire 
Entomological Society from 1930 to the mid-1950s by W. Mans- 
bridge, B. B. Snell and R. Prichard, all deceased. Records were 
kindly supplied by Mrs. M. J. Morgan from the cards at the UCNW 
at Bangor and the bulk are from my observations of species mainly 
reared from larvae. I am indebted to Dr. J. D. Bradley of the British 
Museum for his kind help with identifications. 

The Watsonian vice-counties are indicated by their numbers as 
follows:— Merionethshire (48), Caernarvonshire (49), Denbighshire 
(50), Flintshire (51) and the isle of Anglesey (52). These are covered 
by the Ordnance Survey map sheets 23(SH) and 33(SJ) apart from 
an occasional mention of Cardiganshire (46) in west Wales. Months 
of occurrence of various stages are shown as 1 - Xii. 

The larvae in their later instars construct portable cases of silk 
and vegetable matter and these are moved freely around their food- 
plant. Leaves are attacked on the underside by the larva extruded 
from the case, making blotch mines with an almost central puncture; 
one larva will feed in a number of mines. Such mines are easily 
seen on plants with fair sized leaves but are more difficult to find 
on those with small leaves such as Thymus and Stellaria. Apart 
from two common species feeding on seeds of Juncaceae, larvae 
feeding on flowers and seeds especially those incorporating a floret 
in the case are more difficult to see and are to be found by the hit- 
or-miss method of gathering a sample of seedheads; a hole in the 
side of seed will indicate the presence of a larva. Many species 
hibernate as full-fed larvae and pupate within the case; many of 
the hibernating larvae of salt-marsh species are frequently inun- 
dated by sea water without a noticeable diminuation of numbers, 
a condition noticed among some Crambinae (Pyralidae) species 
living in similar situations. 

While it is preferable to rear moths, for cases are always a 
useful guide for identification, a bee-smoker is effective on a summer 
evening if care is taken against possible fires. For those prone to 
insomnia, the hour after sunrise gives good results providing there 
is not a heavy dew. Between 4 to 5.30 a.m. ona June or July morn- 
ing many species are flying; additionaly Elachistidae, Pterophoridae, 
Pyralidae and to a lesser extent Gelechiidae are on the wing. Strong 
coffee and biscuits are a necessary, almost vital, preparation for such 
early activity — alcohol is mainly counter-productive. 


*5 Glan-y-Mor, Glan Conwy, Colwyn Bay, LL28 5TA. 


218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


Coleophora lutipennella (Zell.) Widespread throughout but not 
plentiful; mature larvae on Quercus, v-vi. 

C. flavipennella (Dup.) Easily confused with the previous species, 
the only authentic specimens are from 49 & 50, det J. D. Bradley; 
larvae on Quercus, v. & vi. 

C. gryphipennella (Hbn.) Plentiful throughout; the moth flies at 
sunset and sunrise in vi & early vii; larvae on Rosa species including 
Rosa pimpinellifolia but not observed on garden roses, ix-v. 

C. serratella(L.) Larvae plentiful throughout, mainly on Betula 
less so on Alnus, Ulmus, Corylus and Sorbus, x-v. 

C. cerasivorella Packard. Larvae widespread but never plentiful, on 
Crataegus, Prunus spinosa and once on Prunus padus, viii-vi; the 
moth flies shortly after sunrise also at sunset, vii. One on P. avium 
in 50, 1983. 

C. milvipennis (Zell.) Larvae on Betula pubescens on eastern mosses 
of 50 and 51. Mature larvae were found in late ix and early x, well 
concealed on lower leaves of smaller bushes and should be over- 
wintered in a sleeve outside; no sign of feeding was seen in the 
following spring. 

C. siccifolia Staint. Larvae found occasionally on upper leaves of 
Betula pubescens in 48, 49, 51 and Cardiganshire (46) in vii, viii 
& ix; it is most difficult to rear even when over-wintered out of 
doors. I am uncertain of the status and distribution in Britain and 
think it must be an uncommon species. 

C. viminetella Zell. Larvae are plentiful throughout on Salix species, 
vili-v; the moth flies at sunset and sunrise in vi. 

C. vitisella Gregson. Though Vaccinium vitis-idaea is local but well 
established where found in north Wales, I have found only one case 
in 51, while in neighbouring Cheshire (58) the moth is well estab- 
lished in the few places on high ground where the plant occurs. 
This is an interesting species to rear on a potted foodplant if the 
primary case is taken in iv, for it has a spring diapause while the 
evergreen leaves fall in iv/v until the new leaves mature. If the plant 
is kept out of doors, moths will emerge the following year after 
feeding in summer and the following spring. Sometimes pupates 
on upper surface of a leaf. 

C. juncicolella Staint. Overwintered larvae may be beaten in 48, 
49, 50 (and probably elsewhere) from heather in iv-v. The moth 
flies in the late afternoon but is more readily seen at sunrise. 

C. orbitella Zell. Larvae are occasional in 51 on mossland Betula, 
ix-x; the mine is smaller than that of milvipennis and the larva 
seems to frequent more mature trees. To rear, it is essential to sleeve 
larvae on a growing branch until late iv. 

C. albitarsella Zell. Larvae local on Calamintha on limestone in 
49, ix-v. It was found that these larvae would not feed on Origanum 
(a listed food), and I have not found signs of feeding though the 
plant is fairly common in the area. Has the larva been reared on 


RECORDS OF COLEOPHORIDAE IN NORTH WALES 219 


Origanum for, in May, the early stages of both plants appear alike, 
but are easily distinguished by the scent of crushed leaves? When 
full grown the case is attached to a nearby stone or debris on the 
ground. 

C. spissicornis (Haw.) Occasional moths recorded in 49 and SO, vii. 
The foodplant is given as Trifolium repens. 

C. deauratella L. & Z. Moths occasionally taken in morning or in a 
light trap in 49 and 52, vii. Trifolium pratense is the recorded 
foodplant. 

C. lineola (Haw.) Occasional full grown larvae were found on lower 
leaves of Marrubium vulgare on limestone in 49 and 50, v-vi. The 
abandoned mine turns pale brown and is a good indication of larval 
presence: pupation is on the main stem just above the root. 

C. lithargynella Zell. Well grown larvae are fairly common but 
difficult to find on the undersides of leaves of Stellaria holostea 
in 48, 49, SO and 52 from iv-vi. Larvae were found and reared on 
a ““mouse-ear” Cerastium species growing in hedgerows in 50, iv. 
C. laricella (Hubn.) Larvae are plentiful throughout and easily 
beaten from established larch, iv-v. 

C. lixella Zell. The moth is widespread on limestone in 49, 50,51 and 
52, usually flying in early evening; vi-vii occasionally v. In the early 
instars, the larva feeds on Thymus changing to unidentified grasses 
from which it cuts a further case; the few larvae found were on 
grasses adjacent to Thymus growing on small ledges or in crevices; 
iv/v. Larvae will feed ona selection of garden grasses (since foundin 51). 
C. albidella (D. & S.). The characteristic pistol-shaped cases are 
locally common near the coast in 52 on Salix atrocinerea group and 
S. repens, and are occasional in 50 & 51; iv-vi. Often pupates on the 
upperside of leaves. 

C. pyrhulipennella Zell. Widespread among Calluna and Erica on 
mosses and high ground and flies in the evening sun, vii. The keeled 
slender black case is easily beaten from the heather in v, in ix & x, 
cases may be found on Erica, feeding on the underside of the upper 
leaves; when, by hanging down, they appear opposite to the upright 
leaf growth — best seen by lying on the ground. 

C. albicosta (Haw.). Common among Ulex europaeus and U. galii, 
flying in early evening. Larva in case made from part of the flower 
and not of the seed pod as sometimes stated; feeds on seeds and 
hibernates full fed, vii-iv. Usually pupates on a branch but occa- 
sionally on grass stems under the bush where it is more easily seen, 
iv-v. 

C. saturatella Staint. Reported in Ent. Weekly Intelligencer, 2: 55 
as having been found in 1856 at Llangollen (50); and from same 
locality by C. S. Gregson, in 1860. 

C. genistae Staint. One case on Genista anglica near Cors Geirch 
(49) but not reared, v. A suspected mine on this local plant was 
seen in east 52, ix. 


220 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


C. discordella Zell. Common throughout among Lotus corniculatus, 
vii. White blotches on leaves indicate presence of larvae. 

C. striatipennella Ny|. Occasional specimens in wet places in 50,51 
and 52, vii-viii. The foodplant Ste/laria was not noticed in the wet- 
land, but Myosoton aquaticum was usually present though no 
larvae were found. 

C. inulae Wocke. Restricted to one locality near Deganwy (50) 
now unfortunately destroyed by building. The long larval case was 
found in varying sizes on the undersides of leaves of Pulicaria from 
v-viii. Larval growth is spread over two years. It is most difficult to 
rear even on a potted plant, for many overwintering larvae die. 
Usually pupates low down on the stem of the foodplant, though 
occasionally on stems of other plants growing nearby. 

C. troglodytella (Dup.). Occurs in all vice-counties, but is locally 
plentiful among Eupatorium and Pulicaria in 52, and comes to light, 
Vii-vili. Larval cases are easily found on lower leaves of Eupatorium 
in iv-v. There is variation in the length of the mature cases, though 
they never approach the length of a mature inulae case. 

C. peribenanderi (Toll). Local in 49 and 50. The cases are most 
easily found in ix & x, on Cirsium arvense and Carduus tenuiflorus 
near the sea, and are readily detected by the conspicuous whitish 
mines. Most larvae hibernate full-fed and must be kept outside 
until v. I have seen cases attached to stems of grasses, brambles 
and Burnet Rose occasionally during winter. 

C. paripennella (Zell.). Larvae are locally common throughout 
on Centaurea nigra, especially on lower leaves in v & vi. The moth 
is rarely seen during the day but will come to light, vi-vii. 

C. benanderi Kanerva. The commonest saltern Coleophora in all 
vice-counties, flying at sunset and after, vii-viii; larvae collected 
in late ix & x from seeds of Atriplex, are easily reared if kept out- 
of-doors until vii. 

C. sternipennella (Zett.). Two specimens in vii, 1966, from waste 
land near Llandudno Junction saltmarsh (49), flying among Cheno- 
podium album, and a few seen there subsequently. Identified by 
J.D. Bradley. 

C. versurella Zell. A few moths were found on the saltmarshes of 
the Conwy estuary (49) in vii/viii in 1960/80, and though Atriplex 
littoralis and A. hastata are common there, no identified larvae 
have been found. Determined by J. D. Bradley. Unfortunately, 
the localities for this and the previous species may be destroyed by 
the present construction of the North Wales Expressway. However, 
it is possible that versurella also occurs on the Lavan sands (49). 
C. adspersella Ben. Locally plentiful on salterns in 49 and SO, 
occasional in 52, and the distribution suggests that it has long been 
established. The moth flies readily in early evening in vi-vii and may 
be found paired at sunset. The whitish larval case is found princi- 
pally on Atriplex littoralis; also on seeds of Halimione and more 


RECORDS OF COLEOPHORIDAE IN NORTH WALES 221 


rarely on seeds of Beta maritima, from viii-x; it overwinters as a 
full-fed larva and the cases must be frequently submerged by high 
tides with no obvious effect on the subsequent numbers of moths. 
C. atriplicis Meyr. Occasional on the Conwy salterns among 
Halimione in vii, though I have not yet found the larva, Determined 
by J. D. Bradley. The moth emerges almost a month later than 
C. adspersella and flies over foodplant at sunset. The cases are 
frequently submerged by winter and spring tides. 

C. artemisicolella Bruand. There is an old record in Ent. mon. Mag. 
64: 76 (1928), of one taken in 1924 at Llandudno by E. G. R. 
Waters among Artemisia vulgaris. 

C. murinipennella (Dup.). Though the foodplant Luzula campestris 
is widespread, the moth is uncommon in 48, 49 and 51 but may be 
overlooked, vi. 

C. taeniipennella (H.-S.). First taken by Mrs. M. J. Morgan in 49 and 
later found sparingly in 52, vii. Determined by J. D. Bradley. The 
various species of Juncus on which the larva feeds are common 
in north Wales. 

C. glaucicolella Wood. A common saltmarsh species easily bred 
from cases found on seeds of Juncus maritimus and J. gerardii 
in iv/v: the moth flies low among the rushes at sunset in vii-viii 
and emerges about a month later than the common C. alticolella. 
C. alticolella Zell. Common throughout among Juncus species 
from sea level to over 2,000 feet, where it flies both by day and 
night in vi-early vii. Larval cases are abundant in late summer and 
autumn feeding on the seeds; on higher ground appears to prefer 
those of J. squarrosus to other species. 

C. tamesis Waters. One at light at Bangor (49) by Mrs. M. J. Morgan 
in July 1975 is our only certain record. Determined by J.D. Bradley. 
The larva feeds on seeds of Juncus articulatus, a common rush in 
north Wales. 

C. maritimella Newman. Though I have not seen the moth in the 
wild, it can be reared from the seeds of Juncus maritimus gathered 
in winter on edges of salterns in 49,50 and 52. 

C. adjunctella Hodg. Bred from seeds of Juncus gerrardii gathered 
in winter and kept outside until v; is local in all vicecounties where 
the plant is well established. The larval case, which is formed partly 
of a floret, is very difficult to find. The moth has been taken oc- 
casionally in late vi. 

C. serpylletorum Hering. As far as I know, this species occurs only 
on the Creuddyn limestone at Llandudno (49) and in West Corn- 
wall. I should be glad to hear of any certain records from else- 
where. The overwintered larva is in a dark brown case made up of 
several leaves of Thymus drucei, set sideways one above the other. 
In v-vi, it mines leaves towards the end of a spray and is most easily 
found on ledges and in crevices where the thyme is isolated from 
other herbage, though it can be found with more difficulty where 


222 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.XI1.83 


the plant grows in limestone turf; yellowish brown mined leaves 
often indicate the presence of a larva nearby. It is essential to 
rear the larvae on a potted plant for enclosure usually results in 
death. The normal flight is uncertain, probably after dusk, and it 
may be smoked out in the evening in vii-viii. 

C. violacea (Strom) (paripennella sensu auctt.) A typical winged 
case was found on Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa) near Llandudno 
(49) in ix together with two mines in which the upper cuticles were 
also pierced — a typical habit of this larva. I do not find Castanea 
listed as a foodplant though the late Basil Snell and myself fre- 
quently found cases on young saplings at Delamere, Cheshire in the 
1950s. 


A SECOND RECENT LOCALITY FOR ELEDONA AGRICOLA 
(HERBST ) (COL.: TENEBRIONIDAE) IN V.C. 17. — Mr.A. A. Allen 
(1979, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 114 (1978): 156) has recently 
confirmed the presence of this species in Surrey by publishing his 
Box Hill locality. I can now ‘add’ Richmond Park by virtue of two 
specimens found on the 9th April this year (1983). These were 
both taken from a long since dead and very hard fungus at above 
head height on oak (TQ1872). In Fowler, 1891, Col. Brit. Isl., 5: 
13 it seems that both these localities were noted last century and 
so have, in effect, been confirmed, since Brendell, 1975, Handb. 
Ident. Br. Ins., 5 (10): 6 has cited only the more recent records. — 
D. PRANCE, 23 Brunswick Road, Kingston Hill, Kingston-upon- 
Thames, Surrey. 

THE WHITE SPOT: HADENA ALBIMACULA BORKH. IN SURREY. 
— A specimen of this moth turned up in my light trap here on the 
night of 3rd June 1983. It was a female in very poor condition. The 
following night at Dungeness, Kent, produced several examples of 
this species which were in excellent condition. — G. A. COLLINS, 
15 Hurst Way, S. Croydon, Surrey. 


THE DEATH’S HEAD HAWK: ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L.IN 1983 » 
— [think it is worth reporting that a fine Death’s Head Hawk came 
to the bright lights at the Goonhilly “‘Earth Station”, Cornwall, 
on June 14th, and was found by Mr. N. Exebly, who is an engineer 
there. — F. H.N. SMITH (Dr.), Turnstones, Perrancoombe, Perran- 
porth, Cornwall TR6 OHX. 

PELOSIA MUSCERDA HUEN.: DOTTED FOOTMAN IN KENT. — 
I took a male specimen of this moth on the night of 16th July 1983, 
during the field meeting of the British Entomological and Natural 
History Society at Orlestone Forest, Kent. It was attracted to the 
m.v. light on Brigadier Simson’s sheet, and as he already possessed 
the species kindly offered it to me. — G. A. COLLINS, 15 Hurst 
Way, S. Croydon, Surrey. 


TACHYDROMIA TERRICOLA ZETT. NEW TO BRITAIN 223 
TACHY DROMIA TERRICOLA ZETT. 
(DIPT.: EMPIDIDAE) NEW TO BRITAIN 


By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.* 


On 11th July 1973, on a visit with my late friend G. Shephard 
to the sandpit near Lydd, East Kent, already referred to more than 
once in the literature, | caught a small Empidid fly running on fairly 
dry sand. Examination much later showed it to be (apparently) 
a Tachydromia (Sicodus auct.), in rather poor condition. It could 
not be named from Collin’s key (1916:81), since it had no dark 
cross-bands on the wings yet was evidently not halterata Col.; but 
terricola Zett. “which should be found in Britain” (p.83) appeared, 
from the information given, a strong possibility. The fly was sub- 
mitted to Mr. K. G. V. Smith, of the BMNH, who agreed that it cer- 
tainly seemed to belong to that species, but that a male was desir- 
able to clinch the matter. 

On Ist June, 1978, I revisited the locality with my friend Alex 
Williams and made a point of working for the insect. It proved quite 
hard to locate, indeed I had almost given up hope after a two- 
hour hunt when it turned out that the one very restricted spot 
in the whole pit (as it seemed) inhabited by my quarry was that on 
which — guided by who knows what obscure intuition or kindly 
daemon? — we had dumped our baggage! This was a slight shallow 
depression in the sand not far from the edge of the lake filling 
the bottom of the pit, but dry on the surface. The rather common 
T. aemula Lw. occurred on bare or lightly vegetated ground over 
most of the pit; at the spot just mentioned, however, it was accom- 
panied by the new British species very sparingly. I managed in the 
time available to secure half-a-dozen, including two males, by grub- 
bing at the roots of the thin herbage and in the open among frag- 
ments of plant debris etc. — the habits of the two species being as 
far as I could see quite alike. 

A pair, subsequently confirmed from the male as T. terricola, 
has been placed in the National Collection. 

As above indicated, this Tachydromia may at once be known 
among those recorded as British by its comparatively clear, un- 
banded wings which are only faintly clouded longitudinally, and 
apically in cell R3, combined with pale halteres and very exten- 
sively pale legs. Chvala (1975) gives a description (pp.230-1) and 
figures the male middle leg (p.230), genitalia (p.232), and wing 
(p.303 fig. 755). He records it (p. 232) as uncommon, but well 
distributed over north and central Europe, in sandy coastal bio- 
topes (and according to Loew “‘in grasses”). The Lydd sandpits, 
though not on the coast, are near it and their fauna is in great part a 
maritime one. Because of the extraordinary degree of identity 


*49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London, SE7 8QG. 


224 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


found between the rarer and more characteristic Coleoptera of the 
Lydd pits and the similar one near Rye Harbour (Sussex), well 
known to several entomologists, it is highly probable that 7. terri- 
cola occurs also at the latter place. In fact, I retain a distinct impres- 
sion of having seen there (about 1970) what was most likely that 
species, but had then no reason to think it anything out of the 
ordinary. 


Acknowledgement 


I am indebted to Mr. K. G. V. Smith, our leading expert on the 
family, for his authoritative determination. 


References 


Chvala, M., 1975. The Tachydromiinae (Dipt. Empididae) of Fen- 
noscandia and Denmark. Faun. ent. Scand., 3. Klampenborg. 
Collin, J. E., 1961. British Flies, 6(Empididae). Cambridge. 


THE PURPLE MARBLED: EUBLEMMA OSTRINA HBN. AT PORT- 
LAND. — On the night of 17th June 1983, I took a female of this 
rare migrant moth at light near Church Ope Cove, Portland, Dorset. 
A few Autographa gamma L. and Nomophila noctuella D. & S. 
accompanied it. I failed to obtain eggs over the next week from the 
moth, which was in mint condition and of the form carthami H.-S. 


Eventually I set it whilst it still retained a few scales. — A.J. 
PICKLES, 2a Park Avenue, Lymington, Hampshire. 
XESTIA CASTANEA ESP.: GREY RUSTIC IN KENT. — From 


a larva of this species which I swept from heather on 26th April 
1983 in a heathy wood near Hawkhurst, I bred a female moth of 
the dark reddish form on 10th August. This appears to be the 
first record of occurrence of X. castanea in Kent since one was taken 
at Lee by C. G. Bruce in 1952 (cf. Chalmers-Hunt, Butterflies and 
Moths of Kent, 2 : 136). — J. PLATTS, 11 Maydowns Road, Chest- 
field, Whitstable, Kent. 

EUPROCTIS CHRYSORRHOEA L. IN LONDON. — _ While pass- 
ing David Copperfield Gardens in the New Kent Road today I 
noticed many trees infested with Euproctis chrysorrhoea larvae, in 


particular the flowering cherries. — L. CHRISTIE, 129, Franciscan 
Road, Tooting, London SW17 8DZ. 10.vi.83. 
THE HUMMINGBIRD HAWKMOTH IN 1983. — _ Yesterday, 


12th June, at a little after 2.00 pm, my wife and I watched a Macro- 
glossum stellatarum L. feeding in sunshine at the red valerian, 
Kentranthus ruber for about half an hour. The temperature was 
19°C or 2 or 3 degrees lower than the previous few days. The only 
occasions when we have seen ™. stellatarum in the garden in the last 
20 years have both been in mid-July in 1976 and 1979. — M.R. 
HALL, “Hopefield”, Norwich Road, Scole, Diss, Norfolk IP21 4DY. 


RECORDING LEPIDOPTERA IN THE COTSWOLDS 225 


RECORDING LEPIDOPTERA IN THE COTSWOLDS 
DURING 1982 


MICHAEL N. MCCREA* 


1982 has proved to be both an interesting and rewarding year 
for lepidoptera here in Gloucestershire. Although the season opened 
with some of the coldest temperatures of all time in the county, the 
arrival of moths to my actinic trap at Nailsworth was moderately 
consistent. A surprisingly mild evening on January 30th produced a 
large number of moths, particulary Operophtera brumata L. Erannis 
defoliaria Cl. was comparatively abundant and a few Apocheima 
pilosaria D. & S. were also noted. The following evening, after this 
propitious start to the season, I ventured out onto the nearby 
common, armed with a tilley lamp, where I found plenty of Theria 
primaria Haw. and several Agriopis marginaria Fabr. The rest of 
February remained rather mild, but very wet, with temperatures in 
the low 50s. On February 28th my Nailsworth trap brought in the 
first Alsophila aescularia D. & S. of the year, as well as a further 
influx of O. brumata L. 

My activities were limited during the first two weeks of March, 
but during the latter part of the month I visited Painswick Beacon 
with the specific purpose of seeking Panolis flammea D. & S. I was 
joined by my colleague Mr. David Cooper, who has provided me 
with companionship on many a field trip. By now the sallow blos- 
som was in full bloom, and, with an overcast sky above, our thoughts 
were very optimistic indeed. 

We placed a tilley lamp on a white sheet, beneath several selec- 
ted sallows, and commenced beating. In no time at all our sheet 
was covered with moths as well as other debris dislodged by our 
over-enthusiastic physical exertions. Orthosia gothica L. was un- 
doubtedly the most numerous species present, with about 500 
counted during the course of the evening. Other visitors included 
Orthosia  miniosa D. & S. (2), O. populeti Fabr. (3), O. munda 
D. & S. (100), O. cruda D. & S. (45), Xvlocampa areola Esp. (5) 
and a very worn Lithophane socia Hufn., but no P. flammea. This 
seemed strange to me, as there is a good supply of Scots pine in the 
vicinity, and my friend Mr. John Newton has taken a fine series 
from this area in recent years. Several further visits to the site 
failed to produce the moth. 


April opened with the first really sunny days of spring, and, 
with the thermometer at 60°F on the 4th, quite a few of the hiber- 
nating butterflies were in evidence. Throughout the Stroud district, 
many Aglais urticae L. were active around stinging nettles, with the 
occasional Gonepteryx rhamni L. making an appearance. On April 


*3 Blockley Cottages, Middle Street, Uplands, Stroud, Glos. GLS 1TQ. 


226 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


17th Mr. Cooper and I set out towards Daglingworth near Ciren- 
cester, on a mild but blustery evening that yielded little of interest 
except a few Eupsilia transversa Hufn. and Diurnea fagella D. & S.., 
the latter swarming around our lamp in huge numbers. Despite the 
lack of activity, however, we were rewarded by the overhead roding 
of a woodcock, and a couple of inquisitive tawny owls. 

On April 29th I sugared a stand of poplars near my home at 
Nailsworth, and whilst examining the visitors after dusk, I boxed a 
moth which at first seemed unfamiliar to me. On examining it 
later, I was delighted to confirm a specimen of Egira conspicillaris 
L. This species appears to be extremely local in Gloucestershire with 
previous records occurring very infrequently. May opened with 
glorious sunshine which was prevalent throughout the rest of the 
month. On the evening of May 19th I visited Standish Wood, a 
popular site on the most western escarpment of the Cotswold 
hills. The night was very warm and muggy with a mild south- 
westerly breeze. We positioned our heath-trap along a woodland 
ride which presented both deciduous and coniferous cover. After 
a short while our sheet was seething with moths, so much so that 
it presented us with the frustrating task of calculating the numbers 
of visitors on an almost continual basis. 30 species of macros were 
recorded, the most interesting of these being Ectropis consonaria 
Hb. (4), rather local in this part of the county, E. crepuscularia 
D. & S. (2), Plagodis dolabraria L. (2), Horisme vitalbata D. & S. 
(1), Ecliptopera silaceata D. & S. (9), Lampropteryx suffumata 
D. & S. (5), Thyatira batis L. (4) and Ptilodon capucina L. We were 
also interested to note the extremely large numbers of Colocasia 
coryli L. About 300 were counted during the evening, the most I 
have ever seen at one time. 

On May 20th an afternoon walk near Stroud in very hot con- 
ditions produced plenty of butterflies. The fields were alive with 
Pieris napi L., Polvommatus icarus Rott. and Anthocharis cardamines 
L. At nearby Hawkwood a small colony of Hamearis lucina L., 
which I have been observing for several years now, was thriving, to- 
gether with Erynnis tages L. and Pararge aegeria L. I also noted 
Euclidimera mi L. and Ectypa glyphica L. Whilst examining a small 
clump of wild rose at this site, | found about 12 cases of Coleophora 
gryphipennella Hb. I collected several of these and moths bred from 
them emerged between August 2nd and 5th. On May 26th I again 
operated my actinic trap in the garden at Nailsworth. Some interest- 
ing moths came to the light, 43 species in all, including, Electrophaes 
corylata Thunb. (6), Eppirhoe rivata D. & S. (40), Biston betularia 
L. (typical 7, f. carbonaria Jord. 4), Cilix glaucata D. & S. (2), 
Hadena rivularis Fabr. (5), Furcula furcula L. (2) and a very large 
female Cerura vinula L. The following morning I was surprised to 
discover at Nailsworth, about a dozen larvae of Notodonta drome- 
darius L. feeding on lime. I collected six of these and moths bred 


RECORDING LEPIDOPTERA IN THE COTSWOLDS 227] 


from them emerged during the first week of August. South (1961, 
The Moths of the British Isles) states that the larvae of this species 
feed “on birch, alder, and sometimes hazel. usually on the former, 
in June, July and August’. This appears true from my experiences 
with the species, I have never before encountered the larvae feeding 
on lime. 

During June temperatures soared into the 80s and a succession 
of hot and muggy evenings between June 3rd and 16th produced 
vast numbers of moths at my Stroud actinic trap. Although the 
diversity of species was rather low, the incredible multitudes were 
adequate compensation. During these two weeks a total of 48 
species of macros were recorded; amongst the more interesting ones 
were: Acasis viretata Hb. (2), Semiothisa notata L. (3), Autographa 
pulchrina Haw. (6), Tyria jacobaeae L. (45), Callimorpha dominula 
L. (4) and at least 1,000 Noctua pronuba L. With the warm weather 
continuing into the first week of July, my colleague and I found 
ourselves in the New Forest for a few days. During our brief stay, we 
were fortunate in obtaining several Catocala sponsa L. from the 
Minstead area. Our portable m.v. lamp brought in a large assortment 
of moths including Hyloicus pinastri L. (3), Stauropus fagi L. (6), 
Zeuzera pyrina L. (2), Boarmia roboraria D. & S. (2, at sugar) and 
Amphipyra pyramidea L. (8, at sugar). 

On returning from the Forest on July 12th, I visited Edge 
Common near Gloucester. The site is excellent for many species of 
butterflies and moths, consisting of open limestone grassland and 
scrub with mature deciduous and coniferous woodland. Although 
a slight drizzle persisted during the greater part of the evening, this 
did not deter insect activity. A fairly extensive sugar round was 
established and this proved highly successful with Amphipyra 
pyramidea L., Thalpophila matura Hufn. (9), Peridroma saucia 
Hb. (2), Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. (5), Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (4) 
and Phlogophora meticulosa L. (2). The most spectacular sight 
at sugar however, was of no less than 500 Mythimna pallens 
L. and M. impura Hb. on one patch. Our actinic trap was 
doing well also, with 56 species of macros. Amongst these were 
Eremobia ochroleuca L. (3), Lymantria monacha L. (2), Philu- 
doria potatoria L. (5), Melanthia procellata D. & S. (7), Eulithis 
prunata L. (12), Perizoma flavofasciata Thunb. (2), Selenia dentaria 
D. & S. (1) and Drepana cultraria Fabr. (8). We returned to the site 
the following evening, this time joined by Mr John Mcfeely, but 
poor weather conditions resulted in a poor catch at both light and 
sugar. Nevertheless, despite recording most of the species from the 
previous evening, we noted Ennomos alniaria L. (6), Pheosia gnoma 
Fabr. (8), Ypsolopha sequella Cl. (4), Agapeta zoegana L. (9), 
Aphomia sociella L. (14) and Hypsopygia costalis Fabr. (2). 

August was congenial for the time of year, although most of 
the sunny days were intermitted by the occasional rain storm. 


228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


On August 20th I visited Randwick Wood near Stroud, where 
many butterflies were on the wing. Melanargia galathea L. was 
plentiful, with a sprinkling of Thymelicus sylvestris Poda., Maniola 
jurtina L. and Pyronia tithonus L. Several Lysandra coridon Poda 
and Aricia agestis D. & S. were also present. A further trip to Min- 
chinhampton Common that afternoon produced a good number of 
Cupido minimus Fuessl. and P. icarus Rott., the former species 
enjoying a successful season throughout the county. On August 
29th my Stroud trap brought in several Arctia caja L. and a large 
influx of Autographa gamma L. The latter species appeared spora- 
dically throughout September and well into October. During Sep- 
tember there occurred an evident invasion of Cynthia cardui L. 
throughout the Stroud area, or possibly offspring from a spring 
immigration, although many of the singletons observed were in 
very poor condition. This invasion continued well into October, 
the last one being noted on the 14th. During a surprisingly mild 
spell the first half of October, A. urticae L. swarmed on the last few 
blooms of buddleia, together with Vanessa atalanta L. and Poly- 
gonia c-album L. 

The last week of October was extremely wet and temperatures 
declined dramatically. The absence of anything substantial to my 
Stroud trap on October 3lst, indicated that winter was nearly 
there. On November 4th however, a mild evening yielded Colotois 
pennaria Hb. (a few) and Eppirita autumnata Borkh (3). Late 
November saw a sharp change in the weather, and a series of cold 
frosts during the last few days of the month more or less closed my 
activities for the year. In complete contrast, the latter part of 
December was exceptionally mild, and whilst visiting a friend at Slad 
near Stroud on the 19th, I observed large numbers of Poecilocampa 
populi L. The following day I paid a return visit to Edge Common 
in very windy conditions where I beat Caloptilia betulicola Her. (4) 
and C. alchimiella Scop. (2), thus closing, for me, an enjoyable 
year of activity. 


Acknowledgements 


I would like to express my thanks to Mr. J. Newton for his 
interesting and helpful correspondence, past and present, and 
Mr. D. Cooper for an interesting working relationship. 


References 


South. R., 1961. The Moths of the British Isles series | & II. 
Meyrick. E., 1928. A Revised handbook of British Lepidoptera. 


APIUM NODIFLORUM 229 


APIUM NODIFLORUM: A PREVIOUSLY 
UNRECOGNIZED FOODPLANT OF 
DEPRESSARIA ULTIMELLA STAINTON 


By R. J. HECKFORD* 


On 4th May 1972 I took a worn Depressaria at Saltash, Corn- 
wall. In late 1981 I dissected it to discover it was a male D. ultimella 
Stainton. The only other Cornish records of which I am aware are 
three specimens taken by the Revd. D. J. L. Agassiz at Treyarnon 
on 27th August 1970 and one taken by Dr. J. R. Langmaid at 
Veryan on 8th. September 1978. 

Meyrick (1928) gives only Oenanthe aquatica as a foodplant 
and describes the species as common. However by Meyrick’s defi- 
nition a species is common if it is found wherever its foodplant is 
plentiful. O. aquatica is distinctly local. Margetts and David (1981) 
do not record it from Cornwall. 

Emmet (1979) adds O. crocata and Sium latifolium. O. crocata 
is common in Cornwall but S. /atifolium is not recorded. Spuler 
(1913) and Toll (1964) both give O. aquatica and S. latifolium. 
Palm (1973) simply states ““Oenanthe, Sium”’. 

On 11th. July 1982 I revisited Saltash to look for larvae. I had 
taken my specimen in a lane having a hedge on either side and a 
small stream at one side. There were a few plants of crocata and a 
quantity of a plant which I subsequently identified as Apium nodi- 
florum. No larvae were feeding on the crocata but the stems con- 
tained pupae. I suspected that these were too large and too early 
for ultimella. Indeed in due course they produced D. daucella 
D.&S. 

I then noticed that several tips of nodiflorum were withered. 
On splitting open the stems I found some very small larvae. Some 
were feeding in stems just below the tip, others were further down 
but in every case there was only one larva in each plant. Because of 
the withered stems it was very easy to see which plants contained 
larvae. It was clear that the larvae were quite common. 

On my way home I examined some nodiflorum at Plymouth 
and immediately found similar larvae. Between then and Sth. 
August I found larvae in several localities in Devon. All were in 
nodiflorum. | found none in crocata, although in most places it 
grew nearby. Thereafter I found only pupae. In all I found the 
species in fourteen localities in Devon. 

As the larvae grew they moved down the stems. Most of the 
pupae were very low in the stems. Some were even in stems under 
water. How the adult emerges in such circumstances I could not 
tell. Dr. J. R. Langmaid noticed in Hampshire, stems with exit 


*67 Newnham Road, Plympton, Plymouth. 


230 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


holes plugged with frass. By mid August it was difficult to find 
tenanted stems as the rest of the plant had decomposed. The tenanted 
part was then covered by the growth of unaffected plants. 

Generally the larvae appeared to prefer noaiflorum growing in 
small ditches by roadsides rather than that growing more luxuriantly 
in streams. 

Meyrick describes the larva of u/timella as pale green; dots 
dark brown; head pale brownish. Emmet says it is whitish green 
with head black. My description of the young larva was: head 
shining dark brown, plate yellowish brown; body yellowish, pina- 
cula dark brown; anal plate transparent. By the fourth instar the 
head and plate were light red brown; body light grey, pinacula 
black; anal plate transparent. In the final instar my description was: 
head shining red brown, plate yellowish; body greyish green, pina- 
cula black; anal plate yellowish. 

On 3lst. July the first specimen of wultimella emerged. 
Emergence continued until late August. 

Emmet does not record any species of microlepidoptera feeding 
on A. nodiflorum. As | found ultimella almost wherever the food- 
plant occurred it is obviously an established foodplant. As A. nodi- 
florum is widespread it is likely that w/timella will now be found 
more commonly. 

Dr. Langmaid and I reared some parasites which Dr. A. A. 
Allen and Dr. M. R. Shaw have kindly identified. Dr. Langmaid’s 
were all reared from larvae taken at Droxford, Hampshire. They 
were Barichneumon lepidus (Gravenhorst), Phaeogenes stipator 
Wesmael and Dicaelotus morosus Wesmael. Mine from two loca- 
lities in Devon were all D. morosus. P. stipator is a fairly common 
species and the other two are not uncommon. 


Acknowledgements 


I am grateful to Dr. J. R. Langmaid for his assistance in the 
preparation of this note, to the Rev. D. J. L Agassiz for his records 
and to Dr. A. A. Allen and Dr. M. R. Shaw for their identifications 
of and information about the parasites. 


References 


Emmet, A. M., editor, 1979. A Field Guide to the Smaller British 
Lepidoptera. 271 pp. London. 

Margetts, L. J. and David, R. W., 1981. A Review of the Cornish 
Flora, 388pp. Institute of Cornish Studies. 

Meyrick, E. 1928. A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. vit 
914pp. London. 

Palm, E. 1973. De Danske ‘Depressarier’’, Lepidopterological 
Society of Copenhagen, 61 pp. 


APIUM NODIFLORUM ipa) 


Spuler, A. 1913. Die Sogenannten Kleinschmetterlinge Europas. 
337pp. Stutgart. 

Toll, S. 1964. Lepidoptera-Oecophoridae, in Klucze do Oznaczania 
Owado Polski, Ser. 43, part 27, no 35. 174pp. 


THE MARBLED GREY: CRYPHIA RAPTRICULA HBN. IN KENT. 
— I wish to report the capture of the fifth British specimen of this 
noctuid moth, at m.v. light on the night of the 20th June 1983, 
at Dungeness, Kent. The wind that night was a light S.E., the tem- 
perature cool, with a night minimum of 120C. — P.H. STERLING, 
Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Commonwealth 
Forestry Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford [The previous records 
are: 1953: Arundel, Sussex, male in m.v. trap, 12.viii (Haggett, 
Ent. Gaz., 5: 94A). 1955: Southsea, Hampshire, one in m.v.trap, 
18.viii (Langmaid, Ent. Gaz., 7: 112). 1969: Worth, Kent, one 
9 viii; Sandwich Bay, Kent, one 9.viii, both taken by T. W. Harman 
(Chalmers-Hunt, The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 3: 252). — 


J.M.C.-H.] 
ARCHIEARIS NOTHA HBN.: LIGHT ORANGE UNDERWING, 
THREE YEARS IN PUPAL STAGE. — In June 1980, I found 


some larvae of A. notha in Orlestone Forest, Kent, one of which 
produced a moth on the 26th April 1983. — J. V. BANNER, 41 
Varndean Gardens, Brighton BN1 6WJ, Sussex. 

LARVA OF THE DOTTED CHESTNUT: CONISTRA RUBIGINEA D. 
& S. IN THE WILD. — It may be of interest toreport finding a 
larva of this local moth feeding on an apple tree here in my garden. 
I found the larva, which was approximately 3 mm. long, exposed in 
daylight near the terminal shoot of a low branch on 7th May 1983. 
There was evidence of its feeding, and it has now become an un- 
mistakably full grown larva. I have in the past had occasional speci- 
mens of the moth to my garden m.v.l. including a female on 8th 


April this year. The apple is of the Worcester variety. — A. J. 
PICKLES, 2a Park Avenue, Lymington, Hampshire. 
ETHMIA BIPUNCTELLA F. IN HAMPSHIRE. — _ I took in my 


m.v. trap here on the 16th August 1983, a specimen of E. bipunc- 
tella. As it was accompanied by Rhodometra sacraria L. and My- 
thimna vitellina Hbn. and there is no Echium locally, it was probably 
a migrant. The only previous record for the county is of one for 
Alverstoke on 7.viii.1967. — E.H. WILD, 7 Abbots Close, High- 
cliffe, Christchurch, BH23 5BH. 

THE ARGENT AND SABLE: RHEUMAPTERA HASTATA L. IN 
SUSSEX. — During a visit to a Sussex wood on 30th May 
1983, I noted three of this pretty geometrid in good condition 
flying in a birch-lined ride in the afternoon sun. Mr. S. Church 
tells me this is a scarce moth in the county. — D. DEY, 26 Manor 
Avenue, Hassocks, West Sussex. 


232 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 SEM 837y 


A MODERN REVIEW OF THE DEMISE OF 
APORIA CRATAEGI L.: THE BLACK-VEINED WHITE 


By COLIN PRATT* 
(Concluded from page 166) 


HABITAT CHANGE 


Recently Morton (loc. cit.) suggested that, in common with 
Maculinea arion L., A. crataegi disappeared because both species 
had become “‘victims of a changing countryside’, although even to 
this day some former localities have altered little. At the time of the 
latter’s decline, McLachlan (1893) wrote “there have been no 
great changes in the physical condition of its former localities’, 
Goss (loc. cit.) having made the same point earlier. It is therefore 
apparent that habitat change or loss played little part in this extinc- 
tion. 


PARASITES 


Martelli (/oc. cit.) recorded much detailed information on the 
parasites affecting the black-veined white in Italy during the late 
1920s. There is no doubt that parasitism can be heavy in the species 
as he noted that in one area more than three-quarters of the larvae 
examined eventually died owing to the attentions of a total of 
seven species of parasite. Stellwaag (loc. cit.) reported similar occur- 
rences from Germany and listed more than a dozen parasitic species 
from A. crataegi. Apanteles glomeratus held a prominent position 
among the parasitic species mentioned, and in modern times it has 
been named in connection with larval losses encountered within 
continental introductions of A. crataegi in this country. This parasite 
alone has been reported as causing 100% lethality in P. brassicae 
larvae in Germany (Feltwell, 1982). However, there is no evidence 
that parasites contributed at a primary level to the fluctuations in 
population of the butterfly under review in this country; unusually 
high losses due to this cause were not reported at the time and the 
likelihood of this being noticed would have been high. 


PESTICIDES 


Heath (loc. cit.) suggests that pest-control measures by fruit- 
growers in Kent may have been the cause of the insect’s final 
extinction in this country. In Kent, the use of insecticides on apple- 


*“Oleander’’, 5 View Road, Peacehaven, Newhaven, Sussex. 


A MODERN REVIEW OF THE DEMISE OF APORIA CRATAEGI L. 233 


trees commenced before the last quarter of the 19th century when 
quicklime was used to kill lepidopterous ova, presumably mainly 
of the winter moth. By the turn of the century the more advanced 
fruit-growers sprayed systematically with quassia, soft soap, and 
paraffin emulsion; a few used Paris green (cupric acetoarsenite) 
alone. According to ADAS (pers. comm.), the use of these sprays 
increased dramatically after the first world war, substantially with 
arsenic compounds; additives such as the fungicidal Bordeaux 
mixture also came into use, making a wider spectrum spray. How 
widely these chemicals were used in, and their exact effect on, the 
black-veined white’s very local last strongholds are not known. It is 
just possible that when the butterfly was reduced to a very few 
colonies, as it was after the first world war, ill-timed spraying by 
fruit-growers delivered the coup de grace; but chemicals played no 
larger part in this disappearance and it is much more likely that 
they did not materially contribute to its departure at all. 


SUMMARY 


Examination of the available national average weather records 
from the earliest dates possible for temperature and rainfall on a 
monthly, seasonal, annual and twenty-year-running-average basis 
since the 17th century shows that the only significant relationship 
with the fluctuations of Aporia crataegi L. is that of September 
rainfall; high rainfall during this month over successive years, both 
in the short and long term, seemed to be linked to low numbers 
and the butterfly’s ultimate extinction in this country. There seems 
little doubt that the cause of the disappearance was multifactorial — 
the unique coincidence of several adverse influences. There is con- 
siderable circumstantial evidence to suggest that the butterfly was 
severely affected by a disease in historical times. There are inferential 
indications that a fungal epizootic was the most probable disease 
encountered, although the possibility of a virus disease cannot be 
eliminated. With disease being the primary culprit, it is likely that 
avian predation also contributed heavily to the decline, with other 
of the more usual deleterious factors following. 

To conclude, I believe the black-veined white became extinct in 
Britain because of a coincidence of both natural and man-made 
pressures, these being a prevalent climatically induced disease and 
an increase in predation by birds, due to changing attitudes towards 
conservation, game and agriculture. Nevertheless, as Barrett (1893) 
said, ““much mystery hangs over this species” in this country, and 
some always will. 


Acknowledgements 


During the research for this article several different disciplines 


234 ENTOMOLOGSIT’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


were encountered, including meterorology, ornithology and ento- 
mogenous diseases; the author claims no expertise in any of these 
and has consequently drawn extensively on the authoritative pub- 
lished work of experts, to whom any credit is due. 

My thanks are due to Mrs. I. Amos and all the library staff at 
Brighton Polytechnic, and to Mr. H. Rimmington and the computer 
staff of the same establishment. I am also indebted to Mr. P. W. Cribb 
for detailed information on his breeding experiments with the black- 
veined white. I would especially like to express my gratitude to 
Mr. R. F. Bretherton for his assistance with records, and to Col. 
A. M. Emmet for constructive criticism during the final stages of the 


paper. 
References 


Allan, P. B. M., 1948. Moths and Memories. London. 

Barrett, C. G., 1882. The Influence of Meteorological Conditions on 
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———————— 1893. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands, 1. 
London. 

Beirne, B. P., 1947. The Seasonal Abundance of the British Lepidop- 
tera. Entomologist, 80:49-53. 

Belasco, J. E., 1951. Freezing Days in Great Britain. Meteorological 
Magazine, 80: 213-224. 

Bretherton, R. F., 1951. Our Lost Butterflies and Moths. Ento- 
mologist’s Gaz., 2: 211-240. 

Brodie, F. J., 1916. The Incidence of Bright Sunshine over the 
United Kingdom during the Thirty Years 1881-1910. Quarterly 
Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 42: 23-38. 

Central Statistical Office, 1940. Annual Abstract of Statistics, 
H.M.S.O., London. 

———————— 1950. Ibid. 

TH 1960. Ibid. 

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 1960. The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 
1. Arbroath. 

Christensen, C. M., 1972. The Molds and Man. Minneapolis. 

Collenette, C. L., 1935. Notes concerning Attacks by British Birds 
on Butterflies. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond, 1935: 201-217. 

Curtis, J., 1829. British Entomology. 

Dale, C. W. 1887a. Historical Notes on Aporia crataegi in England. 
Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 20: 38-39. 

———————— 1887b. Query respecting Aporia crataegi. Entomolo- 
gist’s mon, Mag., 20: 214. 

———————— 1890. The History of our British Butterflies. London. 

Dennis, R. L. H.,1977. The British Butterflies. Faringdon. 

Elliott, R., 1977. Notes on an Introduced “Colony” of the Black- 
veined White (Aporia crataegi L.) in Scotland. Entomologist’s 
Rec. J. Var., 89: 282-283. 


A MODERN REVIEW OF THE DEMISE OF APORIA CRATAEGI L. 235 


———————— 1982. Further Notes on an Introduced “Colony” of 
the Black-veined White: Aporia crataegi L. in Scotland. Ento- 
mologist’s Rec. J. Var., 94: 245-246. 

Feltwell, J., 1982. Large White Butterfly. The Hague. 

Ford, E. B., 1945. Butterflies. London. 

Franz, J. M., 1971. Influence of Environment and Modern Trends in 
Crop Management on Microbial Control. /n: Burges, H. D. and 
Hussey, N. W., Microbial Control of Insects and Mites, London. 

Frohawk, F. W., 1914. Natural History of British Butterflies, 1: 
London. 

Gibb, J. A., 1958. Predation by Tits and Squirrels on the eucosmid 
Ernarmonia conicolana (Heyl.). J. Anim, Ecol., 27: 375-396. 

Glasspoole, J. & Hancock, D. S., 1936. The Distribution over the 
British Isles of the Average Duration of Bright Sunshine : 
Monthly and Annual Maps and Statistics. Quarterly Journal of 
the Royal Meteorological Society, 62: 247-259. 

Goss, H., 1887. Is Aporia crataegi extint in England ? Entomologist’s 
mon. Mag., 20: 217-220. 

Green, J., 1982. Practical Guide to the Butterflies of Worcestershire. 

Gurney, J. H. & Russell, C., 1885. The House Sparrow. London. 

Hancock, D. S., 1935. General Sunshine Values, England and Wales, 
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45-51. 

Heath, J., 1974. A Century of Change in the Lepidoptera. Jn: 
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Hogg, W. H., 1950. Frequency of Radiation and Wind Frosts during 
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Hughes, K. M., 1957. An Annotated List and Bibliography of Insects 
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a 1887. Notes on the Comparative Rarity of Lepidoptera 
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Krieg, A., & Langenbuch, R., 1956. Eine Polyedrose von Aporia 
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63:95-99. (In German with short English summary). 

Lamb, H. H., 1965. Britain’s Changing Climate. /n: Johnson, C. G., 
& Smith, L. P., (eds.), The Biological Significance of Climatic 
Changes in Britain. London. 


236 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


Leatherdale, D., 1958. A Host Catalogue of British Entomogenous 
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Lewin, W., 1795. /nsects of Great Britain. 

Lewis, L. F., 1937. Variations of Temperature at Oxford, 1815- 
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Manley, G., 1946. Variations in the Length of the Frost-Free Season. 
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———————— 1962. Climate and the British Scene. London. 


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McLachlan, R., 1893. The Decadence of British Butterflies, with 
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Merrifield, F., 1893. Aporia crataegi introduced. Entomologist’s 
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A MODERN REVIEW OF THE DEMISE OF APORIA CRATAEGIL. 237 


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138: B: 130-156. 


EPIPHY AS POSTVITTANA WALK.: A SEQUEL. — Having taken 
a single specimen of the above Tortricid at m.v. light here last year 
(antea: 120), it was with more interest than surprise that I encoun- 
tered several of these moths attracted to a wall-lamp in a by-way 
not far distant on the night of 7th June 1983 — that is, almost 
exactly a year later. It was, in fact, the very spot where an Epichoris- 
todes acerbella Walk. had occurred five years previously (Ent. Rec., 
92: 33). I took four of the postvittana, which, though showing some 
little variation, are all of the more typical and easily recognizable 
form with basal area of forewings contrastingly pale — unlike the 
1982 example. They are in good order, one female being particu- 
larly fresh and perfect. The arrival of the species in this district 
must surely be very recent. Further captures in the south-east can 
now be confidently expected. — A. A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, 
Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


238 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 
SOME NOTES ON POLYPOGON STRIGILATA L. 
(LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) 


By B. ELLIOTT 


This charming hypenid moth, better known as Herminia barbalis 
Clerck, has as its vernacular name the ‘Common Fanfoot’, a name 
which seems to belie its modern status since ‘Scarce Fanfoot’ would 
be more appropriate. 


Distribution 


During the latter half of the 19th century, Morris (1872) gave 
its distribution as from York to Birkenhead in the north and 
Tenterden to Arundel in the south, with an east-west spread from 
Stowmarket to Marlow and through to Worcester. The species 
figures frequently in early county lists, such as those for Yorkshire 
and Nottinghamshire by Porritt (1904) and Carr (1916) respectively, 
but there are apparently no more recent records for these counties. 
Indeed, after conversations with many lepidopterists, it seems that 
the species now occurs only locally in the southern central region of 
England (there are some old, but no recent records, for Ireland). 
The principal areas of occurrence now seem to be based in the oak 
woods of Berkshire and, to a lesser extent, the woods in south-east 
Kent. These two areas are the only places where I have personally 
seen the moth. Its distribution in Kent is well written up by 
Chalmers-Hunt (1962-81). For Wiltshire, de Worms (1962) 
describes it as ‘fairly common’, but I know of no recent records 
for that county. 

My first encounter with this species was a male moth tapped 
out of an oak tree in Orlestone Woods, Kent, late one afternoon 
in mid-June 1969.1 did not see the moth again until June 1981 
when, in the company of Bernard Skinner, I captured a worn female 
in a Berkshire woodland where he had seen five males the previous 
week. 


Rearing Notes 


I took the female home, and since it was in a worn state fed it 
at once on a dulute sugar solution. (NB. It has been my experience 
that members of this species’ group dessicate easily, so an early 
feed and a humid atmosphere are advisable). 

I have not been able to trace any complete account of rearing 
this species, so the following description of its life history may be 
useful. 


*“Three Pieces”, Vernon Lane, Kelstedge, Derbyshire. 


NOTES ON POL YPOGON STRIGILATA L. 239 


21.6.81. I-placed the female in a plastic container with oak and 
birch leaves and black netting after carefully feeding it again dilute 
sugar and honey solution. A search through the literature that 
evening for any information produced an excellent brief description 
of the ovum by Haggett (1953), and a description of the post- 
hibernation larva by Buckler (1901). 

22.6.81. The first ova were laid this evening on the netting, 
with a total of 44 between now and the 29th, when the moth 
died. They were a shiny, pale, translucent green, becoming reticu- 
lated and darker after two days. Fine ribbing is apparent. It is 
0.6mm in diameter and 0.3mm high. Of the number laid, the first 
25 hatched, the rest soon crumpling— presumably being infertile 
in an old moth. 

2.7.81. The first larvae began hatching during the day. They 
were pale, translucent and glossy, with a dark dorsal line, broad on 
the first segment and tapering away 73 along length of body. They 
fed on fresh rather than stale oak leaves and ignored birch leaves. 

8.7.81. The hatch was completed by this date, but the earliest 
larvae were now ready for their second instar. They began by eating 
fresh leaves, skeletonising them and continuing to feed on these 
same leaves even though they had become overtly mouldy. Indeed, 
the older the larvae became, the more they preferred withered 
leaves. 

4.9.81. The leading larvae gave the appearance of being full 
grown, the largest ones being 15.0mm and the smallest 12.0mm, 
and were now eating only very withered or dead leaves. 

1.11.81. The larvae increased only a further 1.0mm in size to 
a maximum of 16.0mm, and were now very sluggish. 

On the advice of Mr. G. Haggett, I had dried some green oak 
leaves, which I then put in a ventilated plastic box with other 
dead leaves on coarse tissue paper, and placed them in the garage 
for overwintering. 

Over the next week or two, the larvae settled in hibernating 
positions on the tissue and there they stayed without further move- 
ment until early April, when some wandering was observed. 
Assuming that further eating might take place, | added more dried 
oak leaves, plus a few holm oak leaves picked off a tree, and some 
birch catkins. 

27.4.82. There was little evidence of feeding. One holm oak 
leaf was nibbled and there was some sporadic chewing of the old 
leaves. The catkins were not touched. 

The first cocoon noted was in a dead oak leaf, but the rest 
pupated in flimsy but adequate cocoons in folds of the tissue paper, 
incorporating any fragments of leaf in the vicinity. Eleven larvae 
formed cocoons. 

13.5.82. All the remaining larvae had pupated by this date. The 
pupa is about 12.0mm long, narrowish and not very glossy. 


240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.XE-83 


7.6.82. The first moth emerged today, and the remaining 
nine over the next few days. They sat quietly in the plastic box, 
choosing the darkest place. 


Description of mature larva 


The larva at or approaching full growth is a warm, pale brown in 
ground colour, with a dark dorsal line. There is a lateral line running 
on each segment, running ventrally from the dorsum. This line is inter- 
sected at the spiracular level by a vague line running disto-dorsally, 
so that when viewed from the side, the larva has a latticed appea- 
rance and when viewed dorsally the lines give the appearance of a 
row of diamonds. Each segment has four black spots in two pairs. 
the two anterior ones are close to the midline (when viewed dor- 
sally), and the two distal ones are wider apart. The spiracles are 
black, the head is brown with a pronounced taper of the body to 
the head. Length is just over 16.0mm. The foregoing description 
was made on 10.10.1981. 


Feral habits 


South (1908) mentions that the moth ‘frequents the more 
open parts of woods, and in the daytime may be induced to show 
itself by tapping the lower branches of trees or brushing the bushes 
or undergrowth as we pass along’. The truth of this statement has 
certainly been borne out by my personal experience. It sits for 
preference on the lower branches of oak trees, and when disturbed 
quickly flies off to another hiding place, usually in the woodland 
undergrowth. 

I have not looked for the larva in the wild, but it is interesting 
to read the careful researches into the life history of its relative 
Trisateles emortualis Denis & Schiff. by Baker (1969), bearing in 
mind the way strigilata also skeletonises withered leaves. It would 
probably be profitable to examine dead oak branches with attached 
leaves for evidence cf skeletonisation of the leaves in old mature 
oak woodland. 

This moth has another relative which is well known for existing 
in exceedingly small numbers, that is Colobochyla salicalis Denis & 
Schiff., which is rarely encountered until optimum conditions occur. 
I wonder whether these conditions are provided by a period of 
forestry activity, in which branches with leaves on are left lying 
about. Likewise, I have more than once stood in one of the Chiltern 
localities for 7. emortualis and speculated on whether the period 
when the moth was common coincided with clearance and felling in 
the area. 


NOTES ON POLYPOGON STRIGILATA L. 241 


Acknowledgements 


I should like to thank Mr. G. Haggett for advice on overwinter- 
ing the larvae and also Mrs. Lorraine Culpin for patiently typing the 
manuscript. 


References 


Baker, B. R. 1969. Notes on Breeding Trisateles emortualis Schiff. 
and the Discovery of Larvae and Pupae in the Wild. Proc. Brit. 
ent. nat. Hist Soc. 2(1): 5-8. 

Buckler, W.. 1901. The Larvae of the British Butterflies and Moths, 
9: 14-15, plt. 148, figs. 6, 6a. 

Carr, J. W. 1916 The Invertebrate Fauna of Nottinghamshire, 193; 

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M. 1962-81. The Butterflies & Moths of Kent, 
2350-1. 33 263): 

de Worms, C. G. M. 1962. The Macrolepidoptera of Wiltshire, 
107-8 

Haggett, G. M. 1953. The Egg and Pupa of Minucia lunaris Schiff, 
and Colobochyla salicalis Schiff. (Lep: Plusiidae). Ent. Gaz., 4: 
266-268 (description of egg of Herminia barbalis, p. 268). 

Morris, F. O. 1872. A Natural History of British Moths, 3: 69-70. 

Porritt, G. T. 1904. List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera, 102. 

South, R. 1908. The Moths of the British Isles, 2: 92. 


The Willoughby Gardner Library: A Collection of Early Printed 
Books on Natural History by J. R. Kenyon. 54pp., including 
frontispiece and 9 other illusts. Stiff, decorated cover. National 
Museum of Wales, Cardiff, 1982. £4.50 (£4.80 by post). 

This is a catalogue of the 288 books forming the collection 
of the late Willoughby Gardner (1860-1953), which was acquired 
by the Library of the National Museum of Wales in 1953. The items 
are arranged alphabetically under authors’ names, and with each 
entry there is a concise collation. Most of the collection consists 
of early printed books on the natural sciences ranging from the 15th- 
18th centuries, a fair number being of entomological interest. 

Among the more notable books on entomology are those by 
Aldrovandi, Albin, Drury, Moses Harris, John Jonston, L’Admiral, 
Lewin, Linnaeus, Matthew Martin, Merian, Merrett, Moffet, Petiver 
(including a copy of the exceedingly rare Papilionum Britanniae 
icones, 1717), Ray, Reaumur, Roesel von Rosenhof, Schaeffer, 
Sepp, Swammerdam and Wilkes (including only the second known 
copy of Directions for making a Collection, 1742). The catalogue is 
well printed on a good quality paper, and tastefully got up. — 
J.M.C.-H. 


242 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


BUTTERFLIES IN CENTRAL SPAIN IN MAY 1982, 
INCLUDING A RECORD OF 
NORTHWARD MIGRATION 


By J. F. BURTON* & D. F. OWEN** 


Introduction 


From 10th to 24th May, 1982 inclusive we visited the neigh- 
bourhood of the Sierra de Guadarrama, near Madrid, and the Sierra 
de Gredos further west; areas whose butterfly fauna has not received 
a great deal of attention. The main purpose of our expedition was 
to make sound recordings in stereo of birds and other wildlife for 
the B.B.C. Natuaral History Unit as well as three radio programmes 
about the wildlife of these areas which were broadcast on B.B.C’s 
Radio 4 between 25th March and 8th April, 1983. We were accom- 
panied by D. J. Tombs, an experienced B.B.C. recording engineer 
and keen amateur ornithologist. In spite of these preoccupations we 
paid as much attention as possible to the butterflies and featured 
them in the programmes we made. 

We travelled to Spain with the car ferry from Plymouth to 
Santander, docking at 1000 hrs. local time on 10th May. During the 
drive from Santander via Burgos to our headquarters for the next 
week at the mountain resort of Miraflores de la Sierra, in the Sierra 
de Guadarrama, we made some casual observations at points along 
route E25 where we stopped for refreshment. These are included, 
for convenience, in the species list below together with our notes 
made in the Sierra de Guadarrama and Sierra de Gredos mountain 
regions where we spent most time. 

As mentioned above, we spent the first six days, from 10th to 
15th May, in the Sierra de Guadarrama. We concentrated on a 
mountainside wood consisting chiefly of Pyrenean Oaks: Quercus 
pyrenaica Willd., at an altitude of around 1,300 m. We also made a 
few excursions elsewhere: to Guadalix on 11th May; Puerto de 
Canencia (1,600m.), Canencia and Lozoyuela on 13th; and during 
our drive from Miraflores to the Gredos mountains on 15th we 
explored the mountain slopes above Rascafria. 

From 16th to 24th May inclusive we explored an area of ap- 
proximately 600 square kilometres between Arenas de San Pedro 
and Madrigal de la Vera in the southern foothills of the Sierra de 
Gredos and Oropesa and Calzada de Oropesa on the E4 Naval- 
moral de la Mata to Talavera de la Reina road to the south. A 
little time, however, was spent on the road leading up to the moun- 
tain pass of Puerto del Pico (1,352 m.) on 23rd May, where we 

*B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Broadcasting House, Whiteladies Road, Bristol, 


BS8 2LR. 
**66 Scraptoft Lane, Leicester LES 1HU. 


BUTTERFLIES IN CENTRAL SPAIN IN MAY 1982 243 


observed the migration of butterflies described below, and also 
in the northern part of the Gredos Mountains around Navarredonda 
de la Sierra on 23rd and 24th May where we had stayed the night 
in the Parador — a splendid old hunting lodge. 

From the bare granite tops of the Gredos Mountains the habitat 
graded through extensive pinewoods to mixed woodland and cul- 
tivated land on their lower slopes; to the south the land undulated 
fairly gently to and beyond the River Tietar through the Sierra del 
Agulla before flattening out to a dry, dusty plain which extended 
all the way to the next ridge of high ground on which Oropesa 
and its castle stands. Near Oropesa, there are large, semi-arid culti- 
vated fields, but most of the country between the town and the 
River Tiétar consists of sandy, heavily grazed grassland with a 
fairly extensive, park-like cover of Cork and Holly Oaks: Quercus 
suber L. and Q. coccifera L. here and there. 

The weather throughout our sojourn in central Spain was 
mainly fine and sunny, although thundery showers occurred occa- 
sionally on the high mountain tops where quite a lot of snow still 
lay. It was distinctly cooler in the Sierra de Guadarrama, especially 
in the early morning, than in the Sierra de Gredos. The latter range 
is, of course, farther south and west, and we were there later in the 
month. It was usually very warm or hot in the valleys of the Sierra 
de Guadarrama, and especially hot in the foothills and the plain 
to the south of the Sierra de Gredos, except when an occasional 
breeze blew from the mountains. 

Migration through the Sierra de Gredos 

On 23rd May, a hot sunny day, we left Arenas de San Pedro 
and drove northwards along the steep road which zig-zags up to the 
mountain pass of Puerto del Pico (1,352 m.). We noted many 
butterflies on the way to the top, including several migratory species 
(eg., Large White: Pieris brassicae L., Small White: Artogeia rapae 
L., Bath White: Pontia daplidice L., Clouded Yellow: Colias crocea 
Geoff., Long-tailed Blue: Lampides boeticus L., Red Admiral: 
Vanessa atalanta L. and Painted Lady: Cynthia cardui L.), but 
were not conscious of a migratory movement in progress until 
after we had reached the pass and had settled down towards noon 
in the narrow valley between the mountain peaks to spend a 
couple of hours making sound recordings of the Ortolan Buntings: 
Emberiza hortulana L. and other birds present there. While we 
were doing so we became aware that most of the butterflies we 
saw were flying northwards through the pass. We decided to make 
a count, starting at 1300 hrs., of the numbers per hour of each 
species passing between us on a 50 m. front. This gave the following 
figures:— 


Total/hour Height above ground 
Artogeia rapae L. 360 1 - 3 metres 


244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 IS) Aefei3) 
Colias crocea Geoff. 250 O - 1 metre 


Combined total: 610 


These were the only species which crossed out line of vision 
during the sample count, but during the three hours we spent in the 
pass other species noted flying north were Large Whites: P. brassicae 
L. (a few), Green-veined White: A. napi L. (several), Berger’s Clou- 
ded Yellow: C. australis Verity (a few), Pale Clouded Yellow: 
C. hyale (a few), V. atalanta L. (a few), C. cardui L. (a few) and 
L. boeticus L. (several). 

All the butterflies were flying purposefully against a fresh north 
wind, mostly at low level. The majority of those in our sector 
flew straight on through a thick plantation of small conifers, dodging 
between the trees. Some of the female crocea were of the form 
helice. We recorded a short eye-witness description of the migration 
by D.F.O. which was broadcast in B.B.C. Radio 4’s “The Living 
World” on 30th May, 1982. 

When we finished our sound recording work and continued 
north through the Sierra de Gredos on the Avila road we were 
surrounded by butterflies of the species already mentioned flying 
in the same direction. The movement was still in progress at 1400 
hrs. when we stopped for lunch at Vta. del Obispo, some 5 km. 
further north, but appeared to have stopped when we emerged 
from the inn soon after 1500 hrs. 

Systematic List of Species Recorded 

Swallowtail: Papilio machaon hispanicus Eller. Sierra de Guadar- 
rama: one, Miraflores town, 12.v. Sierra de Gredos: one, Arenas de 
San Pedro, 15.v.; a full grown larva on Fennel Foeniculum vulgare 
Miller near Ramacastanes, near Arenas de San Pedro, 16.v. 

According to Eitschberger and Steiniger (1973b), supported by 
de Freina (1975), the Swallowtail is sporadic and solitary in its 
distribution in Spain with the exception of the mountain ranges 
of the Sierra de Guadarrama, Sierra de Gredos and the Sierra de 
Estréla. Manley and Allcard (1970) state that it is to be found in 
all parts of the Peninsula, although it has never been their experience 
to find it in abundance. 

Scarce Swallowtail: /phiclides podalirius feisthamelii Duponchel 
Sierra de Guadarrama: one, Miraflores, 12.v. Sierra de Gredos: 
one, Oropesa, 19.v. 

Like machaon, this species is also considered by Eitschberger 
and Steiniger (1973b), who have searched for it in many localities, 
to be rather solitary and sporadic in its distribution, while de Freina 
(1975) remarks that it seems faithful to its preferred haunts and 
that he has only found it in elevated places. 

Spanish Festoon: Zerynthia rumina L. Sierra de Guadarrama: 
common around Guadalix. and Miraflores, especially in open clear- 
ings of Pyrenean Oak woods. Here 2nd instar larvae were found 


BUTTERFLIES IN CENTRAL SPAIN IN MAY 1982 245 
singly, or in twos and threes on birthwort Aristolochia pistolochia 
L., 12.v. Sierra de Gredos: locally plentiful in the foothills around 
Arenas de San Pedro and also on the Cerro del Agulla near the 
River Tiétar between Candeleda and Corchuela, 17-22.v. 

Black-veined White: Aporia crataegi L. Sierra de Gredos: several, 
Cerro del Agulla, near River Tiétar, 21.v.; two flying on flowery 
bank below the Canal de Rosarita, near Madrigal de la Vera, 21.v. 
(one collected by D.F.O.). 

Presumably those we saw belong to the race rutae Bryk: de 
Freina (1975) recorded it in the Sierra de Guadarrama at El Escorial 
in June, 1973. 

Large White: Pieris brassicae L. Sierra de Guadarrama: frequent 
around Miraflores, 11-14.v.; Sierra de Gredos: fairly common 
17-22.v.; a few seen migrating north over the Puerto del Pico, 
23.v. (q.v.). 

Eitschberger (1970) and Eitschberger and Steiniger (1973b) 
found the apparent scarcity of this species puzzling during collecting 
trips to Spain in 1969 and 1972. 

Small White: Artogeia rapae L. Sierra de Guadarrama: frequent 
around Guadalix, Miraflores, Puerto de Canencia and above Rasca- 
fria, 11-15.v. Sierra de Gredos: common, 16-23.v., in foothills 
between Madrigal de la Vera and Arenas de San Pedro; 360 per 
hour seen migrating north over the Puerto del Pico, 23.v. (q..). 

Green-veined White: A. napi L. Sierra de Guadarrama: frequent 
around Miraflores, 1 1-14.v., including glades in pinewoods at around 
1,500 m.; also at ca. 1,400 m. on mountain slopes above Rascafria 
on 151. Sierra de Gredos: frequent in foothills between Madrigal 
de la Vera and Arenas de San Pedro, 16-23.v.; a few seen migrating 
north over the Puerto del Pico, 23.v. (q.v.). 

Bath White: Pontia daplidice L. Sierra de Guadarrama: one, 
Guadalix, 1l.v.; apparently frequent around Miraflores 11-14.v. 
Sierra de Gredos: apparently common in foothills between Madrigal 
de la Vera and Arenas de San Pedro, and southwards on the Cerro 
del Agulla and the Sierra del Agulla, 17-23.v.; as already mentioned, 
this species was present in small numbers with other migratory 
species in the steep valley leading up to the Puerto del Pico on 23.v., 
but we did not obtain any clear evidence of its involvement in the 
migration we observed through that pass at midday on that date. 
As we only caught and examined a sample of the butterflies we saw 
and found it difficult to separate this species from Euchloe simplonia 
Freyer by sight when on the wing, we were unable to establish a 
precise idea of the relative abundance of the two species. 

Dappled White: Euchloe simplonia Freyer. Apparently common 
on open ground in most of the places we visited in the Sierra de 
Guadarrama and Sierra de Gredos regions, including Miraflores, 
Poyales de Hoyo, Candeleda, Arenas de San Pedro, below the 
Puerto del Pico, Madrigal de la Vera, Carro del Agulla and Sierra 
del Agulla. 


246 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


Orange Tip: Anthocharis cardamines L. Road from Santander 
to Burgos 10.v.: one male at Puerto de Carrales (1,020 m.), com- 
mon at Pesquera de Ebro along the banks of the Ebro where it 
flows through a deep gorge; Sierra de Guadarrama: a few, Guadalix, 
11.v., common in the Pyrenean Oak wood near Miraflores, 1 1-14.v., 
and also on the mountain slopes above Rascafria, 15.v. Not met with 
in the Sierra de Gredos or its environs. 

Morocco Orange Tip: A. belia euphenoides Staud. Sierra de 
Guadarrama: common around Miraflores, 11.14.v., especially in the 
wood of Pyrenean Oaks. Frequent on the mountain slopes above 
Rascafria, 15.v. Sierra de Gredos: common locally in the foothills 
between Madrigal de la Vera and Arenas de San Pedro, and in the 
steep valley leading up to the Puerto del Pico. 

Clouded Yellow: Colias crocea Geoff. Sierra de Guadarrama: 
frequent around Miraflores, 11-14.v.; two near Guadalix, Il.v. 
Sierra de Gredos: common in the southern foothills and on moun- 
tainsides, and here and there in flowery fields in the plain to the 
south, 17-22.v.; 250 per hour migrating north over the Puerto del 
Pico, 23.v. (g.v.). A small proportion of the females were of the 
variety helice. 

Pale Clouded Yellow: C. hyale L. Road from Santander to 
Burgos, 10.v.: one. Sierra de Guadarrama: none seen; Sierra de 
Gredos: as least one and a few other possibles migrating north over 
the Puerto del Pico, 23.v. (qg.v.). There are apparently few authen- 
ticated records of this species in Spain and its status is uncertain 
(Manley and Allcard 1970). Eitschberger and Steiniger (1973b) 
and de Freina (1975) did not encounter any during their visits to 
the Guadarrama and Gredos ranges. 

Berger’s Clouded Yellow: C. australis Verity. Sierra de Gredos: 
several identified, including a few migrating north with crocea over 
the Puerto del Pico, 23 v. 

Brimstone: Gonepteryx rhamni L. Road from Santander to 
Burgos, 10.v.: several at Puerto de Carrales (1,020 m.), common 
at Pesquera de Ebro; Sierra de Guadarrama: frequent in pinewoods 
at ca. 1,500 m. between Miraflores and Canencia, 13.v., also at 
ca. 1,400 m. on mountain slopes above Rascafria on 15.v. Sierra de 
Gredos: frequent in the foothills between Madrigal de la Vera and 
Arenas de San Pedro, 16-23.v. 

Cleopatra: G. cleopatra europaea Verity. Pesquera de Ebro, 
north of Burgos: common, 10.v. Not seen elsewhere. 

Wood White: Leptidea sinapis L. Sierra de Guadarrama: a few 
noted in woods dominated by Pyrenean Oak Q. pyrenaica, near 
Miraflores, 11-14.v. Sierra de Gredos: a few encountered in the 
foothills between Poyales de Hoyo and Candeleda, 17-22..; 
Madrigal de la Vera: one collected 18.v.; several on shady banks 
of the Canal de Rosarita, 21.v. 


(To be continued) 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 247 


Notes and Observations 


TREASURER’S NOTICE. — I am pleased to announce that 
the subscription to ‘The Record’ for 1984 (Volume 96) will remain 
at £10.00 (U.K.) and £11.50 (Overseas). — P. J. JOHNSON. 


BOOK TALK SIX. — _ That impressive, finely illustrated work 
The Lepidoptera of the British Islands by Charles Golding Barrett 
(1836-1904), is still regarded as the most authoritative account of 
the subject despite its age. Published from 1893-1907 in 11 volumes 
8vo. large paper, it contains 504 hand coloured plates, the quality 
of which can vary considerably in different sets. In the earlier or 
subscribers’ copies the colouring is superior, whereas in those sets 
which were coloured up later — the work was still obtainable new 
from Lovell Reeve the publisher until shortly after the end of World 
War II — the illustrations tend generally to be relatively poor. In 
my own copy which belonged to E. A. Atmore, who collaborated 
with the author, the illustrations are among the finest I have seen in 
this work and contrast favourably with those of the original pattern 
plates in the Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural 
History), with which they have been compared by kind permission 
of the Librarian. 

The work was evidently published originally in parts with 
printed wrappers, but with what frequency these parts were issued is 
not known. I have only seen one example in parts, and that is very 
incomplete. It is in the library of Mr. D. S. Burrows and collates 
as follows: Part 35, 1896, pp.1-32, plts. 137-140; Part 38, 1897, 
pp. 97-128, plts. 149-152; Part 39, 1897, pp. 129-160, plts. 153- 
156; Part 42, 1897, pp. 225-256, plts. 165-168; Part 43, 1897, pp. 
257-288, plts. 169-172; with each part printed on the wrapper 
“Price 3s Plain, 5s Coloured”. I have not seen a copy with the 
plates uncoloured, though there is of course the ordinary 8vo. 
unillustrated edition which is not rare. 

After the author’s death, Richard South undertook respon- 
sibility for seeing the final portion of the MS. through the press 
and so enabled volumes 10 and 11 to be published. Subsequently, in 
1907, there was published separately, both in large paper and in 
ordinary 8vo., a most useful pamphlet of 20 pages (including title 
page and verso), listing alphabetically every species (with synonyms) 
mentioned in the work, together with the references to plate, 
volume and page numbers, and entitled Alphabetical List of Species 
contained in C. G. Barrett’s Lepidoptera of the British Islands form- 
ing a Supplementary Index to that Work. The remaining stock of 
this index was acquired by Mr. L. Christie, 129 Franciscan Road, 
Tooting, London SW17 8DZ, from whom copies are still obtainable 
at the time of writing. — J. M. CHALMERS— HUNT. 


248 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


COLIAS CROCEA IN 1983. — We have received so many 
reports of sightings of this butterfly this year that it would be 
impossible to publish them all. They range from Cornwall to Kent 
and Essex, north to Westmorland (vc.69), and to Breconshire in 
Wales. We hope in due course to produce a summary of its occur- 
rence in the 1983 Migration Report. — J.M.C.-H. 

BUTTERFLIES AT M. V. LIGHT AND AN AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. — 
On 17 August 1983 in the Burren, a Grayling entered the trap and 
refused to leave. The next night a Wall was attracted and on 19 
August it was a Speckled Wood. On the night of 20, I operated at 
Kylemore, Connemara, when the next morning revealed a Peacock 
sharing an egg carton with a worn Convolvulus Hawk. All four 
nights were mild and muggy. R. G. CHATELAIN, 65 East Drive, 
Orpington, Kent. 

A SECOND NORFOLK RECORD OF DORCATOMA SERRA PANZ. 
(COL.: ANOBIIDAE ); AND A CORRECTION. — On 22nd June, 
1981, I swept a Dorcatoma from tangled mixed foliage in a row of 
straggly trees in a lane at Catfield Fen, E. Norfolk, which to my 
surprise proved to be a fine fresh male of D. serra. There is one 
previous record known to me for the county, from Swainsthorpe 
near Norwich by the late F. D. Buck; I do not have the date, but 
it would be about 40 years ago. The species is very local and usually 
rare but, like any of the genus, can sometimes be found in plenty 
when its breeding-place (various tree fungi) is discovered. There 
were some rather decrepit alders where the Catfield specimen was 
taken, one of which no doubt was the source. 

In a recent note on Dorcatoma spp. in Kent (antea 115-6) 
I mentioned that there appeared to be no Kent record of D. dresdensis 
Hbst. Since then Mr. E.G. Philp has kindly informed me of a record of 
Capt. J. A. Stephens having exhibited specimens of dresdensis from 
Cobham Park in 1944, reported in Proc. S. L. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
for 1944-5, p.19. This is of interest in offering a conceivable ex- 
planation of Fowler’s VCH record of D. flavicornis “in fungi on 
trees” at the same locality by J. J. Walker, on which I commented 
in the above note. If we can believe that the species found by 
Walker was actually dresdensis — a bare possibility — long before 
it was known to be British, Fowler’s puzzling reference to tree 
fungi is accounted for. 

An earlier Kent record of D. dresdensis has come to light, not 
known to either Mr. Philp or myself at the time of writing the 
above. A visit to the BMBH has revealed three specimens with data 
‘East Malling, 10.v.42, A. M. Massee, bred ex Polyporus’. Dr. Massee 
must surely have published this discovery, but I have seen no note of 
it. — A.A. ALLEN. 

THE SMALL BLUE: CUPIDO MINIMUS FUESS. IN CUMBRIA. — 
On July 8 1983 I discovered a colony of the Small Blue in Cumbria. 
In a careful three hour search in ideal weather conditions, I located 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 249 
seven (and possibly eleven) separate individuals flying with Small 
Heath, Common Blue, and Meadow Browns. The food plant (An- 
thyllis vulneraria) was locally abundant. This being at a rather late 
date in what was an already late season, some specimens were a 
little worn but at least one male was freshly emerged. Whilst loca- 
lised, individuals were prepared to range for up to 50 metres and 
were difficult to follow for long periods, for although relatively 
slow and low flying, they were readily lost against the background 
in the bright conditions pertaining. To my knowledge this is the first 
reported record for Cumbria within the last decade where the species 
was thought to be possibly extinct. It is also perhaps the first record 
for several years for North West England as a whole. The locality 
which is a warm sunny bank and flat below, is in a previously un- 
recorded 10 km square for this species, (Distribution Maps of the 
Butterflies for the British Isles, Ed. J. Heath, 1982), but for obvious 
reasons the site is not disclosed. Several specimens were photo- 
graphed, but none were taken. I hope to further monitor the pro- 
gress of this colony in future years and it is hoped that it will be 
unaffected by any form of commercial development or by col- 
‘lectors. — M.J. Y. FOLEY, 87 Ribchester Road, Clayton-le-Dale, 
Blackburn, Lancs. 

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF DANAUS CHRYSIPPUS L. IN TUNISIA 
IN 1983. — Further to the remarks on this butterfly by J. F. 
Burton (Ent. Rec., 94: 208), I may add that I too had the wonder- 
ful experience of seeing this butterfly on the move in Tunisia. On 
July 10th 1983 while on a birdwatching expedition with a colleague 
Dr. Charles Galea Bonavia, a number of specimens of D. chrysippus 
were noted. They were flying in a NNW'ly direction across the vast 
glasswort plain adjacent to the west sector of Kairouan, during a 
shade temperature which increased to 40°C by noon while the wind 
remained relatively calm throughout the day. 

The first specimen was observed at 0725 hrs. and a total of 13 
butterflies was seen up till 0910 hrs. No more were accounted for 
until later on in the afternoon of that day, when at 1715 hrs. a 
further four were sighted sailing over the locality in the same general 
direction. Three days later (13/7) we travelled to El Kef, a bus 
journey lasting some 3% hours across almost 200km of country- 
side. During a short stop along the route in an area known as La 
Kesra (approx. 80km from Kairouan), we spotted yet another 
specimen: further evidence that the species was heading towards the 
Maghreb coast and possibly crossing the Mediterranean to southern 
european localities. 

On arrival at El Kef we sought accommodation at the local 
Youth Hostal, afterwards strolling around the grounds where we 
caught sight of another chrysippus at 1625 hrs. (13/7). The writer is 
indebted to Mr. Anthony Valletta, F.R.E.S., for his valuable 
advice. —  L. F. CASSAR, Villino Fralimar, Nazju Ellul Road, 
Msida, Malta. 


250 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 


HYDRELIA SYLVATA D. & S: TESTACEATA DON. (LEP.: GEOME- 
TRIDAE) — LARVAL FOODPLANT IN MID-KENT. — _ It has long 
been thought that the larvae of this moth fed here upon sweet 
chestnut (Castanea sativa), — the moths were frequently observed 
resting on these trees, but Chalmers-Hunt in his “Lepidoptera of 
Kent’ states for this species — foodplant unknown. On August 
16th, 1983, I visited a sweet chestnut plantation last coppiced 
several years ago, near Barming, and by beating the lowest branches 
which were just within reach secured half a dozen of the quite 
distinctive larvae. A month earlier, on July 18th, one m/v light 
within half an hour had attracted about one hundred H. testaceata, 
the vast majority of which were males, and almost all specimens 
were melanics approaching, or of the form, goodwini Bankes. 
Undoubtedly, in these woodlands, sweet chestnut is not only the 
major larval foodplant, but probably the only one. — B.K. WEST, 
36 Briar Road, Bexley, Kent. 


Current Literature 


Tabellen En Verspreidingsatlas Van De Nederlandse Microlepidoptera. 
A4 format. limp. PART I: Pyralidae by J. H. Kuchlein, F. Leffef 
& R.H. Kleinpaste. 77pp: 149 figs: 99 maps. Pub. 1980 (now 
reprinting). PART II: Pyralidae, Pterophoridae by J. H. Kuchlein 
& C. Gielis. 86pp; 119 figs; 113 maps. Pub. 1982, price 21.75 
Dutch Florins. Obtainable from Agricultural University, Centraal 
Magazijn, De Dreyen 4, Wageningen, Netherlands. 


The title of this series of publications translates as ““Keys and 
distribution atlas of the Dutch microlepidoptera’’. Part I covers the 
sub-families Galleriinae, Crambinae and Phycitinae whilst Part II 
covers the Pyralinae, Pyraustinae and Pterophoridae. Between the 
two parts, 211 species are considered. 

The works are essentially illustrated keys together with dis- 
tribution maps (for the Netherlands) and brief notes on the biology 
and occurrence of each species. The illustrations comprise diagrams 
of wing patterns, genitalia and other structures for selected species 
very much in the style of the text figures in “British Pyralid and 
Plume Moths” (1954) by B. P. Beirne, but in the opinion of the 
reviewer these illustrations are far superior to those in Beirne. A 
considerable amount of information is available to the patient reader 
with no knowledge of Dutch, and with a dictionary it is (just!) 
possible to creep through the keys. 

The reviewer was unable to translate enough of the text to 
comment on its accuracy, but the quality of the figures makes 
them a worthwhile purchase for the serious student of the Pyra- 
les. It is a great pity that the publishers did not follow the exam- 
ple of the “Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica” series in choos- 


CURRENT LITERATURE 75) I 
ing English as the text language, for had they done so there is no 
doubt that they would have enjoyed substantial European sales. — 
PAUL SOKOLOFF. 


The Study of Stoneflies, Mayflies and Caddis Flies by T. T. Macan. 
44pp. and 17 text figs. Stiff wrapper. The Amateur Entomolo- 
gist, volume 17. 1982. £2.70 inclusive. Obtainable from: AES 
Publications, 4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington, 
Kent BR6 6DS. 

Here we have another of those inexpensive, handy and ad- 
mirably practical monographs for which the AES is so renowned, 
attractively written by an authority of high repute. A brief general 
introduction on collection, equipment, methods and identification is 
followed by accounts of the Plecoptera (about 9pp.), with habitats 
of the larvae and adult, life history, food of larvae; then the Ephe- 
moptera (about I5pp.), with structure and development, food, life 
history, habitat of the various species, ecological factors, the adults, 
mating and oviposition; and finally, the Trichoptera (about 14pp.), 
with literature, description, the adult, eggs, larvae, pupa, classifica- 
tion, life histories, general distribution, ecology, migration, food, 
trichoptera and man. The enlarged (for the most part) illustrations 
add considerable interest, and a list of 34 bibliographical references 
completes the booklet. — J.M.C.-H. 


Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici (abbreviated 
to Ann. H-N.), and Acta Zoologica Academii Scientiarum 
Hungarici (abbreviated to Acta Zool.). 

I have received from Dr. A. M. Vojnits a series of separates 
of his papers on mainly oriental Eupitheciid and one or two other 
Geometrid species. These papers are in the English language and are 
illustrated by clear line-drawings of genitalia dissections, and include 
several new species and sub-species. I list below the titles and referen- 
ces of these papers, which appear in either one or other of the above 
periodicals. 

(1) Archieariinae, Rhodometrinae, Geometrinae II, Sterrhinae II 
and Ennominae III (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) from Mongolia. 
Ann H-N. 69: 165-175, 1977. (2) New Eupithecia Species and 
Sub-species from Asia and North Africa. Acta Zool. XXIII, 1-2: 
227-236, 1977. (3) Geometridae Eupitheciinae III (Lepidoptera). 
Acta Zool. XXIII, 3-4: 461-485 1977. (4) Larentiinae (Lepidoptera) 
Geometridae) from Mongolia: Ann. H-N. 70: 191-195. 1978. 
(5) Eupithecini from Korea and China. Acta Zool. XXIV, 1-2: 
225-252. (6) Investigations in the ‘“‘Eupithecia scalptata-syriata”’ 
Group (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Acta Zool. XXIV, 3-4: 431- 
438, 1978. (7) Data to the Eupithecia Fauna of China (Lepidoptera, 
Geometridae) Acta Zool. XXVI, 4: 433-449, 1980. (8) Data to the 
Eupithecia Fauna of Nepal I. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) Acta Zool. 
XXVII, 1-2: 217-238. 1981. (9) Data to the Eupithecia Fauna of 
Asia (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) Ann. H-N. 73: 221-237. 1981. 


252 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 
(10) On Some Chinese Eupithecia Material Collected by H. Hone 
(Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Acta Zool. XXVII, 3-4: 407-430, 1981. 
(11) A Revision of the “Eupithecia innotata Group” I (Lepidoptera) 
Geometridae). Ann. H-N. 74: 217-239. 1982. (12) New Eupithecia 
Species from the Asiatic Regions of the Soviet Union and Iran. 
Acta Zool. XXVIII, 3-4: 403-420. 1982. 

The quoted periodicals are obtainable from: Blackwell’s Periodi- 
cals, Oxenford House, Magdalen Street Oxford. Collet’s Subscription 
Import Department, Denington Estate, Wellingborough, Northants. 
Robert Maxwell and Co. Ltd., 4-5 Fitzroy Square, London W. — 


S.N.A.J. 
Butterflies of the Yemen Arab Republic by Torben B. Larsen, with 


a Review of Species in the Charaxes viola Group from Arabia 

and East Africa by Dr. A. H. B. Rydon. Three coloured and two 

other plates; paper wrappers. Royal Danish Academy of Scien- 
ces and Letters. Obtainable from: Munksgaard Export and 

Subscription Service, 35 Norre Sogade, DK 1370 Copenhagen 

K, Denmark. Kronen 120,00. 

In this survey of the butterflies of the Yemen Arab Republic the 
author has followed a similar scheme to that used in his well known 
book on The Butterflies Of Lebanon. An introduction outlining the 
very restricted history of butterfly research in Yemen is followed by 
a comprehensive bio-geographic description of the country and brief 
comments on the author’s own experiences there in May 1980. 
In the systematic part Torben Larsen draws on the meagre published 
information and some unpublished data, as well as his own records. 
106 butterfly species are listed in this section but a further 13 are 
included in a postscript, most of these additions being a result of 
a further visit to Yemen by the author. Some of the species resulting 
from these two visits were not only new to the Arabian peninsula 
but three of them were new to science. In my opinion the outstand- 
ing feature of all of Larsen’s writing, however, is in the interesting 
personal observations he includes of habits, foodplants, and general 
ecology. This paper is no exception. 

In the Appendix, Dr. A. H. B. Rydon has contributed an interes- 
ting paper on aspects of the taxonomy of the Charaxes viola group. 
This includes descriptions of three new species, one of them Charaxes 
bernstorffi, collected in the Yemen for the first time by him in May 
1980 and the only member of this group to have been recorded from 
Arabia. The other two new species described are both from south 
west Ethiopia Charaxes smilesi, previously lumped with Charaxes 
daria Van someren and Jackson; and Charaxes larseni, also a member 
of the viola group. Other members of which are discussed in this 
paper. Para. 7. 

This joint publication concludes with five plates, (three in 
colour) of Yemen butterflies and their habitats; and illustrations of 
some of the closely related Charaxes viola group — including the 
three new species. — C. J. LUCKENS. 


THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY 


The Society was founded in 1935 and caters especially for the younger or 
less experienced Entomologist. 


For details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 20p 
towards costs) to A.E.S. Registrar, 8 Heather Close New Haw, Weybridge, 
Surrey KT15 3PF. 


BRITISH NATURALISTS’ ASSOCIATION 


has twenty active branches in Britain and a 

world-wide membership. Its official organ, 

Country-Side (published three time a year), is 

the oldest-established British magazine devoted 
to general natural history 


Membership subscription £2.50 per annum 


Full details and application form (s.a.e.) obtainable from: 
B.N.A., 23 Oak Hill Close, Woodford Green, Essex 


THE NATURALIST (founded 1875) 
A Quarterly Illustrated Journal of Natural History 


Edited by M. R. SEAWARD, M.Sc., Ph.D. 
Annual subscription: £8.00 (post free) Single numbers £2.00 


Separates of the collected instalments of the:— 
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 
(Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) 


CONTENTS 


Gronops inaequalis Boheman (Col.: Curculionidae): a Weevil New to Britain. 
L. CLEMONS, 213. Thaumetopoea processionea L. (Oak Processionary 
Moth): the Imago Recorded in Britain. A. P. FOSTER, 216. Records of 
Coleophoridae in North Wales. H. N. MICHAELIS, 217. Tachydromia 
terricola Zett. (Dip: Empididae) New to Britain. A. A. ALLEN, 223. 
Recording Lepidoptera in the Cotswolds during 1982. M. McCREA, 
225. Apium nodiflorum: a Previously Unrecognised Foodplant of De- 
pressaria ultimella Stainton. R. J. HECKFORD, 229. A Modern Review 
of the Demise of Aporia crataegi L.: the Black-veined White. C. PRATT, 
232. Some Notes on Polypogon strigilata L. B. ELLIOTT, 238. 
Butterflies in Central Spain in May 1982, including a Record of North- 
ward Migration. J. F. BURTON & D. F. OWEN, 242. 

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS, 215, 222, 224, 231, 237, 247-250. 


CURRENT LITERATURE, 241, 250-252. 


TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS 


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